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Li XL, Fan W, Fan B. Dental pulp regeneration strategies: A review of status quo and recent advances. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:258-275. [PMID: 38745589 PMCID: PMC11090883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms, physical factors such as temperature or mechanical injury, and chemical factors such as free monomers from composite resin are the main causes of dental pulp diseases. Current clinical treatment methods for pulp diseases include the root canal therapy, vital pulp therapy and regenerative endodontic therapy. Regenerative endodontic therapy serves the purpose of inducing the regeneration of new functional pulp tissues through autologous revascularization or pulp tissue engineering. This article first discusses the current clinical methods and reviews strategies as well as the research outcomes regarding the pulp regeneration. Then the in vivo models, the prospects and challenges for regenerative endodontic therapy were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Lu Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, 430079, Wuhan, China
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2
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Han Y, Xu J, Chopra H, Zhang Z, Dubey N, Dissanayaka W, Nör J, Bottino M. Injectable Tissue-Specific Hydrogel System for Pulp-Dentin Regeneration. J Dent Res 2024; 103:398-408. [PMID: 38410924 PMCID: PMC11457960 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241226649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The quest for finding a suitable scaffold system that supports cell survival and function and, ultimately, the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex remains challenging. Herein, we hypothesized that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) encapsulated in a collagen-based hydrogel with varying stiffness would regenerate functional dental pulp and dentin when concentrically injected into the tooth slices. Collagen hydrogels with concentrations of 3 mg/mL (Col3) and 10 mg/mL (Col10) were prepared, and their stiffness and microstructure were assessed using a rheometer and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. DPSCs were then encapsulated in the hydrogels, and their viability and differentiation capacity toward endothelial and odontogenic lineages were evaluated using live/dead assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. For in vivo experiments, DPSC-encapsulated collagen hydrogels with different stiffness, with or without growth factors, were injected into pulp chambers of dentin tooth slices and implanted subcutaneously in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Specifically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF [50 ng/mL]) was loaded into Col3 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2 [50 ng/mL]) into Col10. Pulp-dentin regeneration was evaluated by histological and immunofluorescence staining. Data were analyzed using 1-way or 2-way analysis of variance accordingly (α = 0.05). Rheology and microscopy data revealed that Col10 had a stiffness of 8,142 Pa with a more condensed and less porous structure, whereas Col3 had a stiffness of 735 Pa with a loose microstructure. Furthermore, both Col3 and Col10 supported DPSCs' survival. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed Col3 promoted significantly higher von Willebrand factor (VWF) and CD31 expression after 7 and 14 d under endothelial differentiation conditions (P < 0.05), whereas Col10 enhanced the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and collagen 1 (Col1) after 7, 14, and 21 d of odontogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence (CD31 and vWF) staining revealed Col10+Col3+DPSCs+GFs enhanced pulp-dentin tissue regeneration. In conclusion, the collagen-based concentric construct modified by growth factors guided the specific lineage differentiation of DPSCs and promoted pulp-dentin tissue regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Han
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J. Xu
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H. Chopra
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N. Dubey
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W.L. Dissanayaka
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M.C. Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sakatoku S, Hayashi Y, Futenma T, Sugita Y, Ishizaka R, Nawa H, Iohara K. Periostin Is a Candidate Regulator of the Host Microenvironment in Regeneration of Pulp and Dentin Complex and Periodontal Ligament in Transplantation with Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium. Stem Cells Int 2024; 2024:7685280. [PMID: 38435089 PMCID: PMC10907099 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7685280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The microenvironment is required for tissues to maintain their properties in vivo. This microenvironment encompasses the types and three-dimensional arrangement of cells forming the tissues, and their interactions with neighboring cells and extracellular matrices, as represented by the stem cell niche. Tissue regeneration depends not on the original tissue source of the transplanted cells, but on the microenvironment in which they are transplanted. We have previously reported pulp regeneration in a heterotopic root graft model by transplantation of conditioned medium alone, which suggests that host-derived cells expressing receptors for migration factors in conditioned medium migrate into the root canal and cause pulp regeneration. Regenerative medicine is needed to restore the original function of complex tissues. To achieve this, it is necessary to reproduce the changes in the microenvironment of the host tissue that accompany the regenerative response. Therefore, it is important to reproduce the microenvironment in vivo for further development of tissue regeneration therapy. Periostin is also found in the epithelial-mesenchymal junction, with expression sites that differ depending on the mineralized matrix stage, and is involved in regulation of calcification. Methods We investigate whether periostin contributes to microenvironmental changes in regenerated pulp tissue. Dental pulp stem cells were induced into dentin, and gene expression of DSPP, nestin, DMP1, Runx2, and periostin was analyzed by qPCR and protein expression by IHC. Similarly, gene expression was analyzed using qPCR and protein expression using IHC in regenerated dental pulp obtained by ectopic transplantation. Results Since these regenerated tissues were observable on the same slice, it was possible to understand changes in the microenvironment within the tissues. Conclusions Periostin promoted proliferation of pulp stem cells, migration in type I collagen, and calcification in regenerated pulp, which strongly suggests that periostin is a promising candidate as a factor that contributes to the microenvironment of regenerated pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintarou Sakatoku
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Suemoridouri 2-11, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Suemoridouri 2-11, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taku Futenma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Suemoridouri 2-11, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- Department of Oral Pathology and Forensic Odontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishizaka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Suemoridouri 2-11, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Suemoridouri 2-11, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8651, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iohara
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka 7-430, Obu 474-8511, Aichi, Japan
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Shi J, Teo KYW, Zhang S, Lai RC, Rosa V, Tong HJ, Duggal MS, Lim SK, Toh WS. Mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes enhance dental pulp cell functions and promote pulp-dentin regeneration. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023; 11:100078. [PMID: 37283805 PMCID: PMC10239699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapies are currently being explored for dental pulp regeneration. As the therapeutic effects of MSCs in tissue repair are mediated mainly through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, we investigated here the cellular processes and molecular mechanisms modulated by MSC exosomes in dental pulp regeneration. Using dental pulp cell (DPC) cultures, we demonstrated that MSC exosomes could increase DPC migration, proliferation, and odontogenic differentiation. The enhancement of these cellular processes was mediated through exosomal CD73-mediated adenosine receptor activation of AKT and ERK signaling. Consistent with these observations, MSC exosomes increased the expression of dentin matrix proteins and promoted the formation of dentin-like tissue and bridge-like structures in a rat pulp defect model. These effects were comparable to that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) treatment. MSC exosomes also yielded recellularized pulp-dentin tissues in the root canal of endodontically-treated human premolars, following subcutaneous implantation in the mouse dorsum. Together, our findings suggest that MSC exosomes could exert a multi-faceted effect on DPC functions including migration, proliferation and odontogenic differentiation to promote dental pulp regeneration. This study provides the basis for development of MSC exosomes as a cell-free MSC therapeutic alternative for pulp-dentin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Shi
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Shipin Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Jinn Tong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Al Turkestani N, Zhang Z, Nör JE. Semaphorin 4D Induces Vasculogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:160. [PMID: 37504226 PMCID: PMC10378119 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effect of Semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) signaling through Plexin B1 on the vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. We assessed the protein expression of SEMA4D and Plexin B1 in dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) from permanent human teeth and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous (SHED) teeth using Western blots. Their expression in human dental pulp tissues and DPSC-engineered dental pulps was determined using immunofluorescence. We then exposed dental pulp stem cells to recombinant human SEMA4D (rhSEMA4D), evaluated the expression of endothelial cell differentiation markers, and assessed the vasculogenic potential of rhSEMA4D using an in vitro sprouting assay. Lastly, Plexin B1 was silenced to ascertain its role in SEMA4D-mediated vasculogenic differentiation. We found that SEMA4D and Plexin B1 are expressed in DPSC, SHED, and human dental pulp tissues. rhSEMA4D (25-100 ng/mL) induced the expression of endothelial markers, i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, cluster of differentiation (CD)-31, and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains (Tie)-2, in dental pulp stem cells and promoted capillary-like sprouting in vitro (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Plexin B1 silencing abrogated the vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and significantly inhibited capillary sprouting upon exposure to rhSEMA4D. Collectively, these data provide evidence that SEMA4D induces vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells through Plexin B1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Al Turkestani
