1
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Breuer R, Hendriks S, Reinhardt N, Facklam M, Hopmann C. Modeling flow and cell formation in foam sheet extrusion of polystyrene with
CO
2
and co‐blowing agents. Part I: Material model. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Breuer
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Sven Hendriks
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Nicolas Reinhardt
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Facklam
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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2
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Wu B, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Maertens T, Kuang T, Fan P, Chen F, Zhong M, Tan J, Yang J. Preparation and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane foams with bimodal structure based on TPU/PDMS blends. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Breuer R, Hendriks S, Reinhardt N, Facklam M, Hopmann C. Modeling flow and cell formation in foam sheet extrusion of polystyrene with
CO
2
and co‐blowing agents. Part
II
: Process model. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Breuer
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Sven Hendriks
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
- Armacell Benelux S.C.S. Thimister‐Clermont Belgium
| | - Nicolas Reinhardt
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Facklam
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Hopmann
- Institute for Plastics Processing (IKV) in Industry and Craft at RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
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4
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Rostami M, Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R, Moradian M. A study on fabrication of nanocomposite polyethylene foam through extrusion foaming procedure. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foaming a polymer not only turns it into a lightweight material but also gives some special properties to it. However, the most important issue is controlling the foaming process to achieve a desirable structure with high cell density and low relative density. In the present study, the extrusion foaming process of polyethylene was studied through stepwise amendments. An innovative extrusion system was designed and implemented to produce extrusion foams under different material and process conditions using N2 as blowing agent. In the first step, the final cooling condition was investigated. The air-cooling condition led to a higher cell density/lower cell size compared to the water-cooling condition although a higher relative density was obtained. In the second step, the effects of the addition of talc and the synergetic effect of talc/nanoclay at different contents were investigated in detail. The hybrid of talc/nanoclay had a noticeably improving effect on the cellular structure. In the third step, the effects of processing parameters including the die temperature and screw speed were studied on the foam properties. Finally, up to 49.4% decrease in the relative density of samples was observed, also cell densities up to 2.5 × 104 cell/cm3 and cell sizes as small as 280 µm were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rostami
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Taher Azdast
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Milad Moradian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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5
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Kinked Bisamides as Efficient Supramolecular Foam Cell Nucleating Agents for Low-Density Polystyrene Foams with Homogeneous Microcellular Morphology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071094. [PMID: 33808179 PMCID: PMC8036985 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene foams have become more and more important owing to their lightweight potential and their insulation properties. Progress in this field is expected to be realized by foams featuring a microcellular morphology. However, large-scale processing of low-density foams with a closed-cell structure and volume expansion ratio of larger than 10, exhibiting a homogenous morphology with a mean cell size of approximately 10 µm, remains challenging. Here, we report on a series of 4,4′-diphenylmethane substituted bisamides, which we refer to as kinked bisamides, acting as efficient supramolecular foam cell nucleating agents for polystyrene. Self-assembly experiments from solution showed that these bisamides form supramolecular fibrillary or ribbon-like nanoobjects. These kinked bisamides can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in a large concentration range, forming dispersed nano-objects upon cooling. Batch foaming experiments using 1.0 wt.% of a selected kinked bisamide revealed that the mean cell size can be as low as 3.5 µm. To demonstrate the applicability of kinked bisamides in a high-throughput continuous foam process, we performed foam extrusion. Using 0.5 wt.% of a kinked bisamide yielded polymer foams with a foam density of 71 kg/m3 and a homogeneous microcellular morphology with cell sizes of ≈10 µm, which is two orders of magnitude lower compared to the neat polystyrene reference foam with a comparable foam density.
