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Pedram P, Mazio C, Imparato G, Netti PA, Salerno A. Bioinspired Design of Novel Microscaffolds for Fibroblast Guidance toward In Vitro Tissue Building. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9589-9603. [PMID: 33595284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous microscaffolds (μ-scaffs) play a crucial role in modular tissue engineering as they control cell functions and guide hierarchical tissue formation toward building new functional tissue analogues. In the present study, we developed a new route to prepare porous polycaprolactone (PCL) μ-scaffs with a bioinspired trabecular structure that supported in vitro adhesion, growth, and biosynthesis of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The method involved the use of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a biocompatible porogen and a fluidic emulsion/porogen leaching/particle coagulation process to obtain spherical μ-scaffs with controllable diameter and full pore interconnectivity. To achieve this objective, we investigated the effect of PEO concentration and the temperature of the coagulation bath on the μ-scaff architecture, while we modulated the μ-scaff diameter distribution by varying the PCL-PEO amount in the starting solution and changing the flow rate of the continuous phase (QCP). μ-Scaff morphology, pore architecture, and diameter distribution were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, microcomputed tomography (microCT), and Image analysis. We reported that the selection of 60 wt % PEO concentration, together with a 4 °C coagulation bath temperature and ultrasound postprocessing, allowed for the design and fabrication of μ-scaff with porosity up to 80% and fully interconnected pores on both the μ-scaff surface and the core. Furthermore, μ-scaff diameter distributions were finely tuned in the 100-600 μm range with the coefficient of variation lower than 5% by selecting the PCL-PEO concentration in the 1-10% w/v range and QCP of either 8 or 18 mL/min. Finally, we investigated the capability of the HDF-seeded PCL μ-scaff to form hybrid (biological/synthetic) tissue in vitro. Cell culture tests demonstrated that PCL μ-scaff enabled HDF adhesion, proliferation, colonization, and collagen biosynthesis within inter- and intraparticle spaces and guided the formation of a large (centimeter-sized) viable tissue construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Pedram
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53, Naples 80125, Italy
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Zhao N, Lv Z, Ma J, Zhu C, Li Q. Fabrication of hydrophilic small diameter vascular foam scaffolds of poly(ε-caprolactone)/polylactic blend by sodium hydroxide solution. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wubneh A, Tsekoura EK, Ayranci C, Uludağ H. Current state of fabrication technologies and materials for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:1-30. [PMID: 30248515 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A range of traditional and free-form fabrication technologies have been investigated and, in numerous occasions, commercialized for use in the field of regenerative tissue engineering (TE). The demand for technologies capable of treating bone defects inherently difficult to repair has been on the rise. This quest, accompanied by the advent of functionally tailored, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials, has garnered an enormous research interest in bone TE. As a result, different materials and fabrication methods have been investigated towards this end, leading to a deeper understanding of the geometrical, mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone scaffolds. As our understanding of the scaffold requirements expands, so do the capability requirements of the fabrication processes. The goal of this review is to provide a broad examination of existing scaffold fabrication processes and highlight future trends in their development. To appreciate the clinical requirements of bone scaffolds, a brief review of the biological process by which bone regenerates itself is presented first. This is followed by a summary and comparisons of commonly used implant techniques to highlight the advantages of TE-based approaches over traditional grafting methods. A detailed discussion on the clinical and mechanical requirements of bone scaffolds then follows. The remainder of the manuscript is dedicated to current scaffold fabrication methods, their unique capabilities and perceived shortcomings. The range of biomaterials employed in each fabrication method is summarized. Selected traditional and non-traditional fabrication methods are discussed with a highlight on their future potential from the authors' perspective. This study is motivated by the rapidly growing demand for effective scaffold fabrication processes capable of economically producing constructs with intricate and precisely controlled internal and external architectures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The manuscript summarizes the current state of fabrication technologies and materials used for creating scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. A comprehensive analysis of different fabrication methods (traditional and free-form) were summarized in this review paper, with emphasis on recent developments in the field. The fabrication techniques suitable for creating scaffolds for tissue engineering was particularly targeted and their use in bone tissue engineering were articulated. Along with the fabrication techniques, we emphasized the choice of materials in these processes. Considering the limitations of each process, we highlighted the materials and the material properties critical in that particular process and provided a brief rational for the choice of the materials. The functional performance for bone tissue engineering are summarized for different fabrication processes and the choice of biomaterials. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future of the field, highlighting the knowledge gaps and promising avenues in pursuit of effective scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This extensive review of the field will provide research community with a reference source for current approaches to scaffold preparation. We hope to encourage the researchers to generate next generation biomaterials to be used in these fabrication processes. By providing both advantages and disadvantage of each fabrication method in detail, new fabrication techniques might be devised that will overcome the limitations of the current approaches. These studies should facilitate the efforts of researchers interested in generating ideal scaffolds, and should have applications beyond the repair of bone tissue.