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhaocheng Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jacques Eduardo Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.A.T.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Kim Y, Park HJ, Kim MK, Kim YI, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Nör JE, Bae MK. Naringenin stimulates osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation and migration of human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:577-585. [PMID: 37021242 PMCID: PMC10068380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Naringenin, a naturally occurring flavanone in citrus fruits, regulates bone formation by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of naringenin on some biological behaviors of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs). Materials and methods HDPSCs were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium and osteo/odontogenic differentiation and mineralization were analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. The migration of HDPSCs was evaluated by transwell chemotactic migration assays and scratch wound healing migration assay. Using tooth slice/scaffold model, we assessed the in vivo odontogenic differentiation potential of HDPSCs. Results We have demonstrated that naringenin increases the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs through regulation of osteogenic-related proteins and the migratory ability of HDPSCs through stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis. Moreover, naringenin promotes the expression of dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein-1 (DMP-1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in HDPSCs seeded on tooth slice/scaffolds that are subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. Conclusion Our present study suggests that naringenin promotes migration and osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of HDPSCs and may serve as a promising candidate in dental tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center (MRC), Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
- Dental and Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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Li A, Sasaki J, Inubushi T, Abe G, Nör J, Yamashiro T, Imazato S. Role of Heparan Sulfate in Vasculogenesis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2023; 102:207-216. [PMID: 36281071 PMCID: PMC10767696 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and display sprouting ability. During this process, DPSC responses to the extracellular microenvironment and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are critical in regulating their ultimate cell fate. Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan, a major component of extracellular matrix, plays important roles in various biological cell activities by interacting with growth factors and relative receptors. However, the regulatory function of HS on vasculogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of HS in endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs. Our results show that an HS antagonist suppressed the proliferation and sprouting ability of DPSCs undergoing endothelial differentiation. Furthermore, expression of proangiogenic markers significantly declined with increasing dosages of the HS antagonist; in contrast, expression of stemness marker increased. Silencing of exostosin 1 (EXT1), a crucial glycosyltransferase for HS biosynthesis, in DPSCs using a short hairpin RNA significantly altered their gene expression profile. In addition, EXT1-silenced DPSCs expressed lower levels of endothelial differentiation markers and displayed a reduced vascular formation capacity compared with control DPSCs transduced with scrambled sequences. The sprouting ability of EXT1-silenced DPSCs was rescued by the addition of exogenous HS in vitro. Next, we subcutaneously transplanted biodegradable scaffolds seeded with EXT1-silenced or control DPSCs into immunodeficient mice. Lumen-like structures positive for human CD31 and von Willebrand factor were formed by green fluorescent protein-transduced DPSCs. Numbers of blood-containing vessels were significantly lower in scaffolds loaded with EXT1-silenced DPSCs than specimens implanted with control DPSCs. Collectively, our findings unveil the crucial role of HS on endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs, opening new perspectives for the application of HS to tissue engineering and dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Li
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - G.L. Abe
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T. Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Tayanloo-Beik A, Nikkhah A, Roudsari PP, Aghayan H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Mafi AR, Nikandish M, Shouroki FF, Arjmand B, Larijani B. Application of Biocompatible Scaffolds in Stem-Cell-Based Dental Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:83-110. [PMID: 35999347 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering as an important field in regenerative medicine is a promising therapeutic approach to replace or regenerate injured tissues. It consists of three vital steps including the selection of suitable cells, formation of 3d scaffolds, and adding growth factors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are mentioned as two main sources for this approach that have been used for the treatment of various types of disorders. However, the main focus of literature in the field of dental tissue engineering is on utilizing MSCs. On the other hand, biocompatible scaffolds play a notable role in this regenerative process which is mentioned to be harmless with acceptable osteoinductivity. Their ability in inhibiting inflammatory responses also makes them powerful tools. Indeed, stem cell functions should be supported by biomaterials acting as scaffolds incorporated with biological signals. Naturally derived polymeric scaffolds and synthetically engineered polymeric/ceramic scaffolds are two main types of scaffolds regarding their materials that are defined further in this review. Various strategies of tissue bioengineering can affect the regeneration of dentin-pulp complex, periodontium regeneration, and whole teeth bioengineering. In this regard, in vivo/ex vivo experimental models have been developed recently in order to perform preclinical studies of dental tissue engineering which make it more transferable to be used for clinic uses. This review summarizes dental tissue engineering through its different components. Also, strategies of tissue bioengineering and experimental models are introduced in order to provide a perspective of the potential roles of dental tissue engineering to be used for clinical aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Tayanloo-Beik
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Nikkhah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Aghayan
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Rezazadeh Mafi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA- CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fazeli Shouroki
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Liang Q, Liang C, Liu X, Xing X, Ma S, Huang H, Liang C, Liu L, Liao L, Tian W. Vascularized dental pulp regeneration using cell-laden microfiber aggregates. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:10097-10111. [PMID: 36458580 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of dental pulp via the transplantation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) has emerged as a novel therapy for dental pulp necrosis after inflammation and injury. However, providing sufficient oxygen and nutrients to support stem cell survival, self-renewal, and differentiation in the narrow root canal remains a great challenge. In this study, we explored a novel strategy based on cell-laden microfibers for dental pulp regeneration. Firstly, we fabricated suitable GelMA hydrogels that facilitate the survival and proliferation of DPSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and possess satisfactory biomechanical properties to generate microfibers. Two kinds of GelMA microfibers were fabricated with DPSCs and HUVECs via a silicone-tube-based coagulant bath-free method. Live/dead and Ki-67 immunofluorescence staining assays identified that these two cell lines maintained high survival rate and proliferation ability in GelMA microfibers. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that DPSCs fully spread in the microfibers and highly expressed CD90 and laminin. HUVECs positively express CD31 and VE-cad in microfibers and could migrate well in the GelMA hydrogel. In vitro permeation experiments confirmed the superiority of microfiber aggregates (MAs) in liquid permeation compared to GelMA hydrogel blocks. We further adopted an ectopic pulp regeneration assay in nude mice to validate the regeneration of the aggregates of mixed DPSC-microfibers and HUVEC-microfibers in vivo. Compared to a conventional mixture of DPSCs and HUVECs in GelMA hydrogel blocks, the aggregates of cell-laden microfibers generated more pulp-like tissue, blood vessels, and odontoblast-like cells that positively express DMP-1 and DSPP. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply cell-laden MAs for pulp regeneration. Our study proposes a new solution to the challenge of pulp regeneration, which might promote the clinical translation and application of stem cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaotao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shixing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haisen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Ohlsson E, Galler KM, Widbiller M. A Compilation of Study Models for Dental Pulp Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214361. [PMID: 36430838 PMCID: PMC9695686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to heal damaged pulp tissue through tissue engineering have produced positive results in pilot trials. However, the differentiation between real regeneration and mere repair is not possible through clinical measures. Therefore, preclinical study models are still of great importance, both to gain insights into treatment outcomes on tissue and cell levels and to develop further concepts for dental pulp regeneration. This review aims at compiling information about different in vitro and in vivo ectopic, semiorthotopic, and orthotopic models. In this context, the differences between monolayer and three-dimensional cell cultures are discussed, a semiorthotopic transplantation model is introduced as an in vivo model for dental pulp regeneration, and finally, different animal models used for in vivo orthotopic investigations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Ohlsson
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin M. Galler
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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11
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Zhang Z, Warner KA, Mantesso A, Nör JE. PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFR-β regulates the maturation of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:977725. [PMID: 36340037 PMCID: PMC9627550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.977725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional vascular network requires that blood vessels are invested by mural cells. We have shown that dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) can undergo vasculogenic differentiation, and that the resulting vessels anastomize with the host vasculature and become functional (blood carrying) vessels. However, the mechanisms underlying the maturation of DPSC-derived blood vessels remains unclear. Here, we performed a series of studies to understand the process of mural cell investment of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Primary human DPSC were co-cultured with primary human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) in 3D gels in presence of vasculogenic differentiation medium. We observed DPSC capillary sprout formation and SMC recruitment, alignment and remodeling that resulted in complex vascular networks. While HUASMC enhanced the number of capillary sprouts and stabilized the capillary network when co-cultured with DPSC, HUASMC by themselves were unable to form capillary sprouts. In vivo, GFP transduced human DPSC seeded in biodegradable scaffolds and transplanted into immunodeficient mice generated functional human blood vessels invested with murine smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive, GFP-negative cells. Inhibition of PDGFR-β signaling prevented the SMC investment of DPSC-derived capillary sprouts in vitro and of DPSC-derived blood vessels in vivo. In contrast, inhibition of Tie-2 signaling did not have a significant effect on the SMC recruitment in DPSC-derived vascular structures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFR-β regulates the process of maturation (mural investment) of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kristy A. Warner
