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Lee J, Kim S, Lee B, Kim YB, Kim KH, Chung G, Lee SJ, Lee S, Sun W, Park HK, Choi SY. Major depression-related factor NEGR1 controls salivary secretion in mouse submandibular glands. iScience 2023; 26:106773. [PMID: 37216094 PMCID: PMC10196562 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cells, which secrete water in response to neuronal stimulation, are closely connected to other neurons. Transcriptomic studies show that salivary glands also express some proteins responsible for neuronal function. However, the physiological functions of these common neuro-exocrine factors in salivary glands are largely unknown. Here, we studied the function of Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) in the salivary gland cells. NEGR1 was also expressed in mouse and human salivary glands. The structure of salivary glands of Negr1 knockout (KO) mice was normal. Negr1 KO mice showed tempered carbachol- or thapsigargin-induced intracellular Ca2+ increases and store-operated Ca2+ entry. Of interest, the activity of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK channel) was increased, whereas Ca2+-activated Cl- channel ANO1 channel activity was not altered in Negr1 KO mice. Pilocarpine- and carbachol-induced salivation was decreased in Negr1 KO mice. These results suggest that NEGR1 influence salivary secretion though the muscarinic Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Bin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Kim YJ. Xerostomia and Its Cellular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065358. [PMID: 36982432 PMCID: PMC10049126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, the subjective feeling of a dry mouth associated with dysfunction of the salivary glands, is mainly caused by radiation and chemotherapy, various systemic and autoimmune diseases, and drugs. As saliva plays numerous essential roles in oral and systemic health, xerostomia significantly reduces quality of life, but its prevalence is increasing. Salivation mainly depends on parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and the salivary glands responsible for this secretion move fluid unidirectionally through structural features such as the polarity of acinar cells. Saliva secretion is initiated by the binding of released neurotransmitters from nerves to specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on acinar cells. This signal induces two intracellular calcium (Ca2+) pathways (Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane), and this increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) causes the translocation of the water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) to the apical membrane. Consequently, the GPCR-mediated increased [Ca2+]i in acinar cells promotes saliva secretion, and this saliva moves into the oral cavity through the ducts. In this review, we seek to elucidate the potential of GPCRs, the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and AQP5, which are essential for salivation, as cellular targets in the etiology of xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Zn 2+ stimulates salivary secretions via metabotropic zinc receptor ZnR/GPR39 in human salivary gland cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17648. [PMID: 31776425 PMCID: PMC6881433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zn2+ is a divalent cation that is essential for many biological activities, as it influences many ion channels and enzymatic activities. Zn2+ can evoke G-protein-coupled receptor signaling via activation of the metabotropic zinc receptor ZnR/GPR39. In spite of evidence suggesting the presence of ZnR/GPR39 in salivary gland cells, there has been no evidence of ZnR/GPR39-mediated modulation of salivary gland function. Here we characterized the role of ZnR/GPR39 in human submandibular gland cells. A 0.25% ZnCl2 solution evoked secretion of unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in humans. We found that ZnR/GPR39 is expressed in human submandibular glands and HSG cells. Zn2+ increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in a concentration-dependent manner. Muscarinic antagonist had no effect on Zn2+-induced [Ca2+]i increase, which was completely blocked by the phospholipase C-β inhibitor. As with muscarinic agonist, Zn2+ also induced the translocation of aquaporin-5 (AQP-5) to the plasma membrane, which was drastically decreased in ZnR/GPR39-knockdown cells. These data suggest that the metabotropic Zn2+ receptor ZnR/GPR39 can modulate salivary secretion in human submandibular gland cells independent of muscarinic or histamine receptor signaling.
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Lee K, Kim YJ, Choi LM, Choi S, Nam H, Ko HY, Chung G, Lee JH, Jo SH, Lee G, Choi SY, Park K. Human salivary gland cells express bradykinin receptors that modulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 125:18-27. [PMID: 28032657 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin is an important peptide modulator that affects the function of neurons and immune cells. However, there is no evidence of the bradykinin receptors and their functions in human salivary glands. Here we have identified and characterized bradykinin receptors on human submandibular gland cells. Both bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors are expressed on human submandibular gland cells, A253 cells, and HSG cells. Bradykinin increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, a specific agonist of the B1 receptor did not have any effect on [Ca2+ ]i in HSG cells, whereas specific agonists of the B2 receptor had a Ca2+ mobilizing effect. Furthermore, application of the B1 receptor antagonist, R715, did not alter the bradykinin-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ , whereas the B2 receptor antagonist, HOE140, showed a strong inhibitory effect, which implies that bradykinin B2 receptors are functional in modulating the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ . Bradykinin did not affect a carbachol-induced rise of [Ca2+ ]i and did not modulate translocation of aquaporin-5. However, bradykinin did promote the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), implying the role of bradykinin in salivary gland inflammation. These data suggest that bradykinin receptors are involved in Ca2+ signaling in human submandibular gland cells and serve a unique role, which is separate from that of other salivary gland G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keimin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - La-Mee Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seulki Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hui-Yeon Ko
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Jo