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Wang X, Salick MR, Gao Y, Jiang J, Li X, Liu F, Cordie T, Li Q, Turng LS. Interconnected porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by microcellular injection molding. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering applications, a scaffold containing an interconnected porous structure is often highly desirable since these interconnected pores allow nutrients and signaling molecules to reach all of the cultured cells. In this study, microcellular injection molding, a mass production method for foamed plastic components, was combined with chemical foaming and particulate leaching methods to fabricate an interconnected porous structure using poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL). Sodium bicarbonate (SB) was employed as the chemical foaming agent while carbon dioxide (CO2) was used as the physical foaming (blowing) agent. The results showed that interconnected porous structures of PCL, which depend on the composition of the materials used, could be successfully produced. Sodium bicarbonate not only generated CO2 to supplement the supercritical fluid microcellular injection molding, but also served as the nuclei for heterogeneous cell nucleation. Sodium bicarbonate and its byproduct, sodium carbonate, were also the porogens in the particulate leaching process, which further enhanced the porosity and interconnectivity. The morphologies and mechanical properties of the samples with different material compositions and porosities were discussed. The results of cell viability assays of 3T3 fibroblasts suggested that the resulting interconnected porous PCL scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility. Cell spreading was affected by the porosity of the scaffold because of the physical restriction effect on the cell migration. Highly improved interconnectivity of the scaffold provided more space for the cells to spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Mechanics & Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Max R Salick
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yanhong Gao
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- School of Mechanics & Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Travis Cordie
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qian Li
- School of Mechanics & Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Park DY, Mun CH, Kang E, No DY, Ju J, Lee SH. One-stop microfiber spinning and fabrication of a fibrous cell-encapsulated scaffold on a single microfluidic platform. Biofabrication 2015; 6:024108. [PMID: 24999513 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a method for microscale fiber spinning and the in situ construction of a 3D fibrous scaffold on a single microfluidic platform. This platform was also used to fabricate a variety of fibrous scaffolds with diverse compositions without the use of complicated devices. We explored the potential utility of the fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications by constructing a fibrous scaffold encapsulating primary hepatocytes. The cells in scaffold were cultured over seven days and maintained higher viability comparing with 3D alginate non-fibrous block. The main advantage of this platform is that the fibrous structure used to form a scaffold can be generated without damaging the mechanically weak alginate fibers or encapsulated cells because all procedures are performed in a single platform without the intervention of the operator. In addition, the proposed fibrous scaffold permitted high diffusion capability of molecules, which enabled better viability of encapsulated cells than non-fibrous scaffold even in massive cell culture.
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Chen BY, Wang YS, Mi HY, Yu P, Kuang TR, Peng XF, Wen JS. Effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the properties and foaming behavior of macroporous poly(lactic acid)/sodium chloride scaffold. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yi Chen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hao-Yang Mi
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Tai-Rong Kuang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jing-Song Wen
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
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Wong A, Mark LH, Hasan MM, Park CB. The synergy of supercritical CO2 and supercritical N2 in foaming of polystyrene for cell nucleation. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Exploring the Future of Hydrogels in Rapid Prototyping: A Review on Current Trends and Limitations. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4328-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Billiet T, Vandenhaute M, Schelfhout J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6020-41. [PMID: 22681979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined potential of hydrogels and rapid prototyping technologies has been an exciting route in developing tissue engineering scaffolds for the past decade. Hydrogels represent to be an interesting starting material for soft, and lately also for hard tissue regeneration. Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures. Rapid prototyping techniques on the other hand, have become an elegant tool for the production of scaffolds with the purpose of cell seeding and/or cell encapsulation. By means of rapid prototyping, one can design a fully interconnected 3-dimensional structure with pre-determined dimensions and porosity. Despite this benefit, some of the rapid prototyping techniques are not or less suitable for the generation of hydrogel scaffolds. In this review, we therefore give an overview on the different rapid prototyping techniques suitable for the processing of hydrogel materials. A primary distinction will be made between (i) laser-based, (ii) nozzle-based, and (iii) printer-based systems. Special attention will be addressed to current trends and limitations regarding the respective techniques. Each of these techniques will be further discussed in terms of the different hydrogel materials used so far. One major drawback when working with hydrogels is the lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, maintaining and improving the mechanical integrity of the processed scaffolds has become a key issue regarding 3-dimensional hydrogel structures. This limitation can either be overcome during or after processing the scaffolds, depending on the applied technology and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Salerno A, Di Maio E, Iannace S, Netti PA. Tuning the microstructure and biodegradation of three-phase scaffolds for bone regeneration made of PCL, Zein, and HA. J CELL PLAST 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x11404832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study has been the design of novel multi-phase porous scaffolds with bi-modal pore size distributions and controlled biodegradation rate for bone tissue engineering (bTE), via a gas foaming—leaching approach. Poly( ε-caprolactone) (PCL) has been melt mixed with thermoplastic zein (TZ) and hydroxyapatite particle, to prepare multi-phase PCL—TZ and PCL—TZ—HA composites suitable to be further processed for the fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds. To this aim, these systems have been gas foamed by using CO2 as blowing agent and, subsequently, soaked in H2O to leach out the plasticizer from the TZ. This combined process allows the formation of an interpenetrated micro- and macro-porosity network within the samples. The effect of the different formulations on the micro-structural properties and in vitro biodegradation of the scaffolds has been investigated, and the results correlated to the mechanisms involved in the formation of the bi-modal pore structure. Results demonstrated that the multi-phase nature of the biomaterials prepared as well as their composition significantly affect the micro-structural properties and biodegradation rate of the scaffolds. The optimal selection of the processing conditions may allow for the design of multi-phase 3D porous scaffolds suitable for bTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Salerno
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Italian Institute of Technology (T), University of Naples Federico , Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council (IMCB-CNR), Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy,
| | - E. Di Maio
- Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico , Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - S. Iannace
- Institute of Composite and Biomedical Materials, National Research Council (IMCB-CNR), Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - PA Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Italian Institute of Technology (T), University of Naples Federico , Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; Department of Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico , Piazz.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Zhang F, He C, Cao L, Feng W, Wang H, Mo X, Wang J. Fabrication of gelatin–hyaluronic acid hybrid scaffolds with tunable porous structures for soft tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:474-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Polymer Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration. ACTIVE IMPLANTS AND SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE REGENERATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Velasco D, Benito L, Fernández-Gutiérrez M, San Román J, Elvira C. Preparation in supercritical CO2 of porous poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(l-lactic acid) (PMMA–PLA) scaffolds incorporating ibuprofen. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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