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Mantesso
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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12
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Dos Reis-Prado AH, Abreu LG, Fagundes RR, Oliveira SC, Bottino MC, Ribeiro-Sobrinho AP, Benetti F. Influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on regenerative endodontics: a systematic review. Int Endod J 2022; 55:579-612. [PMID: 35305029 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are controversial, because, despite releasing growth factors from dentine, some studies show negative effects on cell behaviour. OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of the use of EDTA in REP on the growth factors' release, cell behaviour, and tissue regeneration. METHODS A systematic search was conducted (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, OpenGrey, and reference lists) up to February 2021. Only in vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of EDTA on the biological factors of dentine, pulp/periapical tissues, and cell behaviour were eligible. Studies without a control group or available full text were excluded. The growth factors' release was the primary outcome. Risk of bias in the in vitro and in vivo studies was performed according to Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist and SYRCLE's RoB tool, respectively. RESULTS Of the 1848 articles retrieved, 36 were selected. Among these, 32 were in vitro, three animal studies, and one with both models. The EDTA concentrations ranged from 3%-15%, at different times. Regarding growth factors' release (17 studies), 15 studies found significant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β release after dentine conditioning with EDTA, and most found no influence on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. Regarding cell behaviour (26 studies), eight studies showed no influence of EDTA-treated dentine on cell viability; whereas, five, nine, and six studies showed higher cell migration, adhesion, and differentiation, respectively. No influence of EDTA conditioning was observed in animal studies. In vitro studies had a low risk of bias, whereas animal studies had high risk of bias. Meta-analysis was unfeasible. DISCUSSION This review found that EDTA increased TGF-β release and improved cell activity. However, well-designed histological analyses using immature teeth models are needed. CONCLUSIONS High quality in vitro evidence suggests that EDTA-treated dentine positively influences TGF-β release, cell migration, attachment, and differentiation; further research to evaluate its influence on tissue regeneration is necessary due to low methodological quality of the animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Dos Reis-Prado
- Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L G Abreu
- Child's and Adolescent's Oral Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R R Fagundes
- Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - S C Oliveira
- Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M C Bottino
- Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - A P Ribeiro-Sobrinho
- Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - F Benetti
- Restorative Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), School of Dentistry, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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13
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Rosa V, Sriram G, McDonald N, Cavalcanti BN. A critical analysis of research methods and biological experimental models to study pulp regeneration. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:446-455. [PMID: 35218576 PMCID: PMC9311820 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With advances in knowledge and treatment options, pulp regeneration is now a clear objective in clinical dental practice. For this purpose, many methodologies have been developed in attempts to address the putative questions raised both in research and in clinical practice. In the first part of this review, laboratory‐based methods will be presented, analysing the advantages, disadvantages, and benefits of cell culture methodologies and ectopic/semiorthotopic animal studies. This will also demonstrate the need for alignment between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional laboratory techniques to accomplish the range of objectives in terms of cell responses and tissue differentiation. The second part will cover observations relating to orthotopic animal studies, describing the current models used for this purpose and how they contribute to the translation of regenerative techniques to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neville McDonald
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruno Neves Cavalcanti
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Platform technologies for regenerative endodontics from multifunctional biomaterials to tooth-on-a-chip strategies. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4749-4779. [PMID: 34181097 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to highlight recent progress in the field of biomaterials-mediated dental pulp tissue engineering. Specifically, we aim to underscore the critical design criteria of biomaterial platforms that are advantageous for pulp tissue engineering, discuss models for preclinical evaluation, and present new and innovative multifunctional strategies that hold promise for clinical translation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The current article is a comprehensive overview of recent progress over the last 5 years. In detail, we surveyed the literature in regenerative pulp biology, including novel biologic and biomaterials approaches, and those that combined multiple strategies, towards more clinically relevant models. PubMed searches were performed using the keywords: "regenerative dentistry," "dental pulp regeneration," "regenerative endodontics," and "dental pulp therapy." RESULTS Significant contributions to the field of regenerative dentistry have been made in the last 5 years, as evidenced by a significant body of publications. We chose exemplary studies that we believe are progressive towards clinically translatable solutions. We close this review with an outlook towards the future of pulp regeneration strategies and their clinical translation. CONCLUSIONS Current clinical treatments lack functional and predictable pulp regeneration and are more focused on the treatment of the consequences of pulp exposure, rather than the restoration of healthy dental pulp. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinically, there is great demand for bioinspired biomaterial strategies that are safe, efficacious, and easy to use, and clinicians are eager for their clinical translation. In particular, we place emphasis on strategies that combine favorable angiogenesis, mineralization, and functional tissue formation, while limiting immune reaction, risk of microbial infection, and pulp necrosis.
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15
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Li Z, Liu L, Wang L, Song D. The effects and potential applications of concentrated growth factor in dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:357. [PMID: 34147130 PMCID: PMC8214771 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentin-pulp complex is essential for the long-term integrity and viability of teeth but it is susceptible to damage caused by external factors. Because traditional approaches for preserving the dentin-pulp complex have various limitations, there is a need for novel methods for dentin-pulp complex reconstruction. The development of stem cell-based tissue engineering has given rise to the possibility of combining dental stem cells with a tissue-reparative microenvironment to promote dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Concentrated growth factor, a platelet concentrate, is a promising scaffold for the treatment of dentin-pulp complex disorders. Given its characteristics of autogenesis, convenience, usability, and biodegradability, concentrated growth factor has gained popularity in medical and dental fields for repairing bone defects and promoting soft-tissue healing. Numerous in vitro studies have demonstrated that concentrated growth factor can promote the proliferation and migration of dental stem cells. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the effects of concentrated growth factor on stem cells and its potential applications in dentin-pulp complex regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14# Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14# Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14# Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dongzhe Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14# Third Section, Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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16
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Shoushrah SH, Transfeld JL, Tonk CH, Büchner D, Witzleben S, Sieber MA, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Sinking Our Teeth in Getting Dental Stem Cells to Clinics for Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6387. [PMID: 34203719 PMCID: PMC8232184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental stem cells have been isolated from the medical waste of various dental tissues. They have been characterized by numerous markers, which are evaluated herein and differentiated into multiple cell types. They can also be used to generate cell lines and iPSCs for long-term in vitro research. Methods for utilizing these stem cells including cellular systems such as organoids or cell sheets, cell-free systems such as exosomes, and scaffold-based approaches with and without drug release concepts are reported in this review and presented with new pictures for clarification. These in vitro applications can be deployed in disease modeling and subsequent pharmaceutical research and also pave the way for tissue regeneration. The main focus herein is on the potential of dental stem cells for hard tissue regeneration, especially bone, by evaluating their potential for osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and the regulation of these two processes by growth factors and environmental stimulators. Current in vitro and in vivo publications show numerous benefits of using dental stem cells for research purposes and hard tissue regeneration. However, only a few clinical trials currently exist. The goal of this review is to pinpoint this imbalance and encourage scientists to pick up this research and proceed one step further to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig- Strasse. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (S.H.S.); (J.L.T.); (C.H.T.); (D.B.); (S.W.); (M.A.S.); (M.S.)
