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Zhu Z, Song J, Zhang C, Zhang J, Shan Z. Rapamycin alleviates irradiation-induced parotid injury by enhancing the whole gland homeostasis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38569076 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary gland injury is one of the most common complications of radiotherapy in head-and-neck cancers. This study investigated the mechanism by which rapamycin prevents irradiation (IR)-induced injury in the parotid glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS Miniature pigs either received (a) no treatment (NT), (b) IR in the right parotid gland for 5 consecutive days (IR), or intraperitoneal administration of rapamycin (Rap) 1 h prior to IR (IR + Rap). Tissues were collected at three distinct time points (24 h, 4 weeks, and 16 weeks) after IR. Histological analyses, western blot, and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the mechanisms of IR-induced injury in the parotid gland. RESULTS Rapamycin treatment maintained parotid salivary flow 16 weeks post-IR, preserved the number of acinar cells, and reduced parotid tissue fibrosis, as well as reduced apoptosis levels, decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression, and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the parotid glands. Autophagy marker LC3B was upregulated by rapamycin after IR, while P62 expression was downregulated. Rapamycin reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and the mesenchymal tissue fibrosis following IR. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin maintains gland homeostasis after IR by decreasing apoptosis, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, and enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhu
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Song
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health and Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaochen Shan
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Radiotherapy-Induced Xerostomia: A Review. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7802334. [PMID: 36065305 PMCID: PMC9440825 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7802334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In patients with head and neck cancer, irradiation (IR)-sensitive salivary gland (SG) tissue is highly prone to damage during radiotherapy (RT). This leads to SG hypofunction and xerostomia. Xerostomia is defined as the subjective complaint of dry mouth, which can cause other symptoms and adversely affect the quality of life. In recent years, diagnostic techniques have constantly improved with the emergence of more reliable and valid questionnaires as well as more accurate equipment for saliva flow rate measurement and imaging methods. Preventive measures such as the antioxidant MitoTEMPO, botulinum toxin (BoNT), and growth factors have been successfully applied in animal experiments, resulting in positive outcomes. Interventions, such as the new delivery methods of pilocarpine, edible saliva substitutes, acupuncture and electrical stimulation, gene transfer, and stem cell transplantation, have shown potential to alleviate or restore xerostomia in patients. The review summarizes the existing and new diagnostic methods for xerostomia, along with current and potential strategies for reducing IR-induced damage to SG function. We also aim to provide guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of the diagnostic methods. Additionally, most prevention and treatment methods remain in the stage of animal experiments, suggesting a need for further clinical research, among which we believe that antioxidants, gene transfer, and stem cell transplantation have broad prospects.
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3
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Koustas E, Sarantis P, Theodorakidou M, Karamouzis MV, Theocharis S. Autophagy and salivary gland cancer: A putative target for salivary gland tumors. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320980568. [PMID: 33319639 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320980568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland carcinomas are a group of heterogeneous tumors of different histological subtypes, presenting relatively low incidence but the entire variable of types. Although novel treatment options for salivary gland carcinomas patients' outcomes have improved, the treatment of this type of cancer is still not standardized. In addition, a significant number of patients, with a lack of optimal treatment strategies, have reduced survival. In the last two decades, a plethora of evidence pointed to the importance of autophagy, an essential catabolic process of cytoplasmatic component digestion, in cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies highlight the importance of autophagy in salivary gland carcinomas development as a tumor suppressor or promoter mechanism. Despite the potential of autophagy in salivary gland carcinomas development, no therapies are currently available that specifically focus on autophagy modulation in salivary gland carcinomas. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and clinical trials in regard to the interplay between autophagy and the development of salivary gland carcinomas. Autophagy manipulation may be a putative therapeutic strategy for salivary gland carcinomas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Theodorakidou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S.Christeas," Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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4
