1
|
Pillai NR, Aggarwal A, Orchard P. Phenotype-autosomal recessive osteopetrosis. Bone 2022; 165:116577. [PMID: 36195244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis (OPT) is a life-threatening disease characterized by increased bone mass caused by diminished osteoclast function/differentiation. The autosomal recessive forms, caused by biallelic variants in implicated genes, usually present in infancy. Without treatment, autosomal recessive OPTs are usually fatal within the first 10 years of life [1]. Here, we review the clinical features and associated pathophysiology of the autosomal recessive OPT. A greater understanding of these rare disorders will advance early diagnosis and optimal management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha R Pillai
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul Orchard
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
di Palmo E, Gallucci M, Tronconi E, Bergamaschi R, Cazzato S, La Scola C, Ricci G, Pession A. Carbonic Anhydrase II Deficiency: A Rare Case of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:213. [PMID: 30109220 PMCID: PMC6079206 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The term osteopetrosis describes a group of rare hereditary diseases of the skeleton, characterized by an increase in bone density, caused by a defect in the development or function of osteoclasts. It comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous conditions ranging from infantile onset life-threatening forms to mildest adult onset forms. "Malignant" osteopetrosis is characterized by bone fragility, short stature, compressive neuropathies, hypocalcaemia, pancytopaenia. The deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II causes a moderate form, presenting classically as a triad of osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis (RTA), and cerebral calcification. This condition leads to specific craniofacial dysmorphisms associated with upper airway obstruction that may result in obstructive sleep apnea. Herein we report a case of osteopetrosis with RTA associated with severe OSAS successfully treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela di Palmo
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Gallucci
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Tronconi
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosalba Bergamaschi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cazzato
- Department of Mother and Child Health, Salesi Children's Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio La Scola
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricci
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jarineshin H, Fekrat F, Abadi MFD. Anesthesia Management of a Child with Osteopetrosis. Anesth Essays Res 2017; 11:797-801. [PMID: 28928594 PMCID: PMC5594813 DOI: 10.4103/0259-1162.194554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder of osteoclast dysfunction leading to anatomical and physiological disorders. We present the anesthesia management for the femur fracture of a 4-year-old girl with malignant infantile type of osteopetrosis. She had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, impaired motion, visual disturbance, growth failure, facial deformity, heart murmur of moderate tricuspid regurgitation, and left ventricular heart failure, with splenomegaly and severe anemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Jarineshin
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fereydoon Fekrat
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mehdi Feiz Dowlat Abadi
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Management Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Airway evaluation and management in 7 children with malignant infantile osteopetrosis before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2008; 30:225-9. [PMID: 18376286 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e318162c463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP) is a rare disorder caused by dysfunctional osteoclasts. The classic MIOP features, such as frontal bossing, micrognathia, and small thorax, may place these children at risk for developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic hypoxemia. To objectively document OSA, airway evaluations were performed; results impacted management. We reviewed the records of 7 MIOP patients treated at St Jude. Six underwent polysomnograms during prehematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) evaluation. To determine the existence of a relationship between OSA and radiologic imaging, initial chest radiographs and bone mineral density studies were reviewed. Pre-HSCT patients had a median apnea-hypopnea index of 17.51 (normal, 0 to 2), with <25% being central events, thus indicating OSA. The median minimal oxygen saturation was 79%, indicating intermittent hypoxemia. Neither chest radiographs nor bone mineral density correlated with severity of OSA. Four patients received tracheostomies before or during HSCT. Three surviving children underwent polysomnograms 1 year after HSCT, and median apnea-hypopnea index was 1.3, indicating near to complete resolution of OSA. Resolution of OSA may have been multifactorial. Using a quantitative approach, we demonstrate that MIOP children have OSA and hypoxemia; thus, these children should have airway evaluations and treatments to potentially reduce the risk of life-threatening pulmonary complications.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Kasow KA, Bonfim C, Asch J, Margolis DA, Jenkins J, Tamburro RF, Handgretinger R, Horwitz EM. Malignant infantile osteopetrosis and primary pulmonary hypertension: a new combination? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004; 42:190-4. [PMID: 14752886 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP), a rare genetic disorder of the osteoclast, is fatal without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), a rare progressive disorder of the pulmonary circulation, is predominantly fatal in the absence of successful therapy. A clinical association between these two disorders has not been recognized and a pathophysiologic link between osteoclast function and pulmonary vascular pressure as a rationale for such an association is not readily apparent. Here, we report five infants with MIOP, without cardiac abnormalities, who were found to have PPH after undergoing stem cell transplantation. We suggest that PPH may be linked to a specific variant of MIOP and recognizing the potential for pulmonary hypertension in children with MIOP may lead to a more rapid diagnosis and life-saving intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Kasow
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The osteopetroses are caused by reduced activity of osteoclasts which results in defective remodelling of bone and increased bone density. They range from a devastating neurometabolic disease, through severe malignant infantile osteopetrosis (OP) to two more benign conditions principally affecting adults [autosomal dominant OP (ADO I and II)]. In many patients the disease is caused by defects in either the proton pump [the a3 subunit of vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase, encoded by the gene variously termed ATP6i or TCIRG1] or the ClC-7 chloride channel (ClCN7 gene). These pumps are responsible for acidifying the bone surface beneath the osteoclast. Although generally thought of as bone diseases, the most serious consequences of the osteopetroses are seen in the nervous system. Cranial nerves, blood vessels and the spinal cord are compressed by either gradual occlusion or lack of growth of skull foramina. Most patients with OP have some degree of optic atrophy and many children with severe forms of autosomal recessive OP are rendered blind; optic decompression is frequently attempted to prevent the latter. Auditory, facial and trigeminal nerves may also be affected, and hydrocephalus can develop. Stenosis of both arterial supply (internal carotid and vertebral arteries) and venous drainage may occur. The least understood form of the disease is neuronopathic OP [OP and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, MIM (Mendelian inheritance in man) 600329] which causes rapid neurodegeneration and death within the first year. Although characterized by the finding of widespread axonal spheroids and accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin, the biochemical basis of this disease remains unknown. The neurological complications of this disease and other variants are presented in the context of the latest classification of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Steward
- BMT Unit, Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stocks R, Cannon CB, Wang WC, Horwitz EM, Thompson JW. Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea in osteopetrosis following bone marrow transplantation. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002; 41:55-7. [PMID: 11866369 DOI: 10.1177/000992280204100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RoseMaryS Stocks
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burt N, Haynes GR, Bailey MK. Patients with Malignant Osteopetrosis Are at High Risk of Anesthetic Morbidity and Mortality. Anesth Analg 1999. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199906000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Burt N, Haynes GR, Bailey MK. Patients with malignant osteopetrosis are at high risk of anesthetic morbidity and mortality. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1292-7. [PMID: 10357332 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199906000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The anesthetic literature contains no focused discussion of the perioperative management and risks of children with malignant autosomal recessive osteopetrosis (osteopetrosis). We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative morbidity and mortality rates encountered in the anesthetic management of children with osteopetrosis. We compared the perioperative mortality rate for this patient population with that for other pediatric patients in our institution and that reported in the literature for children and other high-risk patients. We also investigated the inability to intubate the tracheas of children with osteopetrosis compared with other pediatric patients in our institution. Using Fisher's exact test, patients with osteopetrosis were found to have a higher likelihood of perioperative mortality compared with other children or all ASA physical status III, but not ASA physical status IV, patients (P < 0.05). Finally, we discovered that children with osteopetrosis were more likely to have tracheas that could not be intubated than other pediatric patients in our institution. We conclude that children with osteopetrosis are at risk of adverse respiratory events and mortality associated with these adverse events. IMPLICATIONS Osteopetrosis is a rare disease that increases perioperative morbidity and mortality. By performing a retrospective chart review, we found that this increased perioperative morbidity and mortality is primarily related to airway and respiratory factors. Anesthetic management strategies should consider the factors that cause the high frequency of adverse airway events in this patient population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Burt
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- B A Monaghan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|