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17
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Zhang S, Zhang W, Li Y, Ren L, Deng H, Yin X, Gao X, Pan S, Niu Y. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Into Odontoblast-Like Cells and Endothelial Cells: A Potential Cell Source for Dental Pulp Tissue Engineering. Front Physiol 2020; 11:593. [PMID: 32714196 PMCID: PMC7344301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental pulp regeneration is considered an ideal approach for treating dental pulp disease. Because pulp is composed of various cells, determining the proper seed cells is critical. We explored the potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) as seed cells for dental pulp regeneration. METHODS Liquid extract of human treated dentin matrix (LE-TDM) was acquired to culture hUCMSCs. Odontoblast-specific markers were detected by western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays. Endothelial differentiation of hUCMSCs was examined according to VEGF induction by western blot, qRT-PCR, and Matrigel assays. hUCMSCs and VEGF-induced hUCMSCs (V-hUCMSCs) were also cocultured in vivo for the Matrigel plug assay and in vitro for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Finally, encapsulated mono-cultured hUCMSCs or cocultured hUCMSCs and V-hUCMSCs in scaffolds were injected into the root segments and transplanted into immunodeficient mice for dental pulp regeneration. RESULTS Under LE-TDM induction, hUCMSCs expressed specific odontoblast markers (DSPP, DMP-1, DSP). Under VEGF induction, hUCMSCs expressed functional endothelial markers (CD31, eNOs, vWF). In vivo, the Matrigel plug assay indicated that cocultured hUCMSCs and V-hUCMSCs formed extensive vessel-like structures. RNA-seq results indicated that cocultured V-hUCMSCs exhibited high Hif-1 signaling pathway activity. Both the hUCMSCs mono-culture and coculture groups showed pulp-like tissue regeneration. The cocultured group showed more extracellular matrix and vascularization than the mono-cultured group in vivo. CONCLUSION hUCMSCs can differentiate into odontoblast-like cells and functional endothelial cells. Cocultured hUCMSCs and V-hUCMSCs formed vessel-like structures and regenerated dental pulp-like tissue. Therefore, hUCMSCs can be used as an alternative seed cell source for angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liping Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haotian Deng
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaowei Yin
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yumei Niu
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Liu Y, Qiu Y, Ni S, Zhang X, Sun H, Song W, Li X. Mussel-Inspired Biocoating for Improving the Adhesion of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Dental Pulp Regeneration. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000102. [PMID: 32483838 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp engineering possesses a promising perspective to replacing lost pulp in the root canal and restoring its functions. Stable adhesion of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on the root canal dentin wall is a key element required for reconstruction of a functional odontoblast layer in dental pulp regeneration. To address this challenge, dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (DA-HA) is coated on dentin to obtain a stable adhesion of DPSCs. The dopamine segment provides adhesion ability to the coating, and the hyaluronic acid increases the biocompatibility. The results show that DPSCs can adhere on the DA-HA coated dentin slice better than those without coating. Simultaneously, DPSCs proliferation can be further promoted on the prepared coating. Therefore, the DA-HA coating may provide a possible way to immobilize odontoblast cell onto dentin surface for pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China.,Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China.,ENT Department, Baoding No. 1 Central Hospital, Baoding, 071000, P. R. China
| | - Ying Qiu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Shilei Ni
- Department of Pathology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwei Li
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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19
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Zhang S, Zhang W, Li Y, Ren L, Deng H, Yin X, Gao X, Pan S, Niu Y. Cotransplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells for angiogenesis and pulp regeneration in vivo. Life Sci 2020; 255:117763. [PMID: 32389831 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explored the potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) as seed cells for dental pulp regeneration and the possibility of cotransplantation hUCMSCs and endothelial cells (ECs) for angiogenesis and pulp regeneration in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS hUCMSCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cocultured for matrigel angiogenesis assay in vitro and Matrigel plug assay in vivo. Next, we used the transwell coculture system to coculture hUCMSCs and HUVECs in vitro for RNA- sequencing (RNA-seq). Last, encapsulated hUCMSCs and HUVECs in scaffolds were injected into the root segments, and transplanted into immunodeficient mice for dental pulp regeneration. KEY FINDINGS In vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay and in vivo Matrigel plug assay indicated that cocultured hUCMSCs and HUVECs promote vascular formation of HUVECs, especially in 1:5 (hUCMSCs:HUVECs) coculture group. The RNA-seq result indicated that cocultured HUVECs exhibited high Hif-1 signaling pathway activity. We performed the cell transfection assay to knock down HIF1A-AS2 in HUVECs and then coculture with hUCMSCs, and the expression of VEGFA, HIF1A and PECAM1 were reduced. In pulp regeneration assay, Cotransplantation of hUCMSCs and HUVECs (1,5) group showed pulp-like tissue regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE Cocultured hUCMSCs and HUVECs can promote vascular formation of HUVECs, and the optimal coculture ration is 1:5 (hUCMSCs:HUVECs). hUCMSCs promote angiogenesis of HUVECs through the long noncoding RNA HIF1A-AS2-activation of the Hif-1 signaling pathway. Cotransplantation of hUCMSCs and HUVECs can regenerate dental pulp-like tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanping Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liping Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haotian Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaowei Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shuang Pan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yumei Niu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, No. 143 Yiman Street, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China.
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Zeitlin BD. Banking on teeth - Stem cells and the dental office. Biomed J 2020; 43:124-133. [PMID: 32381462 PMCID: PMC7283549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Science and commerce advance together and the stem cell field is no exception. With the promise of cures for conditions as diverse as cancer, autism, neural degeneration, organ replacement and addiction, long-term preservation of dental stem cells is a growth market. The discovery nearly twenty years ago, of viable, multipotent, stem cells in dental pulp from both baby and adult teeth initiated, and drives, this market.The dental stem cell preservation services, "tooth banks", focus on the collection of a child's baby teeth, as they are shed naturally, and storage of the stem cells from within the pulp for therapeutic use in later years should the child require them. This review focuses on the procedures related to these stem cell storage services and may serve as an introduction for many to the practice of "tooth banking".