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6
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Kumar A, Patham B, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Polyolefinic nanocomposite foams: Review of microstructure-property relationships, applications, and processing considerations. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20979752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we survey the state of the art on polymeric foams incorporating nano-scale fillers. Particular focus of the review is on foams from polyolefinic nanocomposite formulations incorporating a wide variety of fillers. The nano-scale additives can influence the foam structure and properties in two ways: Firstly, they can act as composite reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties and functionality of the matrix polymer; and secondly, they can act as foaming-processing aids through modification of the rheological, thermal and crystallization properties of the matrix as well as serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites. Through a combination of these influences, and using advanced processing techniques it is possible to achieve nanocomposite foams that have higher cell density, and more uniform cell size or controlled cell-size distribution. Such controlled foam morphologies, in turn, can yield better specific mechanical properties resulting in more effective light-weighting solutions. Further, the nano-scale additives can impart additional desired functionality resulting in multi-functional foams. In this article, we provide an overview of the mechanical, thermal and a few other relevant functional properties – such as piezoelectric sensitivity, acoustics, and filtration efficiency – of foams prepared using nanocomposite formulations, along with the processing considerations for achieving high quality foams using such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar
- Department of Plastics Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India
| | - Bhaskar Patham
- SABIC Technology Centre, Global Application Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, LARPM-CIPET, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Nayak
- Department of Plastics Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India
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7
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Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R. Increasing cell density/decreasing cell size to produce microcellular and nanocellular thermoplastic foams: A review. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20959301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, polymeric foams have attracted particular attention in scientific and industrial societies due to their unique properties, such as high strength to weight ratio, excellent thermal and sound insulation, and low cost. Researchers have shown that the extraordinary properties of polymeric foams such as superior thermal insulation, can be achieved by increasing the cell density/decreasing the cell size. In this regard, firstly, the most important foaming processes, i.e. batch, extrusion, and injection molding are studied in the present research. Then, cell nucleation stage as the most crucial phenomenon for achieving high cell density/small cell size is investigated in detail. In the next step, the most important researches in the field of polymeric foams are introduced in which the largest cell densities/smallest cell sizes have been achieved. The investigations show that the most remarkable results (highest cell densities/smallest cell sizes) belong to the batch process. Also, the use of nucleating agents, increasing the solubility of blowing agent into the polymer, and the use of nanoparticles are the most efficient solutions to achieve microcellular and nanocellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azdast
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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8
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Pan J, Zhang D, Wu M, Ruan S, Castro JM, Lee LJ, Chen F. Impacts of Carbonaceous Particulates on Extrudate Semicrystalline Polyethylene Terephthalate Foams: Nonisothermal Crystallization, Rheology, and Infrared Attenuation Studies. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Pan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Integrated Systems and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
| | - Min Wu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
| | - Shilun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R.China
| | - Jose M. Castro
- Department of Integrated Systems and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
| | - L. James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, United States
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R.China
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9
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Buahom P, Wang C, Alshrah M, Wang G, Gong P, Tran MP, Park CB. Wrong expectation of superinsulation behavior from largely-expanded nanocellular foams. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13064-13085. [PMID: 32542255 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to predict the thermal conductivity of microcellular and nanocellular thermal insulation foams to explore the correlation between the cellular structure and the thermal insulating properties. Closed-cell foam consisting of cell walls and struts was used as the base geometry for modeling. The mathematical correlations to calculate the thickness of cell walls and the diameter of struts for a given cell size, the void fraction and the volume fraction of polymer located in struts were investigated. Then, a mathematical model for the conductive thermal conductivity including the dependency on the void fraction, the strut fraction and the Knudsen effect for gas was introduced. The radiative thermal conductivity was determined by analyzing the attenuation of radiative energy by absorption and scattering based on Mie's theory together with electromagnetic wave interference, as well as interference of propagating waves and tunneling of the radiative energy by evanescent waves in the cells. The thermal conductivity model was validated by experimental data and used to predict the thermal conductivity of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) foams at various cell sizes and volume expansion ratios. It was found that the radiative thermal conductivity plays a crucial role in nanocellular foam. The trade-off between the cell size and cell wall thickness when cell walls become thinner and highly transparent to thermal radiation was demonstrated, leading to the optimal volume expansion ratio at which the thermal conductivities were minimized. Perspectives for the manufacture of high-performance thermal insulation foams are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyapong Buahom