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Wong WY, Gilman K, Limesand KH. Yap activation in irradiated parotid salivary glands is regulated by ROCK activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232921. [PMID: 33151927 PMCID: PMC7644026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays a major role in the curative treatment of head and neck cancer, either as a single modality therapy, or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy, or both. Despite advances to limit radiation-induced side-effects, the major salivary glands are often affected. This frequently leads to hyposalivation which causes an increased risk for xerostomia, dental caries, mucositis, and malnutrition culminating in a significant impact on patients' quality of life. Previous research demonstrated that loss of salivary function is associated with a decrease in polarity regulators and an increase in nuclear Yap localization in a putative stem and progenitor cell (SPC) population. Yap activation has been shown to be essential for regeneration in intestinal injury models; however, the highest levels of nuclear Yap are observed in irradiated salivary SPCs that do not regenerate the gland. Thus, elucidating the inputs that regulate nuclear Yap localization and determining the role that Yap plays within the entire tissue following radiation damage and during regeneration is critical. In this study, we demonstrate that radiation treatment increases nuclear Yap localization in acinar cells and Yap-regulated genes in parotid salivary tissues. Conversely, administration of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), known to restore salivary function in mouse models, reduces nuclear Yap localization and Yap transcriptional targets to levels similar to untreated tissues. Activation of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) using calpeptin results in increased Yap-regulated genes in primary acinar cells while inhibition of ROCK activity (Y-27632) leads to decreased Yap transcriptional targets. These results suggest that Yap activity is dependent on ROCK activity and provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of radiation-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yu Wong
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kristy Gilman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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5
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Hong X, Min SN, Zhang YY, Lin YT, Wang F, Huang Y, Yu GY, Wu LL, Yang HY. TNF-α Suppresses Autophagic Flux in Acinar Cells in IgG4-Related Sialadenitis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1386-1396. [PMID: 31461632 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519871890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG4-related sialadenitis (IgG4-RS) is a newly recognized immune-mediated systemic fibroinflammatory disease that affects salivary glands and leads to hyposalivation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a critical proinflammatory cytokine involved in several salivary gland disorders, but its role and mechanism regarding acinar cell injury in IgG4-RS are unknown. Here, we found that TNF-α level was significantly increased in serum and submandibular gland (SMG) of patients and that serum TNF-α level was negatively correlated with saliva flow rate. Ultrastructural observations of IgG4-RS SMGs revealed accumulation of large autophagic vacuoles, as well as dense fibrous bundles, decreased secretory granules, widened intercellular spaces, swollen mitochondria, and expanded endoplasmic reticulum. Expression levels of LC3 and p62 were both increased in patients' SMGs. TNF-α treatment led to elevated levels of LC3II and p62 in both SMG-C6 cells and cultured human SMG tissues but did not further increase their levels when combined with bafilomycin A1 treatment. Moreover, transfection of Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B in SMG-C6 cells confirmed the suppression of autophagic flux after TNF-α treatment. Immunofluorescence imaging revealed that costaining of LC3 and the lysosomal marker LAMP2 was significantly decreased in patients, TNF-α-treated SMG-C6 cells, and cultured human SMGs, indicating a reduction in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Furthermore, the ratio of pro/mature cathepsin D was elevated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. TNF-α also appeared to induce abnormal acidification of lysosomes in acinar cells, as assessed by lysosomal pH and LysoTracker DND-26 fluorescence intensity. In addition, TNF-α treatment induced transcription factor EB (TFEB) redistribution in SMG-C6 cells, which was consistent with the changes observed in IgG4-RS patients. TNF-α increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and inhibition of ERK1/2 by U0126 reversed TNF-α-induced TFEB redistribution, lysosomal dysfunction, and autophagic flux suppression. These findings suggest that TNF-α is a key cytokine related to acinar cell injury in IgG4-RS through ERK1/2-mediated autophagic flux suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - S N Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y Y Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Y T Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - L L Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - H Y Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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6
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Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Castelo-Baz P, Pérez-Sayáns M, Lim J, Leira Y. Autophagy in periodontal disease: Evidence from a literature review. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Vivino FB, Bunya VY, Massaro-Giordano G, Johr CR, Giattino SL, Schorpion A, Shafer B, Peck A, Sivils K, Rasmussen A, Chiorini JA, He J, Ambrus JL. Sjogren's syndrome: An update on disease pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment. Clin Immunol 2019; 203:81-121. [PMID: 31022578 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick B Vivino
- Penn Sjögren's Center, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Vatinee Y Bunya
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 51 N. 39(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Giacomina Massaro-Giordano
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 51 N. 39(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Chadwick R Johr
- Penn Sjögren's Center, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Giattino
- Penn Sjögren's Center, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Annemarie Schorpion
- Penn Sjögren's Center, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3737 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Brian Shafer
- Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 51 N. 39(th) Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Ammon Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Kathy Sivils
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, 825 NE 13th Street, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, 825 NE 13th Street, OK 73104, USA.