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Zeitlin
- University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Sasaki J, Zhang Z, Oh M, Pobocik A, Imazato S, Shi S, Nör J. VE-Cadherin and Anastomosis of Blood Vessels Formed by Dental Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2020; 99:437-445. [PMID: 32028818 PMCID: PMC7088203 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520902458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be induced to differentiate into vasculogenic endothelial (VE) cells. However, the process that results in sprouting and anastomosis of DPSC-derived vessels remains unclear. Here, we performed studies to understand the mechanisms underpinning the anastomosis of the host vasculature with blood vessels generated by DPSCs (a model for mesenchymal stem cells). VE-cadherin-silenced primary human DPSCs seeded in tooth slice/scaffolds and transplanted into the subcutaneous space of immunodeficient mice generated fewer functional blood vessels (i.e., anastomosed with the host vasculature) than control DPSCs transduced with scrambled sequences. Both VE-cadherin-silenced and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)-silenced cells showed a decrease in the number of capillary sprouts in vitro. Interestingly, DPSC stably transduced with a VE-cadherin reporter demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces VE-cadherin expression in sprouting DPSCs undergoing anastomosis, but not in quiescent DPSCs. To begin to understand the mechanisms regulating VE-cadherin, we stably silenced MEK1 and observed that VEGF was no longer able to induce VE-cadherin expression and capillary sprout formation. Notably ERG, a transcriptional factor downstream from MEK/ERK, binds to the promoter region of VE-cadherin (chip assay) and is induced by VEGF in DPSCs. Collectively, these data defined a signaling pathway triggered by VEGF that results in phosphorylation of MEK1/ERK and activation of ERG leading to expression of VE-cadherin, which is required for anastomosis of DPSC-derived blood vessels. In conclusion, these results unveiled a signaling pathway that enables the generation of functional blood vessels upon vasculogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Oh
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A.M. Pobocik
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ahmadian E, Eftekhari A, Dizaj SM, Sharifi S, Mokhtarpour M, Nasibova AN, Khalilov R, Samiei M. The effect of hyaluronic acid hydrogels on dental pulp stem cells behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:245-254. [PMID: 31419560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries and trauma, particularly in childhood, are among the most prevalent teeth problems, which result in the creation of cavities and probably tooth loss. Thus, novel regenerative approaches with high efficiency and less toxicity are required. Stem cell therapy along with the implementation of scaffolds has provided excellent opportunities in the regeneration of teeth structure. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have enticed great attention in the field of regenerative medicine. The unique chemical and structural properties of HA and its derivatives have enabled their application in tissue engineering. Several factors such as the location and type of the lesion, teeth age, the type of capping materials determine the success rate of pulp therapy. HA hydrogels have been considered as biocompatible and safe scaffold supports in human dental cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aygun N Nasibova
- Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Institute of Radiation Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Institute of Radiation Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan; Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych Ukraine & Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Effect of single and multiple doses of low-level laser therapy on viability and proliferation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1917-1924. [PMID: 31267320 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate in vitro whether the low-level laser (LLL) delivering fractionated total energy (multiple irradiation) or single irradiation stimulates regeneration-associated events (viability and proliferation) in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Cells received LLL irradiation (InGaAlP-660 nm), according to the following experimental groups: G1 (single irradiation 2.5 J/cm2, 10 mW, 10 s, 0.10 J), G2 (single irradiation 5.0 J/cm2, 10 mW, 20 s, 0.20 J), G3 (single irradiation 7.5 J/cm2, 10 mW, 30 s, 0.30 J), G4 (two irradiations 2.5 J/cm2, 10 mW, 10 s; total energy 0.20 J), G5 (three irradiations 2.5 J/cm2, 10 mW, 10 s; total energy 0.30 J), and G6 (non-irradiated). Cell viability was assessed by MTT and trypan blue exclusion (TBE) methods, while cell proliferation was evaluated by crystal violet (CV) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays after 24, 48, and 72 h after the first irradiation. By MTT, there was no difference between groups at 24 and 72 h. At 48 h, the groups subjected to multiple irradiation (G4 and G5) presented higher cell viability rates. The average percentages of viable cells for all groups by TBE method were 91.04%, 96.63%, and 97.48% at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. By CV, there was no significant difference between groups at 24 and 48 h; at 72 h, G2, G3, and G4 presented higher cell proliferation. By SRB, G1 and G4 presented lower proliferation rates in all the periods. When the groups presenting the same total energy were compared, G2 (0.20 J) presented lower cell viability rates and higher cell proliferation rates in comparison with G4; G3 (0.30 J) presented similar results to those of G5, with higher cell viability and proliferation. The application of laser delivering fractionated total energy (two or three applications of 2.5 J/cm2) induced higher cell viability at 48 h, while the single irradiation with 2.5 J/cm2 did not stimulate metabolic activity in such period and the proliferation over time. The 5.0 and 7.5 J/cm2 single doses and the three applications of 2.5 J/cm2 maintained cell viability and stimulated proliferation of SHED at 72 h.
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24
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Nakashima M, Iohara K, Bottino MC, Fouad AF, Nör JE, Huang GTJ. Animal Models for Stem Cell-Based Pulp Regeneration: Foundation for Human Clinical Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2019; 25:100-113. [PMID: 30284967 PMCID: PMC6486672 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Animal models are essential for tissue regeneration studies. This review summarizes and discusses the small and large animal models, including mouse, ferret, dog, and miniswine that have been utilized to experiment and to demonstrate stem cell-mediated dental pulp tissue regeneration. We describe the models based on the location where the tissue regeneration is tested-either ectopic, semiorthotopic, or orthotopic. Developing and utilizing optimal animal models for both mechanistic and translational studies of pulp regeneration are of critical importance to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iohara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Marco C. Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ashraf F. Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - George T.-J. Huang
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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25
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Dong Q, Wang Y, Mohabatpour F, Zheng L, Papagerakis S, Chen D, Papagerakis P. Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Isolation, Characterization, Expansion, and Odontoblast Differentiation for Tissue Engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1922:91-101. [PMID: 30838567 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9012-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary area offering a promising approach by the use of stem cells combined with scaffolds and signaling factors for regeneration of damaged or lost tissues. Incorporation of a sufficient number of cells which do not elicit the immunoreaction in the body is a pivotal element for successful tissue formation using this method. Stem cells exhibiting strong capacity to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types are considered as a potent cell source. Among various cell sources, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are widely under investigation due to the fact that they are simply obtainable from extracted third molars or orthodontically extracted teeth and show an excellent potential for clinical application and also their harvesting method is minimally invasive. DPSCs are odontogenic progenitor cells with clonogenic abilities, rapid proliferation rates, and multiple differentiation potentials. Here, we describe protocols that allow 1) the isolation of DPSCs from a single tooth; 2) the characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells markers of DPSCs by flow cytometry; 3) the culture growth of DPSCs in 2D (in cell culture flasks) and 3D (by 3D printing of cell-laden constructs); and 4) the in vivo evaluation of differentiation potential of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fatemeh Mohabatpour
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Toxicology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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26
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A preliminary comparison between the effects of red and infrared laser irradiation on viability and proliferation of SHED. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:465-471. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Huan J, Dou L, Yan QF, Yang DQ. [An in vitro study of the angiogenic effects of concentrate growth factor on human umbilical vein endothelial cells]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:247-251. [PMID: 29984922 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of concentrate growth factor extracts (CGFe) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. METHODS Concentrate growth factor (CGF) were prepared from the peripheral blood of healthy donors, followed by CGFe. Four groups were designed based on cell culture medium, as follows: 2%CGFe, 5%CGFe, 10%CGFe, and control. The proliferation activity of HUVECs was detected by cell cycle and CCK-8 assays. The migration of HUVECs was detected by scratch assay. The mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) were examined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Results of CCK-8 and cell cycle assays showed that CGFe promoted the proliferation capability of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner, and the data had statistical significance among four groups (P<
0.05). The cell migration assay indicated that CGF accelerated wound closure in a dose-dependent manner after 12 h of culture (P<0.05). The results of qRT-PCR showed that CGF upregulated the expression levels of VEGF, CXCR4, and PDGF in HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS CGFe can promote the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic differentiation of HUVECs. Thus, CGF might be an appropriate cure for dental pulp revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huan
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Lei Dou
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Qi-Fang Yan
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - De-Qin Yang
- Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China;Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing 401147, China
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Yusof MFH, Zahari W, Hashim SNM, Osman ZF, Chandra H, Kannan TP, Noordin KBAA, Azlina A. Angiogenic and osteogenic potentials of dental stem cells in bone tissue engineering. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2018; 8:48-53. [PMID: 29556464 PMCID: PMC5854554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of dental stem cells (DSCs) using current technologies in tissue engineering unveil promising prospect in regenerative medicine. DSCs have shown to possess angiogenic and osteogenic potential in both in vivo and in vitro. Neural crest derived DSCs can successfully be isolated from various dental tissues, exploiting their intrinsic great differentiation potential. In this article, researcher team intent to review the characteristics of DSCs, with focus on their angiogenic and osteogenic differentiation lineage. Clinical data on DSCs are still lacking to prove their restorative abilities despite extensive contemporary literature, warranting research to further validate their application for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fuad Hilmi Yusof
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wafa’ Zahari
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurnasihah Md Hashim
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zul Faizuddin Osman
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hamshawagini Chandra
