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Terayama R, Tsuji K, Furugen H, Minh DNP, Nakatani A, Uchibe K. Effects of Peripheral Nerve Injury on the Induction of c-Fos and Phosphorylated ERK in the Brainstem Trigeminal Sensory Nuclear Complex. Ann Neurosci 2023; 30:177-187. [PMID: 37779546 PMCID: PMC10540764 DOI: 10.1177/09727531231156505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sequential changes in brainstem and spinal cord neurons after traumatic injury to peripheral nerves are related to neuropathic pain symptoms. Purpose This study was conducted to elucidate the influence of nerve insult on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by brainstem neurons. Methods The brainstem trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (BTSNC) was examined for neuronal profiles immunolabeled with c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) antibodies elicited by stimulation of the tongue with capsaicin after lingual or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury. Results Abundant neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK elicited by capsaicin were distributed in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) without nerve injury. The spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo) contained limited numbers of these neuronal profiles after stimulation of the tongue. A significant reduction of these neuronal profiles in the ipsilateral Vc was detected after lingual nerve injury. After IAN injury, an increased number of neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos elicited by capsaicin was noted, while that of p-ERK was left unchanged in the ipsilateral Vc. On the both sides of the Vo, an increased number of capsaicin-induced neuronal profiles immunolabeled for c-Fos and p-ERK was detected after lingual or IAN injury. Conclusion Differential effects of lingual or IAN injury on stimulus-induced c-Fos expression and ERK phosphorylation by Vo and Vc neurons may be involved in the complex nature of symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hironori Furugen
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Duong Nguyen Phat Minh
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakatani
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenta Uchibe
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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2
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Horinuki E, O'Hashi K, Kobayashi M. In Vivo Ca 2+ Imaging of the Insular Cortex during Experimental Tooth Movement. J Dent Res 2020; 100:276-282. [PMID: 33030090 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520962465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain and discomfort are common problems for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. We have demonstrated that cortical excitation propagation in the somatosensory and insular cortices (IC) induced by electrical stimulation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is facilitated 1 d after experimental tooth movement (ETM). However, it is necessary to examine ETM-induced changes in neural responses at a single-cell level to understand the mechanisms of cortical plastic changes, in which excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurons are intermingled to form cortical local circuits. We performed in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging by loading the Ca2+ indicator Oregon Green BAPTA with the astrocyte marker sulforhodamine. We focused on the IC region that exhibited the largest neural response to maxillary PDL (mxPDL) stimulation using a VGAT-Venus transgenic rat that expresses venus fluorescent protein in GABAergic neurons and discerned changes in the neural activities of each cortical neuronal subtype before and during ETM treatment of the maxillary incisor and first molar. Notably, 1 d after ETM treatment (1d-ETM), the number of neurons responding to mxPDL stimulation increased from 47.6% to 64.2% in excitatory neurons and from 44.5% to 66.2% in inhibitory neurons. On the other hand, only 3% to 4% of excitatory and inhibitory neurons responded to mandibular molar PDL (mbPDL) stimulation in control rats, and the 1d-ETM group showed significant increases in excitatory (14.0%) and inhibitory neurons (22.5%) responding to mbPDL stimulation. Interestingly, most mbPDL-responding neurons also responded to mxPDL stimulation. The population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that responded only to mxPDL stimulation was comparable between the control and 1d-ETM groups. The facilitative responses in the 1d-ETM group had almost recovered 7 d after ETM treatment. These results suggest that ETM induces parallel increases in PDL-responding neurons and changes some insensitive neurons to respond to both mxPDL and mbPDL stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K O'Hashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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3