| | - John A Chiorini
- NIH, Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Building 10, Room 1n113, 10 Center DR Msc 1190, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA.
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Julian L Ambrus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, SUNY at Buffalo School of Medicine, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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8
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Liu C, Li S, Pang F, Wu H, Chai L, Liang C, Zhang D. Autophagy‐related gene expression regulated by HIF‐1α in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1076-1083. [PMID: 30746817 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology Shanghai Ninth People’s HospitalCollege of Stomatology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Shengfeng Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Fawei Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Oromaxillofacial Head and Neck Oncology Shanghai Ninth People’s HospitalCollege of Stomatology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Li Chai
- Hospital of JIER Machine‐Tool Group Co Ltd, Jinan China
| | - Cheng Liang
- School of Information Science and Engineering Shandong Normal University Jinan China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
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9
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Toll-like receptor 9 signaling promotes autophagy and apoptosis via divergent functions of the p38/JNK pathway in human salivary gland cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 375:51-59. [PMID: 30610847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal signaling transduction in salivary gland cells is associated with the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Previously, we identified aberrant expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in gland cells of SS patients and mouse models. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR9 and its downstream p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in mediating apoptosis and autophagy in human salivary gland (HSG) cells. We selected either CpG-Odn, a classical TLR9 activator, or lentivirus-packaged TLR9 full-length cDNA to activate TLR9 signaling transduction. Activation of TLR9 signaling induced phosphorylation of its downstream protein kinases, p38/MAPK and JNK, in a time-dependent manner, and decreased HSG cell viability. Western blotting of LC3B-II and p62 in both normal and autophagic flux-administered conditions revealed elevated autophagy upon TLR9 activation. Observing the cell cytoplasm through transmission electron microscopy and mRFP-GFP-LC3B-tagged fluorescence confirmed an increased number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in TLR9-activated cells. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio calculations, caspase-3 activity assays and Hoechst nuclear staining were utilized to confirm the involvement of apoptosis in TLR9 signaling activation. Furthermore, we selected SB239063, a p38/MAPK signaling inhibitor, and SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, to identify the functions of p38/MAPK and JNK in TLR9-mediated signaling transduction. Multiple approaches, including Western blotting assays, fluorescence assessments and caspase-3 activity measurements, confirmed that inhibition of p38/MAPK signaling ameliorated both autophagy and apoptosis in TLR9-activated HSG cells, whereas inhibition of JNK signaling attenuated apoptosis but failed to modulate autophagy in the models mentioned above. Our results indicate a divergent function of p38/MAPK and JNK in TLR9-mediated autophagy and apoptosis in salivary gland cells.