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmad Azlina
- Basic Sciences and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Human Genome Center, School of Medical Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Morsczeck C, Reichert TE. Dental stem cells in tooth regeneration and repair in the future. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:187-196. [PMID: 29110535 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1402004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human dental stem cells can be obtained from postnatal teeth, extracted wisdom teeth or exfoliated deciduous teeth. Due to their differentiation potential, these mesenchymal stem cells are promising for tooth repair. Therefore, the development of dental tissue regeneration represents a suitable but challenging, target for dental stem cell therapies. Areas covered: Expert opinion: AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors provide an overview of human dental stem cells and their properties for regeneration medicine. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that dental stem cells improve bone augmentation and healing of periodontal diseases. Clinical trials are ongoing to validate the clinical feasibility of these approaches. Dental stem cells are also important for basic research. EXPERT OPINION Dental stem cells offer numerous advantages for tooth repair and regeneration. Data obtained from different studies are encouraging. In the next few years, investigations on dental stem cells in basic research, pre-clinical research and clinical studies will pave the way to optimizing patient-tailored treatments for repair and regeneration of dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Morsczeck
- a Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery , Hospital of the University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Torsten E Reichert
- a Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery , Hospital of the University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Galler KM, Widbiller M. Perspectives for Cell-homing Approaches to Engineer Dental Pulp. J Endod 2017; 43:S40-S45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Piva E, Tarlé SA, Nör JE, Zou D, Hatfield E, Guinn T, Eubanks EJ, Kaigler D. Dental Pulp Tissue Regeneration Using Dental Pulp Stem Cells Isolated and Expanded in Human Serum. J Endod 2017; 43:568-574. [PMID: 28216268 PMCID: PMC5797986 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) have the potential to regenerate dentin and dental pulp tissue because of their differentiation capacity and angiogenic properties. However, for regenerative approaches to gain regulatory and clinical acceptance, protocols are needed to determine more feasible ways to cultivate DPSCs, namely, without the use of xenogeneic-derived components (animal sera) and exogenous growth factors. METHODS In this study, human DPSCs were isolated from third molars and expanded in standard culture conditions containing fetal bovine serum (DPSCs-FBS) or conditions containing human serum (DPSCs-HS). After cell characterization and evaluation of their angiogenic secretome, DPSCs were seeded in tooth slice/scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. After 30 days, tooth slices were retrieved and evaluated for dental pulp tissue regeneration. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to quantify blood vessel formation and evaluate predentin and dentin formation. RESULTS After culture, DPSCs-HS produced concentrations of angiogenic growth factors equivalent to DPSCs-FBS. Additionally, in DPSCs-HS, several angiogenic factors were produced in at least 1-fold higher concentrations than in DPSCs-FBS. In vivo, it was determined that DPSCs-HS produced a robust angiogenic response and regeneration of dentin equivalent to DPSCs-FBS. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that DPSCs can be isolated and expanded to clinical scale numbers in media devoid of animal serum or exogenous growth factors and still maintain their pulp regenerative properties. The implications of these findings are significant for further development of clinical protocols using DPSCs in cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Piva
- Department of Cariology and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan A Tarlé
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth Hatfield
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tyler Guinn
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily J Eubanks
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Botelho J, Cavacas MA, Borrecho G, Polido M, Oliveira P, Martins Dos Santos J. Human ex vivo dentin-pulp complex preservation in a full crown model. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 7:19-22. [PMID: 28316916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, there is lack of human in vitro full tooth models that hold the odontoblast layer with pulp tissue in their native environment. The appearance of new in vitro and in vivo models has provided new understanding of the potential of tissue engineering in dental pulp regeneration. However, the development of new in vitro full tooth models will allow us to get closer to in vivo conditions. Thus, the aim of this study is to preserve a living dentin-pulp complex, in a novel in vitro full crown model, after tooth extraction. METHODS Twenty intact third molars, after preparation, were divided into four groups, with five samples each. We placed the negative control samples (C) in saline, and the tested groups were placed (T) in supplemented DMEM, at two different times: 1 and 7 days. The specimens were processed for light microscopy observation. RESULTS Contrary to C-groups, T-groups showed a functional dentin-pulp complex. The treated dentin-pulp complex presents normal histological appearance. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that it is possible to preserve a living dentin-pulp complex after tooth extraction during 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Botelho
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Anatomy Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Maria Alzira Cavacas
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Anatomy Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Borrecho
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Anatomy Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Mário Polido
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Dental Materials Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Anatomy Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - José Martins Dos Santos
- Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, Anatomy Department, Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Caparica, Setúbal, Portugal
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Chrepa V, Austah O, Diogenes A. Evaluation of a Commercially Available Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel (Restylane) as Injectable Scaffold for Dental Pulp Regeneration: An In Vitro Evaluation. J Endod 2017; 43:257-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gonçalves LF, Fernandes AP, Cosme-Silva L, Colombo FA, Martins NS, Oliveira TM, Araujo TH, Sakai VT. Effect of EDTA on TGF-β1 released from the dentin matrix and its influence on dental pulp stem cell migration. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e131. [PMID: 28001241 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive molecules stored in dentin, such as transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-b1), may be involved in the signaling events related to dental tissue repair. The authors conducted an in vitro evaluation of the amount of TGF-b1 released from dentin slices after treatment with 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and the effect of this growth factor on stem cell migration from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Sixty 1-mm-thick tooth slices were prepared with or without the predentin layer, and treated with either 10% EDTA for 1 minute, 2.5% NaOCl for 5 days or kept in PBS. Tooth slice conditioned media were prepared and used for TGF-b1 ELISA and migration assays. Culture medium with different concentrations of recombinant human TGF-b1 (0.5, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 ng/mL) was also tested by migration assay. The data were evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey's test. Optical density values corresponding to media conditioned by tooth slices either containing or not containing the predentin layer and treated with 10% EDTA were statistically greater than the other groups and close to 1 ng/mL. Increased rates of migration toward media conditioned by tooth slices containing the predentin layer and treated with PBS, 10% EDTA or 2.5% NaOCl were observed. Recombinant human TGF-b1 also stimulated migration of SHED, irrespective of the concentration used. EDTA may be considered an effective extractant of TGF-b1 from the dentin matrix. However, it does not impact SHED migration, suggesting that other components may account for the cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiany Freitas Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo Cosme-Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio Antonio Colombo
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tomaz Henrique Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department for Cell, Tissue and Developmental Biology, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivien Thiemy Sakai
- Universidade Federal de Alfenas, School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics and Surgery, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
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Huang CC, Narayanan R, Alapati S, Ravindran S. Exosomes as biomimetic tools for stem cell differentiation: Applications in dental pulp tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 111:103-115. [PMID: 27728810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Achieving and maintaining safe and reliable lineage specific differentiation of stem cells is important for clinical translation of tissue engineering strategies. In an effort to circumvent the multitude of problems arising from the usage of growth factors and growth factor delivery systems, we have explored the use of exosomes as biomimetic tools to induce stem cell differentiation. Working on the hypothesis that cell-type specific exosomes can trigger lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells, we have evaluated the potential of exosomes derived from dental pulp cells cultured on under growth and odontogenic differentiation conditions to induce odontogenic differentiation of naïve human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and human bone marrow derived stromal cells (HMSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Results indicate that the exosomes can bind to matrix proteins such as type I collagen and fibronectin enabling them to be tethered to biomaterials. The exosomes are endocytosed by both DPSCs and HMSCs in a dose-dependent and saturable manner via the caveolar endocytic mechanism and trigger the P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In addition, the exosomes also trigger the increased expression of genes required for odontogenic differentiation. When tested in vivo in a tooth root slice model with DPSCs, the exosomes triggered regeneration of dental pulp-like tissue. However, our results indicate that exosomes isolated under odontogenic conditions are better inducers of stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Overall, our results highlight the potential exosomes as biomimetic tools to induce lineage specific differentiation of stem cells. Our results also show the importance of considering the source and state of exosome donor cells before a choice is made for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | | | - Satish Alapati
- Department of Endodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
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The Neurovascular Properties of Dental Stem Cells and Their Importance in Dental Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9762871. [PMID: 27688777 PMCID: PMC5027319 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth. As adequate vascularization and innervation are essential components for the viability of regenerated tissues, there is a high need for easily accessible stem cells that are capable of supporting these functions. Within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues, different stem cell populations can be distinguished, such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Given their straightforward and relatively easy isolation from extracted third molars, dental stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source of mesenchymal-like stem cells. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies supporting the angiogenic, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic effects of the DSC secretome. Together with their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and neural cell types, this makes DSCs suitable candidates for dental tissue engineering and nerve injury repair.