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Cheng XS, Huo YN, Fan YY, Xiao CX, Ouyang XM, Liang LY, Lin Y, Wu JF, Ren JL, Guleng B. Mindin serves as a tumour suppressor gene during colon cancer progression through MAPK/ERK signalling pathway in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8391-8404. [PMID: 32614521 PMCID: PMC7412704 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mindin is important in broad spectrum of immune responses. On the other hand, we previously reported that mindin attenuated human colon cancer development by blocking angiogenesis through Egr-1-mediated regulation. However, the mice original mindin directly suppressed the syngenic colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in our recent study and we aimed to further define the role of mindin during CRC development in mice. We established the mouse syngeneic CRC CMT93 and CT26 WT cell lines with stable mindin knock-down or overexpression. These cells were also subcutaneously injected into C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice as well as established a colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model treated with lentiviral-based overexpression and knocked-down of mindin. Furthermore, we generated mindin knockout mice using a CRISPR-Cas9 system with CAC model. Our data showed that overexpression of mindin suppressed cell proliferation in both of CMT93 and CT26 WT colon cancer cell lines, while the silencing of mindin promoted in vitro cell proliferation via the ERK and c-Fos pathways and cell cycle control. Moreover, the overexpression of mindin significantly suppressed in vivo tumour growth in both the subcutaneous transplantation and the AOM/DSS-induced CAC models. Consistently, the silencing of mindin reversed these in vivo observations. Expectedly, the tumour growth was promoted in the CAC model on mindin-deficient mice. Thus, mindin plays a direct tumour suppressive function during colon cancer progression and suggesting that mindin might be exploited as a therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shen Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ya-Ni Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Yun Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuan-Xing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lai-Ying Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Lin Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bayasi Guleng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Medicine, Cancer Research Center & Institute of Microbial Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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4
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Kondo M, Shibuta I. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2 as a key molecule in pain research. J Oral Sci 2020; 62:147-149. [PMID: 32224567 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Pain can be divided into nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. It is important to understanding the molecular mechanism of pain signaling in the development of pain relief therapies. Twenty years ago, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 and 2, which are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily, were identified as molecules activated in neurons by the exposure of peripheral tissues to noxious stimuli. Further studies have revealed that peripheral nerve injury induces ERK activation in glial cells, sensory neurons, and second-order neurons, albeit at different time points. Moreover, inhibition of ERK suppresses pathological pain in animals with peripheral nerve injury. Therefore, ERK is currently recognized as an important molecule in pain signaling and a potential novel target for pain treatment. This review introduces recent advances in revealing the regulation of ERK in pain research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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5
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Kaneko M, Fujita S, Shimizu N, Motoyoshi M, Kobayashi M. Experimental tooth movement temporally changes neural excitation and topographical map in rat somatosensory cortex. Brain Res 2018; 1698:62-69. [PMID: 29928871 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During orthodontic treatment, binding teeth, may change the topographically organized representation of teeth in the cerebral cortex. To test the hypothesis that experimental tooth movement (ETM) changes the somatotopy of an individual tooth arrangement in the somatosensory cortex, we examined the spatiotemporal features of cortical excitatory propagation in response to mechanical stimulation of the maxillary incisor or molar using optical imaging in late adolescent rats without or with ETM. The ETM models consisted of 1d, 3d, and 7d ETM in which a closed-coil spring was ligated between the maxillary first molar and incisors. In controls, incisor and molar mechanical stimulation evoked excitation in the rostral and dorsocaudal regions of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), respectively. In addition, the secondary somatosensory cortex and insular oral region (S2/IOR) were also activated. Incisor stimulation-induced excitatory regions in S1 of 3d and 7d ETM shifted without changing the maximum excitatory area or peak amplitude; the incisor stimulation-responding region moved toward the dorsocaudal region, which responded to molar stimulation in the control. This shift in excitatory region was not observed in 1d ETM. One day after removal of the coil spring that was attached for 6 days, the excitatory region shift in S1 was recovered to the control region. On the other hand, 1d ETM exhibited facilitation of the excitatory area and peak amplitude upon molar stimulation, and the facilitation of excitatory propagation disappeared in 3d and 7d ETM. These results may explain the clinical finding that abnormal sensation temporally occurs during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Motoyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan; Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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6