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Chongda Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mohammed Alshrah
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Guilong Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and Cellular Polymer Science & Technology Laboratory, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shandong University, 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Pengjian Gong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Minh-Phuong Tran
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Razzaz Z, Mohebbi A, Rodrigue D. Gas transport properties of cellular hollow fiber membranes based on LLDPE/LDPE blends. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489320929300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of foamed hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) is presented based on polymer blends using various concentrations of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LPDE) combined with azodicarbonamide (chemical blowing agent) to prepare samples via twin-screw extrusion. In particular, the blowing agent concentration as well as the stretching speed were found to be the most important parameters to achieve a good cellular structure for membrane application. From the samples obtained, a complete set of morphological, thermal, and gas transport characterization was performed. The results show that LLDPE/LDPE blends compared to neat LLDPE lead to higher cell density at high stretching speed, which is appropriate for membranes having higher gas permeability and selectivity due to lower cell wall thickness. The results also show that the developed cellular structure has high potential for the continuous production of HFMs for different gas separation, especially for hydrogen recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Razzaz
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Lian X, Mou W, Kuang T, Liu X, Zhang S, Li F, Liu T, Peng X. Synergetic effect of nanoclay and nano-CaCO3 hybrid filler systems on the foaming properties and cellular structure of polystyrene nanocomposite foams using supercritical CO2. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319900948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluids have been widely used to prepare various polymer nanocomposite foams due to their high-efficiency, rich-resource, and environment-friendly characteristics. In this work, we prepared polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites with different contents of hybrid fillers of nanoclay and nano-calcium carbonate (nano-CaCO3) and then were foamed by batch foaming method using supercritical carbon dioxide as a physical blowing agent. The effect of hybrid nanofillers components and foaming temperature and pressure on the foaming properties and cellular structure of PS nanocomposite foams was systematically investigated. Dynamic rheology results indicated that the complex viscosity and storage modulus were enhanced with the addition of hybrid fillers. Scanning electron microscopic images show that all samples foamed uniformly macrocells under the given conditions. More importantly, the hybrid fillers of nano-CaCO3 and nanoclay exhibit a significant synergistic effect in improving PS foaming properties, which can be ascribed to the different roles of the two fillers during cell nucleation and cell growth. For instance, the PS/0.22/0.88 nanocomposite foamed under the conditions of 20 MPa and 130°C has shown the finest cell structure (higher cell density of 1.91 × 1010 and smaller cell diameter of 2.28 µm) due to the coeffect of the hybrid nanofillers. Finally, the synergistic mechanism of these two nanofillers on PS foaming behavior was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghan Lian
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Mou
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tairong Kuang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuidong Zhang
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Liu H, Tian H, Yao Y, Xiang A, Qi H, Wu Q, Rajulu AV. Polyimide foams with outstanding flame resistance and mechanical properties by the incorporation of noncovalent bond modified graphene oxide. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01983f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PI composite foams were in situ generated by incorporating modified GO to further improve flame resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
- College of chemistry and materials engineering of Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Huafeng Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
- College of chemistry and materials engineering of Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
- College of chemistry and materials engineering of Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Aiming Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics
- College of chemistry and materials engineering of Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Haisong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Qiangxian Wu
- Green Polymer Laboratory
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- China
| | - A. Varada Rajulu
- Centre for Composite Materials
- International Research Centre
- Kalasalingam University
- Krishnan Koil
- India
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13
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Aksit M, Klose B, Zhao C, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Altstädt V. Morphology control of extruded polystyrene foams with benzene-trisamide-based nucleating agents. J CELL PLAST 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x19837508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene is a low-priced, amorphous polymer, showing excellent foaming behavior. Polystyrene foams are widely used in a variety of applications including insulation panels for building and construction. In this context, foam morphology plays a significant role to tune the macroscopic properties of the foams and research focusses on the fabrication of foams with homogenous morphology and an average cell size distinctly below 100 µm at densities lower than 100 kg/m³. Here, we demonstrate how 1,3,5-benzene-trisamides can be used as supramolecular foam nucleating agents to control the morphology of extruded amorphous polystyrene foams. Depending on the concentration and the processing temperature, benzene-trisamides can be homogeneously dissolved in the polystyrene melt. Upon cooling, the benzene-trisamides self-assemble into finely dispersed, solid supramolecular nano-objects, which subsequently act as nucleating sites for foam cell formation. Various concentrations of the benzene-trisamide-based additive were selected to systematically study the influence of the morphology of the extruded polystyrene foams. In the same way, neat polystyrene foams were produced as a reference. We found that for extruded polystyrene foams with 0.2 wt% of additive, the cell sizes were significantly reduced by a factor of 35 from 632 to 18 µm compared to those of a neat extruded polystyrene reference foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aksit
