Laser-Induced Photofragmentation Fluorescence Imaging of Alkali Compounds in Flames

Quantitative Tomographic Laser Absorption Imaging of Atomic Potassium during Combustion of Potassium Chloride Salt and Biomass

Gaseous potassium (K) species play an important role in biomass combustion processes, and imaging techniques are powerful tools to investigate the related gas-phase chemistry. Here, laser absorption imaging of gaseous atomic K in flames is implemented using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy at 769.9 nm and a high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera recording at 30 kfps. Atomic K absorption spectra are acquired for each camera pixel in a field of view of 28 × 28 mm at a rate of 100 Hz. The technique is used to determine the spatial distribution of atomic K concentration during the conversion of potassium chloride (KCl) salt and wheat straw particles in a laminar premixed CH₄/air flame with an image pixel resolution of up to 120 μm. Due to axisymmetry in setup geometry and, consequently, atomic K distributions, the radial atomic K concentration fields could be reconstructed by one-dimensional tomography. For the KCl sample, the K concentration field was in excellent agreement with previous point measurements. In the case of wheat straw, atomic K concentrations of around 3 ppm were observed in a cylindrical flame during devolatilization. In the char conversion phase, a spherical layer of atomic K, with concentrations reaching 25 ppm, was found within 5 mm of the particle surface, while the concentration rapidly decreased to sub-ppm levels along the vertical axis. In both cases, a thin (∼1 mm) layer without any atomic K was observed in close vicinity to the particle, suggesting that the potassium was initially not released in its atomic form.

Ultraviolet Absorption Cross Sections of KOH and KCl for Nonintrusive Species-Specific Quantitative Detection in Hot Flue Gases

An understanding of potassium chemistry in energy conversion processes supports the development of complex biomass utilization with high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. Potassium exists mainly as potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), and atomic potassium (K) in combustion and related thermochemical processes. We report, for the first time, the measurement of the ultraviolet (UV) absorption cross sections of KOH and KCl at temperatures between 1300 K and 1800 K, using a newly developed method. Using the spectrally resolved UV absorption cross sections, the concentrations of KOH and KCl were measured simultaneously. In addition, we measured the concentrations of atomic K using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, both at 404.4 and 769.9 nm. The 404.4 nm line was utilized to expand the measurement dynamic range to higher concentrations. A constant amount of KCl was seeded into premixed CH4/air flames with equivalence ratios varied from 0.67 to 1.32, and the concentrations of KOH, KCl, and atomic K in the hot flue gas were measured nonintrusively. The results indicate that these techniques can provide comprehensive data for quantitative understanding of the potassium chemistry in biomass combustion/gasification.