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Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception around teeth. Such nociceptive inputs to the periodontal ligament continue for several days and potentially induce plastic changes in higher brain regions, including the cerebral cortex. This review summarizes research on orthodontic treatment-induced modulation of neural activities in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we describe our recent findings on the spatiotemporal effects of orthodontic treatment in the somatosensory and insular cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN
| | - Eri Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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7
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Orthodontic tooth separation activates the hypothalamic area in the human brain. Int J Oral Sci 2018; 10:8. [PMID: 29555907 PMCID: PMC5944252 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-017-0001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives An animal experiment clarified that insertion of an orthodontic apparatus activated the trigeminal neurons of the medulla oblongata. Orthodontic tooth movement is known to be associated with the sympathetic nervous system and controlled by the nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, the transmission of both has not been demonstrated in humans. The purpose of this study were to examine the activated cerebral areas using brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), when orthodontic tooth separators were inserted, and to confirm the possibility of the transmission route from the medulla oblongata to the hypothalamus. Methods Two types of alternative orthodontic tooth separators (brass contact gauge and floss) were inserted into the right upper premolars of 10 healthy volunteers. Brain functional T2*-weighted images and anatomical T1-weighted images were taken. Results The blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals following insertion of a brass contact gauge and floss significantly increased in the somatosensory association cortex and hypothalamic area. Conclusion Our findings suggest the possibility of a transmission route from the medulla oblongata to the hypothalamus. Identifying the nerve pathways involved in tooth movement could lead to better targets for pain relief. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cannot be used to relieve orthodontic pain because they impair the processes involved in tooth movement. Yoshiko Ariji of Japan’s Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, and colleagues used functional MRI scans of ten healthy adult volunteers to identify the parts of the brain that become active when separators are briefly inserted between pre-molar teeth. They found separator insertion led to a significant rise in the activity of the hypothalamus and the part of the brain’s cerebral cortex associated with touch and proprioception. Together with the results of previous studies in mice, the results suggest a nerve pathway that could be targeted to alleviate pain from orthodontic procedures without negatively impacting tooth movement.
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8
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Suzuki T, Kondo M, Shibuta I, Nagashima H, Sugano N, Sato S, Iwata K. Medullary neural circuit regeneration after trigeminal nerve transection. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:500-506. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Suzuki
- Division of Applied Oral Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiro Kondo
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Ikuko Shibuta
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | | | - Naoyuki Sugano
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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9
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Tabata M, Terayama R, Maruhama K, Iida S, Sugimoto T. Differential induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated ERK by a noxious stimulus after peripheral nerve injury. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:208-218. [PMID: 28918684 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1381697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we compared induction of c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the spinal dorsal horn for noxious heat-induced c-Fos and p-ERK protein-like immunoreactive (c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR) neuron profiles after tibial nerve injury. The effect of administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) on noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression was also examined after tibial nerve injury. RESULTS A large number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles were induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw in sham-operated animals. A marked reduction in the number of c-Fos- and p-ERK-IR neuron profiles was observed in the medial 1/3 (tibial territory) of the dorsal horn at 3 and 7 days after nerve injury. Although c-Fos-IR neuron profiles had reappeared by 14 days after injury, the number of p-ERK-IR neuron profiles remained decreased in the tibial territory of the superficial dorsal horn. Double immunofluorescence labeling for c-Fos and p-ERK induced by noxious heat stimulation to the hindpaw at different time points revealed that a large number of c-Fos-IR, but not p-ERK-IR, neuron profiles were distributed in the tibial territory after injury. Although administration of a MEK 1/2 inhibitor to the spinal cord suppressed noxious heat-induced c-Fos expression in the peroneal territory, this treatment did not alter c-Fos induction in the tibial territory after nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS ERK phosphorylation may be involved in c-Fos induction in normal nociceptive responses, but not in exaggerated c-Fos induction after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Tabata