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10
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Huang Y, Shi X, Mao Q, Zhang Y, Cong X, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wu L, Xiang R, Yu G. Aquaporin 5 is degraded by autophagy in diabetic submandibular gland. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1049-1059. [PMID: 29951954 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process which is involved in the development of many diseases including diabetes mellitus and its complications. Hyposalivation is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, whereas its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we observed that the stimulated salivary flow rate of SMG was significantly decreased in db/db mice, a diabetic mice model. The expressions of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), a water channel protein, were decreased, whereas the mRNA level of AQP5 was increased in SMGs of both diabetic patients and mice. Under transmission electron microcope, more autophagosomes were detected in diabetic SMGs. Expressions of autophagy related proteins LC3II, Beclin-1 and ATG5 were increased, meanwhile autophagy substrate p62 was decreased in SMGs of diabetic patients and mice, indicating that autophagy was activated in diabetic SMG. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the colocalization of AQP5 and LC3 was increased in SMGs of diabetic mice. In cultured SMG-C6 cells, high glucose (HG), but not high osmotic pressure, reduced AQP5 protein expression and induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenin, an autophagy inhibitor, or by autophagy-related gene 5 siRNA, decreased HG-induced AQP5 reduction in SMG-C6 cells. Additionally, the expression of p-p85, p-Akt and p-mTOR were decreased in HG-treated SMG-C6 cells. Pretreatment with 740Y-P, a PI3K agonist, significantly suppressed HG-induced autophagy and AQP5 degradation. Taken together, these results indicate that autophagy plays a crucial role in AQP5 degradation in diabetic SMG via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which contributes to the dysfunction of diabetic SMG. Our study provides a novel mechanism of diabetic hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xijin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qianying Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhejing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruolan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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11
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Li B, Wang F, Schall N, Muller S. Rescue of autophagy and lysosome defects in salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice by a therapeutic phosphopeptide. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:132-145. [PMID: 29486915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a multifactorial systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates in exocrine organs. Patients present with sicca symptoms, such as extensive dry eyes and dry mouth, and parotid enlargement. Other serious complications include profound fatigue, chronic pain, major organ involvement, neuropathies and lymphomas. Current treatments only focus on relieving symptoms and do not target the origin of the disease, which is largely unknown. The question we addressed here was whether some defects exist in autophagy processes in Sjögren's syndrome and if they can be corrected or minimized using an appropriate mechanism-driven treatment targeting this central survival pathway. Using a recognized murine model of secondary Sjögren's syndrome, we identified molecular alterations of autophagy occurring in the salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice, and discovered that opposite (up- or down-regulated) autophagy events can arise in distinct organs of the same mouse strain, here in lymphoid organs and salivary glands. We showed further that the therapeutic P140 peptide, known to directly act on chaperone-mediated autophagy, rescued MRL/lpr mice from cellular infiltration and autophagy defects occurring in salivary glands. Our findings provide a proof-of-concept that targeting autophagy might represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating patients with Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Li
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Nicolas Schall
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS, Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, University of Strasbourg, France; Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, France; University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France.
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12
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Abstract
Salivary gland cancers (SGCs), categorized as head and neck cancers (HNCs), constitute about 6% of head and neck cancer diagnoses based on estimate by American Head and Neck Society. Salivary gland tumors originate from different glandular cell types and are thus morphologically diverse. These tumors arise from any of the three major and various minor salivary glands. The incidence of SGCs has slowly increased during the last four decades. The etiology of SGCs is mostly unknown; however, specific gene mutations are associated with certain types of salivary tumors. Treatment options include surgical resection, radiation therapy (RT), chemotherapy, and multimodality therapy. HNC patients treated with RT often develop xerostomia and salivary hypofunction due to damaged salivary glands. In this review, we discuss etiology of SGCs, present findings on the role of autophagy in salivary tumorigenesis, review adverse effects of radiation treatment, and examine remedies for restoration of salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Helen Lin
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | | | - David K. Ann
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
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13