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - B Klose
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Zhao
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - K Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H-W Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V Altstädt
- Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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14
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Aksit M, Zhao C, Klose B, Kreger K, Schmidt HW, Altstädt V. Extruded Polystyrene Foams with Enhanced Insulation and Mechanical Properties by a Benzene-Trisamide-Based Additive. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E268. [PMID: 30960252 PMCID: PMC6419028 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low thermal conductivity and adequate mechanical strength are desired for extruded polystyrene foams when they are applied as insulation materials. In this study, we improved the thermal insulation behavior and mechanical properties of extruded polystyrene foams through morphology control with the foam nucleating agent 1,3,5-benzene-trisamide. Furthermore, the structure⁻property relationships of extruded polystyrene foams were established. Extruded polystyrene foams with selected concentrations of benzene-trisamide were used to evaluate the influence of cell size and foam density on the thermal conductivity. It was shown that the addition of benzene-trisamide reduces the thermal conductivity by up to 17%. An increase in foam density led to a higher compression modulus of the foams. With 0.2 wt % benzene-trisamide, the compression modulus increased by a factor of 4 from 11.7 ± 2.7 MPa for the neat polystyrene (PS) to 46.3 ± 4.3 MPa with 0.2 wt % benzene-trisamide. The increase in modulus was found to follow a power law relationship with respect to the foam density. Furthermore, the compression moduli were normalized by the foam density in order to evaluate the effect of benzene-trisamide alone. A 0.2 wt % benzene-trisamide increased the normalized compression modulus by about 23%, which could be attributed to the additional stress contribution of nanofibers, and might also retard the face stretching and edge bending of the foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aksit
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Bastian Klose
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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15
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Hamdi O, Mighri F, Rodrigue D. Optimization of the cellular morphology of biaxially stretched thin polyethylene foams produced by extrusion film blowing. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489318797517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the production of cellular polymer films using extrusion blowing to impose biaxial stretching on the cellular structure while processing. The materials selected are linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) as the matrix, azodicarbonamide as the chemical blowing agent, and talc as the nucleating agent. The processing parameters, namely, the temperature profile, screw speed, feed rate, take-up ratio, blow-up ratio, and the matrix composition were all optimized to produce a homogeneous cellular structure with defined morphologies. The optimized films had a thickness below 300 µm, a relative density around 0.6, a cell density above 2 × 106 cells/cm3, and biaxially stretched cells with aspect ratios above 4 longitudinally and 3.8 transversally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouassim Hamdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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16
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Razzaz Z, Mohebbi A, Rodrigue D. Effect of processing conditions on the cellular morphology of polyethylene hollow fiber foams for membrane applications. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489318795967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous method without any solvent is proposed to produce porous hollow fibers for membrane (HFM) applications. In this case, linear low-density polyethylene was combined with azodicarbonamide to produce samples via extrusion. In particular, the processing (chemical blowing agent content and temperature profile) and post-processing (stretching velocity) conditions were optimized to obtain a cellular structure having a high cell density and uniform cell size distribution. From the samples obtained, a complete set of characterization was performed (morphological, mechanical, physical, and gas transport). The results show that HFM having a higher cell density can increase gas permeability, especially for hydrogen. Overall, it is shown that low-cost polyolefins having a suitable cellular structure can be used for gas separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Razzaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abolfazl Mohebbi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Mechanical, thermal and fire performance of an inorganic-organic insulation material composed of hollow glass microspheres and phenolic resin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 530:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Li Z, Jia Y, Bai S. Polysulfone foam with high expansion ratio prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide assisted molding foaming method. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2880-2886. [PMID: 35541205 PMCID: PMC9077336 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysulfone foam with high expansion ratio and high performance was prepared by new foaming method using CO2 and press vulcanizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yingbin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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19
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Li M, Cheng P, Luo G, Shen Q, Zhang L. Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) by unzipping MWCNTs for the improvement of PMMA microcellular foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Li