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Ryuji Terayama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kotaro Maruhama
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Seiji Iida
- b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tomosada Sugimoto
- a Department of Oral Function and Anatomy , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine , Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Advanced Research Center For Oral and Craniofacial Sciences , Okayama University Dental School , Okayama , Japan
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10
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Horinuki E, Yamamoto K, Shimizu N, Koshikawa N, Kobayashi M. Sequential Changes in Cortical Excitation during Orthodontic Treatment. J Dent Res 2016; 95:897-905. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516641276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical excitation responding to periodontal ligament (PDL) stimulation is observed in the rat primary somatosensory (S1), secondary somatosensory, and insular oral region of the cortex (S2/IOR), which are considered to process somatosensation, including nociception. Our previous studies have demonstrated that excitatory propagation induced by PDL stimulation is facilitated in S1 and S2/IOR 1 d after experimental tooth movement (ETM), and tetanic stimulation of IOR induces long-term potentiation of cortical excitatory propagation consistently. These findings raise the possibility that ETM induces neuroplastic changes, and as a result, facilitation of cortical excitation would be sustained for weeks. However, no information is available about the temporal profiles of the facilitated cortical responses. We estimated PDL stimulation-induced cortical excitatory propagation in S1 and S2/IOR of rats by optical imaging 1 to 7 d after ETM of the maxillary first molar. ETM models showed facilitated cortical excitatory propagation in comparison with controls and sham groups 1 d after ETM, but the facilitation gradually recovered to the control level 3 to 7 d after ETM. Sham groups that received wire fixation without orthodontic force tended to enhance cortical responses, although the differences between controls and sham groups were almost insignificant. We also examined the relationship between cortical responses and expression of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)–1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, in PDL of the first molar. The peak amplitude of optical signals responding to PDL stimulation tended to be increased in parallel to the number of IL-1β and TNF-α immunopositive cells, suggesting that, at least in part, the enhancement of cortical responses is induced by PDL inflammation. These findings suggest that ETM-induced facilitation of cortical excitatory propagation responding to PDL stimulation 1 d after ETM recovers to the control level within a week. The time course of the facilitated cortical responses is comparable to that of pain and discomfort induced by clinical orthodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. Koshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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11
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Bao X, Cai Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, He X, Yu D, Huang J, Jing S, Du Z, Yang T, Warner M, Gustafsson JA, Fan X. Liver X Receptor β Is Involved in Formalin-Induced Spontaneous Pain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1467-1481. [PMID: 26846362 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the liver X receptor(LXR) β modulates inflammatory pain. However, the molecular mechanisms through which LXRβ modulates pain are unclear. Here, we found that LXRβ-null mice responded more strongly to acute noxious stimuli than wild-type (WT) littermates (in the hot plate and Hargreaves tests) and had augmented tonic inflammatory pain (in the formalin test). This increased reactivity to inflammatory pain was accompanied by enhanced formalin-evoked Fos and pERK staining of second-order nociceptive neurons. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of CGRP, SP, and IB4 was increased in the lamina I-II of the lumbar dorsal horns in formalin-injected LXRβ knockout (KO) mice compared with the WT controls. In addition, LXRβ deletion in the mice enhanced the formalin-induced inflammation with more activated microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β ,TNF-α) as well as NFκB in the formalin-injected paw were elevated by the loss of LXRβ. Taken together, these data indicate that LXRβ is involved in acute as well as inflammatory pain, and thus, it may be considered as a new target for the development of analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.,Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yulong Cai
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xie He
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiande Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Margaret Warner