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gene Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Lee K, Choi S, Choi LM, Lee J, Kim JH, Chung G, Lee G, Choi SY, Park K. Desipramine inhibits salivary Ca(2+) signaling and aquaporin translocation. Oral Dis 2015; 21:530-5. [PMID: 25639149 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Desipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a negative side effect of dry mouth. The Na(+) /H(+) exchanger was suggested to be a target of desipramine in salivary gland cells. However, it is unclear whether desipramine has other targets in the salivary secretion pathway. Here, we studied the effect of desipramine on salivary Ca(2+) signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ]i ) was determined with the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator fura-2/AM. Aquaporin translocation was analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry of confocal microscopy. RESULTS Desipramine inhibited the carbachol- and histamine-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+) ]i ) in a concentration-dependent manner. However, desipramine did not affect increases in [Ca(2+) ]i mediated by extracellular ATP, sphingosine-1-phosphate, or thapsigargin. The adrenergic receptor blockers prazosin and propranolol did not reverse the desipramine-mediated inhibition of carbachol- and histamine-induced increases in [Ca(2+) ]i . We also found that desipramine inhibits the increase in membrane aquaporin-5 level triggered by carbachol and histamine treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results imply that desipramine blocks muscarinic and histamine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and the subsequent translocation of aquaporin-5 in human salivary gland cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for the xerogenic effects of desipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Shin YH, Jin M, Hwang SM, Choi SK, Namkoong E, Kim M, Park MY, Choi SY, Lee JH, Park K. Epigenetic modulation of the muscarinic type 3 receptor in salivary epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2015; 95:237-45. [PMID: 25485536 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors, particularly the type 3 subtype (M3R), have an important role in exocrine secretion. M3R normally function in HSG cells originated from human submandibular gland ducts, but not in A253 and SGT cells, derived from human submandibular carcinoma and salivary gland adenocarcinoma. However, the underlying mechanism of this suppression has remained elusive. In this study, we examined whether M3R function is suppressed by epigenetic modulation of the receptor. To this end, we investigated the mRNA transcript and protein levels of the M3R using reverse transcriptase-PCR, western blot, and confocal microscopy analyses. Global DNA methylation assays, methylation-specific PCR, and bisulfite sequencing were also performed to understand the epigenetic status of the M3R CpG island. We found that A253 cells expressed all subtypes of muscarinic receptors, except M3R, on the mRNA level. However, treatment of cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), a DNA-demethylating agent, increased the expression levels of both M3R mRNA transcript and protein in proportion to the incubation period. 5-Aza-CdR completely restored the carbachol-induced calcium response, which was not observed in untreated A253 cells. In untreated A253 cells, all CG pairs from the 1st to 14th were methylated and 5-Aza-CdR treatment demethylated one of the methylated CG pairs. We also examined the methylation pattern of M3R CpG island in human cancer tissue. Interestingly, the result was very similar to those of A253 cells. All CG pairs in M3R CpG island were also methylated. Another salivary gland tumor cell line, SGT, also showed the similar methylation pattern, heavy methylation in M3R CpG island. It is concluded that CpG island in M3R is hypermethylated in cancer cell lines and human cancer. Our results further suggest that 5-Aza-CdR could potentially be used to restore the function of M3R, suppressed in some cancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Meihong Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
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Hwang SM, Jin M, Shin YH, Ki Choi S, Namkoong E, Kim M, Park MY, Park K. Role of LPA and the Hippo pathway on apoptosis in salivary gland epithelial cells. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e125. [PMID: 25502757 PMCID: PMC4274396 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid involved in numerous physiological responses. However, the expression of LPA receptors and the role of the Hippo signaling pathway in epithelial cells have remained elusive. In this experiment, we studied the functional expression of LPA receptors and the associated signaling pathway using reverse transcriptase–PCR, microspectrofluorimetry, western blotting and immunocytochemistry in salivary gland epithelial cells. We found that LPA receptors are functionally expressed and involved in activating the Hippo pathway mediated by YAP/TAZ through Lats/Mob1 and RhoA/ROCK. Upregulation of YAP/TAZ-dependent target genes, including CTGF, ANKRD1 and CYR61, has also been observed in LPA-treated cells. In addition, based on data suggesting that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induces cell apoptosis, LPA upregulates TNF-induced caspase-3 and cleaved Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP). However, small interfering RNA treatment to Yes-associated protein (YAP) or transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) significantly decreased TNF-α- and LPA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that YAP and TAZ modulate the apoptotic pathway in salivary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - MeiHong Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Ki Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - MinKyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, ChongnoKu, Seoul, Korea
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Aarthi JJ, Darendeliler MA, Pushparaj PN. Dissecting the role of the S1P/S1PR axis in health and disease. J Dent Res 2011; 90:841-54. [PMID: 21248363 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510389178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a pleiotropic sphingophospholipid generated from the phosphorylation of sphingosine by sphingosine kinases (SPHKs). S1P has been experimentally demonstrated to modulate an array of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, cell survival, cell invasion, vascular maturation, and angiogenesis by binding with any of the five known G-protein-coupled sphingosine 1 phosphate receptors (S1P1-5) on the cell surface in an autocrine as well as a paracrine manner. Recent studies have shown that the S1P receptors (S1PRs) and SPHKs are the key targets for modulating the pathophysiological consequences of various debilitating diseases, such as cancer, sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and other related illnesses. In this article, we recapitulate these novel discoveries relative to the S1P/S1PR axis, necessary for the proper maintenance of health, as well as the induction of tumorigenic, angiogenic, and inflammatory stimuli that are vital for the development of various diseases, and the novel therapeutic tools to modulate these responses in oral biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Aarthi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, NSW 2010, Australia
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