- School of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- School of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
| | - Lianmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan 430070 People Republic of China
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20
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Effect of Processing Conditions on the Cellular Morphology of Polypropylene Foamed Films for Piezoelectric Applications. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931703600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, continuous extrusion-calendering was used to produce polypropylene (PP) foam films for piezoelectric applications. The setup is based on physical foaming using supercritical nitrogen (SC-N2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as nucleating agent. In particular, the extrusion parameters (screw design, temperature profile, blowing agent and nucleating agent content) and post-extrusion conditions (calendaring temperature and speed) were optimized to achieve a specific stretched eye-like cellular structure with uniform cell size distribution. The morphology in both machine and transverse directions, as well as tensile properties were characterized. The results show that a cellular structure with a higher cell aspect ratio has a lower Young's modulus, which is appropriate for piezoelectric cellular films. Generally, the developed foam morphology presents high potential for the production of ferroelectret PP films used in different piezoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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21
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McCrary-Dennis MCL, Fernandez E, Okoli OI. A study on the fabrication of plasticized polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites for foaming. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impregnation of carbon nanotubes within fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is a sought after capability for the advancement of composite systems. This study evaluates the novel processing of a carbon nanotube nanocomposite that has been developed to incorporate varying carbon nanotube loadings within final composite foams. This material is manufactured through a melt mix process of carbon nanotubes and polystyrene at ∼2.0–13.0 wt.% that further underwent a plasticization process in an acetone solvent. The chemical foaming agent 2.2′-Azobi(isobutyronitrile) is used to facilitate foaming at a constant 3.0 wt.% concentration. The foamed nanocomposite results in a carbon nanotube-loaded micro-porous structure showing capabilities of delivering localized carbon nanotube placement within fiber composite laminate systems. This report’s aim is to illustrate the effects of plasticizing polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite and calendaring the softened material to form foams imbedded with carbon nanotubes (carbon nanotubes). Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were the tools that are used to characterize the materials at the various morphologies with their findings inclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah CL McCrary-Dennis
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Eduardo Fernandez
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Okenwa I Okoli
- High-Performance Materials Institute, Florida A&M University – Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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22
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Polymer ferroelectret based on polypropylene foam: Piezoelectric properties improvement using post-processing thermomechanical treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research center for high performance polymer and composite systems, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research center for high performance polymer and composite systems, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research center for high performance polymer and composite systems, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Polytechnique Montréal; C.P. 6079 Montreal QC H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research center for high performance polymer and composite systems, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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23
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Polymer ferroelectret based on polypropylene foam: piezoelectric properties prediction using dynamic mechanical analysis. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems; Montreal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials; Laval QC H7P 0A9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems; Montreal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems; Montreal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Polytechnique Montréal; C.P. 6079 Montreal QC H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems; Montreal QC H3T 1J4 Canada
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials; Laval QC H7P 0A9 Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Université Laval; Quebec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
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24
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Gandhi A, Bhatnagar N. Die opening-induced microstructure growth in extrusion foaming of thermoplastic sheets. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2015-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the influence of die opening gap on foam attributes during a microcellular extrusion foaming process was investigated. Lower die openings developed higher pressure drops on the foams, as a result of which greater thermodynamic instability was stimulated and, consequently, higher cell density foams along with enhanced expansion ratios were achieved. Further investigations were performed to study the synergistic influence of altering die opening with critical process parameters, namely, screw rotational speed and die temperature, on the foam expansion ratio and morphological transformations. Higher screw rotational speed induced shear nucleation phenomenon, which further enhanced the foaming process significantly. Also, an optimum die temperature was observed, which developed maximum expansion ratio at the lowest die opening gap. This study intends to enhance the understanding of extrusion foam processing among academia as well as among industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gandhi
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naresh Bhatnagar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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25
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