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Zhang Z, Nor F, Oh M, Cucco C, Shi S, Nör JE. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Determines the Vasculogenic Fate of Postnatal Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1576-87. [PMID: 26866635 PMCID: PMC5338744 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis is the process of de novo blood vessel formation observed primarily during embryonic development. Emerging evidence suggest that postnatal mesenchymal stem cells are capable of recapitulating vasculogenesis when these cells are engaged in tissue regeneration. However, the mechanisms underlining the vasculogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells remain unclear. Here, we used stem cells from human permanent teeth (dental pulp stem cells [DPSC]) or deciduous teeth (stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth [SHED]) as models of postnatal primary human mesenchymal stem cells to understand mechanisms regulating their vasculogenic fate. GFP-tagged mesenchymal stem cells seeded in human tooth slice/scaffolds and transplanted into immunodeficient mice differentiate into human blood vessels that anastomize with the mouse vasculature. In vitro, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced the vasculogenic differentiation of DPSC and SHED via potent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Further, activation of Wnt signaling is sufficient to induce the vasculogenic differentiation of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells, while Wnt inhibition blocked this process. Notably, β-catenin-silenced DPSC no longer differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro, and showed impaired vasculogenesis in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that VEGF signaling through the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway defines the vasculogenic fate of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2016;34:1576-1587.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Felipe Nor
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Min Oh
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Carolina Cucco
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine
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de Sousa Iwamoto LA, Duailibi MT, Iwamoto GY, Juliano Y, Duailibi MS, Ossamu Tanaka FA, Duailibi SE. Tooth tissue engineering: tooth decellularization for natural scaffold. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO121. [PMID: 28031968 PMCID: PMC5137886 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary science that aims to produce replacement organs and biological substitutes. One of the techniques involves decellularizing a biological organ without altering its structure. One challenge is how to demonstrate which method would be better for this process. METHODOLOGY Fifty premolar teeth were divided into five groups: G1 (control): solution of 10% formaldehyde; G2: phosphate buffer saline (PBS), 28 g of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (SH); G3: PBS, EDTA and 40v hydrogen peroxide (HP); G4: PBS, EDTA, SH, enzymatic detergent (ED); and G5: PBS, EDTA, HP, ED. Each group was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray, measured weights and color and received statistical analysis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that G5 was the most appropriate method to obtain a natural scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aparecida de Sousa Iwamoto
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Talarico Duailibi
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology, Biofabrication Institute, BIOFABRIS, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Yoshinobu Iwamoto
- Material Engineering, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara Juliano
- Health Science Department, UNISA – Universidade de Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio Eduardo Duailibi
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology, Biofabrication Institute, BIOFABRIS, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Current Advance and Future Prospects of Tissue Engineering Approach to Dentin/Pulp Regenerative Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9204574. [PMID: 27069484 PMCID: PMC4812497 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9204574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterial science and tissue engineering technology have greatly spurred the development of regenerative endodontics. This has led to a paradigm shift in endodontic treatment from simply filling the root canal systems with biologically inert materials to restoring the infected dental pulp with functional replacement tissues. Currently, cell transplantation has gained increasing attention as a scientifically valid method for dentin-pulp complex regeneration. This multidisciplinary approach which involves the interplay of three key elements of tissue engineering—stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules—has produced an impressive number of favorable outcomes in preclinical animal studies. Nevertheless, many practical hurdles need to be overcome prior to its application in clinical settings. Apart from the potential health risks of immunological rejection and pathogenic transmission, the lack of a well-established banking system for the isolation and storage of dental-derived stem cells is the most pressing issue that awaits resolution and the properties of supportive scaffold materials vary across different studies and remain inconsistent. This review critically examines the classic triad of tissue engineering utilized in current regenerative endodontics and summarizes the possible techniques developed for dentin/pulp regeneration.
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An Optimized Injectable Hydrogel Scaffold Supports Human Dental Pulp Stem Cell Viability and Spreading. Adv Med 2016; 2016:7363579. [PMID: 27294191 PMCID: PMC4884792 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7363579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. HyStem-C™ is a commercially available injectable hydrogel composed of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), hyaluronan (HA), and gelatin (Gn). These components can be mechanically tuned to enhance cell viability and spreading. Methods. The concentration of PEGDA with an added disulfide bond (PEGSSDA) was varied from 0.5 to 8.0% (w/v) to determine the optimal concentration for injectable clinical application. We evaluated the cell viability of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) embedded in 2% (w/v) PEGSSDA-HA-Gn hydrogels. Volume ratios of HA : Gn from 100 : 0 to 25 : 75 were varied to encourage hDPSC spreading. Fibronectin (Fn) was added to our model to determine the effect of extracellular matrix protein concentration on hDPSC behavior. Results. Our preliminary data suggests that the hydrogel gelation time decreased as the PEGSSDA cross-linker concentration increased. The PEGSSDA-HA-Gn was biocompatible with hDPSCs, and increased ratios of HA : Gn enhanced cell viability for 14 days. Additionally, cell proliferation with added fibronectin increased significantly over time at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 μg/mL in PEGDA-HA-Gn hydrogels, while cell spreading significantly increased at Fn concentrations of 0.1 μg/mL. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that PEG-based injectable hydrogels maintain hDPSC viability and facilitate cell spreading, mainly in the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.
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QIN H, YANG Z, LI L, YANG X, LIU J, CHEN X, YU X. A promising scaffold with excellent cytocompatibility and pro-angiogenesis action for dental tissue engineering: Strontium-doped calcium polyphosphate. Dent Mater J 2016; 35:241-9. [PMID: 27041014 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan QIN
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
| | - Zhouyuan YANG
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital ,Sichuan University
| | - Li LI
- Department of Oncology, the 452 Hospital of Chinese PLA
| | - Xu YANG
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
| | - Jingwang LIU
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
| | - Xi CHEN
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
| | - Xixun YU
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University
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Dhillon H, Kaushik M, Sharma R. Regenerative endodontics--Creating new horizons. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:676-85. [PMID: 26699211 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Trauma to the dental pulp, physical or microbiologic, can lead to inflammation of the pulp followed by necrosis. The current treatment modality for such cases is non-surgical root canal treatment. The damaged tissue is extirpated and the root canal system prepared. It is then obturated with an inert material such a gutta percha. In spite of advances in techniques and materials, 10%-15% of the cases may end in failure of treatment. Regenerative endodontics combines principles of endodontics, cell biology, and tissue engineering to provide an ideal treatment for inflamed and necrotic pulp. It utilizes mesenchymal stem cells, growth factors, and organ tissue culture to provide treatment. Potential treatment modalities include induction of blood clot for pulp revascularization, scaffold aided regeneration, and pulp implantation. Although in its infancy, successful treatment of damaged pulp tissue has been performed using principles of regenerative endodontics. This field is dynamic and exciting with the ability to shape the future of endodontics. This article highlights the fundamental concepts, protocol for treatment, and possible avenues for research in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnoor Dhillon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, India
| | - Mamta Kaushik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, India
| | - Roshni Sharma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, India
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Modulation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Odontogenesis in a Tunable PEG-Fibrinogen Hydrogel System. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:525367. [PMID: 26124841 PMCID: PMC4466494 DOI: 10.1155/2015/525367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels have the great potential for clinical translation of dental pulp regeneration. A recently developed PEG-fibrinogen (PF) hydrogel, which comprises a bioactive fibrinogen backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains, can be cross-linked after injection by photopolymerization. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of this hydrogel, which allows tuning of its mechanical properties, as a scaffold for dental pulp tissue engineering. The cross-linking degree of PF hydrogels could be controlled by varying the amounts of PEG-diacrylate (PEG-DA) cross-linker. PF hydrogels are generally cytocompatible with the encapsulated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), yielding >85% cell viability in all hydrogels. It was found that the cell morphology of encapsulated DPSCs, odontogenic gene expression, and mineralization were strongly modulated by the hydrogel cross-linking degree and matrix stiffness. Notably, DPSCs cultured within the highest cross-linked hydrogel remained mostly rounded in aggregates and demonstrated the greatest enhancement in odontogenic gene expression. Consistently, the highest degree of mineralization was observed in the highest cross-linked hydrogel. Collectively, our results indicate that PF hydrogels can be used as a scaffold for DPSCs and offers the possibility of influencing DPSCs in ways that may be beneficial for applications in regenerative endodontics.