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Novum, 141 86, Sweden.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Developmental Neuropsychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Horinuki E, Shinoda M, Shimizu N, Koshikawa N, Kobayashi M. Orthodontic Force Facilitates Cortical Responses to Periodontal Stimulation. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1158-66. [PMID: 25994177 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515586543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory information derived from the periodontal ligaments plays a critical role in identifying the strength and direction of occlusal force. The orthodontic force needed to move a tooth often causes uncomfortable sensations, including nociception around the tooth, and disturbs somatosensory information processing. However, it has mostly remained unknown whether orthodontic treatment modulates higher brain functions, especially cerebrocortical activity. To address this issue, we first elucidated the cortical region involved in sensory processing from the periodontal ligaments and then examined how experimental tooth movement (ETM) changes neural activity in these cortical regions. We performed in vivo optical imaging to identify the cortical responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the maxillary and mandibular incisor and the first molar periodontal ligaments in the rat. In naïve rats, electrical stimulation of the mandibular periodontal ligaments initially evoked neural excitation in the rostroventral part of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the ventrocaudal part of the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), and the insular oral region (IOR), whereas maxillary periodontal ligaments elicited excitation only in S2/IOR rostrodorsally adjacent to the mandibular periodontal ligament-responding region. In contrast, maximum responses to mandibular and maxillary periodontal stimulation were observed in S1 and S2/IOR, and the 2 responses nearly overlapped. One day after ETM (maxillary molar movement by Waldo's method), the maximum response to stimulation of the maxillary molar periodontal ligament induced larger and broader excitation in S2/IOR, although the initial responses were not affected. Taken together with the histologic findings of IL-1β expression and macrophage infiltration in the periodontal ligament of the ETM models, inflammation induced by ETM may play a role in the facilitation of S2/IOR activity. From the clinical viewpoints, the larger amplitude of cortical excitation may induce higher sensitivity to pain responding to nonnoxious stimuli, and enlargement of the responding area may reflect radiating pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Koshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Dieb W, Ouachikh O, Durif F, Hafidi A. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic depletion produces orofacial static mechanical allodynia. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:196-205. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Dieb
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - O. Ouachikh
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - F. Durif
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
- Service de Neurologie; CHU Clermont-Ferrand; France
| | - A. Hafidi
- Clermont Université EA7280; Neuro-psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux; Université d'Auvergne; Clermont-Ferrand France
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Involvement of trigeminal transition zone and laminated subnucleus caudalis in masseter muscle hypersensitivity associated with tooth inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109168. [PMID: 25279551 PMCID: PMC4184877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A rat model of pulpitis/periapical periodontitis was used to study mechanisms underlying extraterritorial enhancement of masseter response associated with tooth inflammation. Periapical bone loss gradually increased and peaked at 6 weeks after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) application to the upper molar tooth pulp (M1). On day 3, the number of Fos-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA rats compared with M1 vehicle (veh) rats in the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis transition zone (Vi/Vc). The number of Fos-IR cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA and masseter (Mass) capsaicin applied (M1 CFA/Mass cap) rats compared with M1 veh/Mass veh rats in the contralateral Vc and Vi/Vc. The number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK)-IR cells was significantly larger in M1 CFA/Mass cap and M1 veh/Mass cap rats compared to Mass-vehicle applied rats with M1 vehicle or CFA in the Vi/Vc. Pulpal CFA application caused significant increase in the number of Fos-IR cells in the Vi/Vc but not Vc on week 6. The number of pERK-IR cells was significantly lager in the rats with capsaicin application to the Mass compared to Mass-vehicle treated rats after pulpal CFA- or vehicle-application. However, capsaicin application to the Mass did not further affect the number of Fos-IR cells in the Vi/Vc in pulpal CFA-applied rats. The digastric electromyographic (d-EMG) activity after Mass-capsaicin application was significantly increased on day 3 and lasted longer at 6 weeks after pulpal CFA application, and these increase and duration were significantly attenuated by i.t. PD98059, a MEK1 inhibitor. These findings suggest that Vi/Vc and Vc neuronal excitation is involved in the facilitation of extraterritorial hyperalgesia for Mass primed with periapical periodontitis or acute pulpal-inflammation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of ERK in the Vi/Vc and Vc play pivotal roles in masseter hyperalgesia after pulpitis or periapical periodontitis.
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Luo W, Fu R, Tan Y, Fang B, Yang Z. Chemokine CCL2 up-regulated in the medullary dorsal horn astrocytes contributes to nocifensive behaviors induced by experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 122:27-35. [PMID: 24206110 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Orthodontics; Shanghai Stomatological Disease Center; Shanghai China
| | - Runqing Fu
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
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