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Zhang C, Wang LM. Inhibition of autophagy attenuated curcumol-induced apoptosis in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells via Janus kinase signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6387-6394. [PMID: 29151904 PMCID: PMC5680701 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether autophagy was triggered by curcumol and to explore the association between autophagy and apoptosis of MG-63 cells and the underlying mechanism. MG-63 cells were cultured in vitro. An MTT assay was performed to evaluate the proliferation inhibition of the MG-63 osteosarcoma cell line by curcumol. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin V/propidium iodide staining flow cytometry was performed to analyze the apoptotic rate of cells. The morphological alterations of cell nuclei were evaluated by Hoechst 33258 viable cell staining. The effects of autophagy in cells was investigated by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3) transfection and using a fluorescence microscope. The expression levels of LC3II, LC3I and cleaved caspase-3 and Janus kinase (JNK) signaling pathway activation were determined by western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was inhibited by curcumol in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Curcumol induced apoptosis by the caspase-dependent signaling pathway in MG-63 cells. The present study demonstrated that curcumol could induce autophagy of MG-63 cells, which was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Compared with the curcumol treatment alone group, the GFP-LC3-transfected green fluorescence plasmids and the LC3II/LC3I levels in cells of the curcumol and chloroquine (CQ) treatment group were upregulated, and the apoptotic ratio was downregulated following pretreatment with autophagy inhibitor CQ for 1 h. Furthermore, curcumol treatment induced phosphorylation of the JNK signaling pathway. Of note, pretreatment with the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, decreased the rates of autophagy and apoptosis, suggesting a crucial role served by the JNK signaling pathway in the activation of autophagy by curcumol. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that activation of the JNK signaling pathway was involved in curcumol-induced autophagy. Curcumol is a novel drug for chemotherapeutic combination therapy. Curcumol demonstrated potential antitumor activities in MG-63 cells and may be used as a novel effective reagent in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Upper Limb Injury Department, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital and Orthopedic Hospital of Henan, Luoyang, Henan 471002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Min Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
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Shah M, Edman MC, Reddy Janga S, Yarber F, Meng Z, Klinngam W, Bushman J, Ma T, Liu S, Louie S, Mehta A, Ding C, MacKay JA, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Rapamycin Eye Drops Suppress Lacrimal Gland Inflammation In a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:372-385. [PMID: 28122086 PMCID: PMC5270623 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of topical rapamycin in treating autoimmune dacryoadenitis in a mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. Methods We developed rapamycin in a poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) micelle formulation to maintain solubility. Rapamycin or PEG-DSPE eye drops (vehicle) were administered in a well-established Sjögren's syndrome disease model, the male nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, twice daily for 12 weeks starting at 8 weeks of age. Mouse tear fluid was collected and tear Cathepsin S, a putative tear biomarker for Sjögren's syndrome, was measured. Lacrimal glands were retrieved for histological evaluation, and quantitative real-time PCR of genes associated with Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis. Tear secretion was measured using phenol red threads, and corneal fluorescein staining was used to assess corneal integrity. Results Lymphocytic infiltration of lacrimal glands from rapamycin-treated mice was significantly (P = 0.0001) reduced by 3.8-fold relative to vehicle-treated mice after 12 weeks of treatment. Rapamycin, but not vehicle, treatment increased tear secretion and decreased corneal fluorescein staining after 12 weeks. In rapamycin-treated mice, Cathepsin S activity was significantly reduced by 3.75-fold in tears (P < 0.0001) and 1.68-fold in lacrimal gland lysates (P = 0.003) relative to vehicle-treated mice. Rapamycin significantly altered the expression of several genes linked to Sjögren's syndrome pathogenesis, including major histocompatibility complex II, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12a, as well as Akt3, an effector of autophagy. Conclusions Our findings suggest that topical rapamycin reduces autoimmune-mediated lacrimal gland inflammation while improving ocular surface integrity and tear secretion, and thus has potential for treating Sjögren's syndrome–associated dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Maria C Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Srikanth Reddy Janga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Frances Yarber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jonathan Bushman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stan Louie
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Arjun Mehta
- Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Chuanqing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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RelA-Mediated BECN1 Expression Is Required for Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Autophagy in Oral Cancer Cells Exposed to Low-Power Laser Irradiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160586. [PMID: 27632526 PMCID: PMC5025201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is a non-invasive and safe method for cancer treatment that alters a variety of physiological processes in the cells. Autophagy can play either a cytoprotective role or a detrimental role in cancer cells exposed to stress. The detailed mechanisms of autophagy and its role on cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells exposed to LPLI remain unclear. In this study, we showed that LPLI at 810 nm with energy density 60 J/cm2 increased the number of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3) puncta and increased autophagic flux in oral cancer cells. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was induced, which increased RelA transcriptional activity and beclin 1 (BECN1) expression in oral cancer cells irradiated with LPLI. Furthermore, ROS scavenger or knockdown of RelA diminished LPLI-induced BECN1 expression and MAP1LC3-II conversion. In addition, pharmacological and genetic ablation of autophagy significantly enhanced the effects of LPLI-induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells. These results suggest that autophagy may be a resistant mechanism for LPLI-induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells.
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