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Hilkens P, Meschi N, Lambrechts P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I. Dental Stem Cells in Pulp Regeneration: Near Future or Long Road Ahead? Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1610-22. [PMID: 25869156 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although regenerative endodontic procedures have yielded an impressive body of favorable outcomes, the treatment of necrotic immature permanent teeth in particular remains to be a challenge. Recent advances in dental stem cell (DSC) research have gained increasing insight in their regenerative potential and prospective use in the formation of viable dental tissues. Numerous studies have already reported successful dental pulp regeneration following application of dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from the apical papilla, or dental follicle precursor cells in different in vivo models. Next to responsive cells, dental tissue engineering also requires the support of an appropriate scaffold material, ranging from naturally occurring polymers to treated dentin matrix components. However, the routine use and banking of DSCs still holds some major challenges, such as culture-associated differences, patient-related variability, and the effects of culture medium additives. Only in-depth evaluation of these problems and the implementation of standardized models and protocols will effectively lead to better alternatives for patients who no longer benefit from current treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hilkens
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nastaran Meschi
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Lambrechts
- 2 Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- 1 Laboratory of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University , Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Tan L, Wang J, Yin S, Zhu W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Cen L. Regeneration of dentin–pulp-like tissue using an injectable tissue engineering technique. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An injectable tissue engineering technique to regenerate dentin–pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Shuo Yin
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lian Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
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Eckhardt A, Jágr M, Pataridis S, Mikšík I. Proteomic Analysis of Human Tooth Pulp: Proteomics of Human Tooth. J Endod 2014; 40:1961-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Albuquerque MTP, Valera MC, Nakashima M, Nör JE, Bottino MC. Tissue-engineering-based strategies for regenerative endodontics. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1222-31. [PMID: 25201917 PMCID: PMC4237634 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514549809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stemming from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical and human models, tissue-engineering-based strategies continue to demonstrate great potential for the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex, particularly in necrotic, immature permanent teeth. Nanofibrous scaffolds, which closely resemble the native extracellular matrix, have been successfully synthesized by various techniques, including but not limited to electrospinning. A common goal in scaffold synthesis has been the notion of promoting cell guidance through the careful design and use of a collection of biochemical and physical cues capable of governing and stimulating specific events at the cellular and tissue levels. The latest advances in processing technologies allow for the fabrication of scaffolds where selected bioactive molecules can be delivered locally, thus increasing the possibilities for clinical success. Though electrospun scaffolds have not yet been tested in vivo in either human or animal pulpless models in immature permanent teeth, recent studies have highlighted their regenerative potential both from an in vitro and in vivo (i.e., subcutaneous model) standpoint. Possible applications for these bioactive scaffolds continue to evolve, with significant prospects related to the regeneration of both dentin and pulp tissue and, more recently, to root canal disinfection. Nonetheless, no single implantable scaffold can consistently guide the coordinated growth and development of the multiple tissue types involved in the functional regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the latest discoveries related to the use of scaffolds and/or stem cells in regenerative endodontics. The authors focused this review on bioactive nanofibrous scaffolds, injectable scaffolds and stem cells, and pre-clinical findings using stem-cell-based strategies. These topics are discussed in detail in an attempt to provide future direction and to shed light on their potential translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T P Albuquerque
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Endodontics, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos Dental School, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - M C Valera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - M Nakashima
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - J E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M C Bottino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Pan S, Dangaria S, Gopinathan G, Yan X, Lu X, Kolokythas A, Niu Y, Luan X. SCF promotes dental pulp progenitor migration, neovascularization, and collagen remodeling - potential applications as a homing factor in dental pulp regeneration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:655-67. [PMID: 23703692 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a powerful chemokine that binds to the c-Kit receptor CD117 and has shown promise as a homing agent capable of progenitor cell recruitment. In the present study we have documented high levels of both SCF and its receptor c-Kit in differentiating dental pulp (DP) cells and in the sub-odontoblastic layer of Höhl. In vitro studies using human DP progenitors revealed a significant increase in cell proliferation after100 nM SCF application, explained by a 2-fold upregulation in cyclin D3 and FGF2 cell cycle regulators, and a 7-fold increase in CDK4 expression. DP cell migration in the presence of SCF was up-regulated 2.7-fold after a 24 h culture period, and this effect was accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangement, a 1.5-fold increase in polymeric F-actin over G-actin, and a 1.8-fold increase in RhoA expression. Explaining the signaling effect of SCF on DP migration, PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathway inhibitors were demonstrated to significantly reduce DP cell migration, while SCF alone doubled the number of migrated cells. ERK and AKT phosphorylation were dramatically upregulated already 3-5 min after SCF addition to the culture medium and declined thereafter, classifying SCF as a fast acting chemokine. When applied as an agent to promote tissue regeneration in subcutaneously implanted collagen sponges, SCF resulted in a 7-fold increase in the cell number in the implanted tissue construct, a more than 9-fold increase in capillaries, as well as collagen sponge remodeling and collagen fiber neogenesis. Together, these studies demonstrate the suitability of SCF as a potent aid in the regeneration of dental pulp and other mesenchymal tissues, capable of inducing cell homing, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Pan
- School of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Abstract
Emerging understanding about interactions between stem cells, scaffolds, and morphogenic factors has accelerated translational research in the field of dental pulp tissue engineering. Dental pulp stem cells constitute a subpopulation of cells endowed with self-renewal and multipotency. Dental pulp stem cells seeded in biodegradable scaffolds and exposed to dentin-derived morphogenic factors give rise to a pulplike tissue capable of generating new dentin. Notably, dentin-derived proteins are sufficient to induce dental pulp stem cell differentiation into odontoblasts. Ongoing work is focused on developing ways of mobilizing dentin-derived proteins and disinfecting the root canal of necrotic teeth without compromising the morphogenic potential of these signaling molecules. On the other hand, dentin by itself does not appear to be capable of inducing endothelial differentiation of dental pulp stem cells despite the well-known presence of angiogenic factors in dentin. This is particularly relevant in the context of dental pulp tissue engineering in full root canals in which access to blood supply is limited to the apical foramina. To address this challenge, scientists are looking at ways to use the scaffold as a controlled-release device for angiogenic factors. The aim of this article was to present and discuss current strategies to functionalize injectable scaffolds and customize them for dental pulp tissue engineering. The long-term goal of this work is to develop stem cell-based therapies that enable the engineering of functional dental pulps capable of generating new tubular dentin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Piva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adriana F Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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