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Chew RJJ, Tan KS, Chen T, Al-Hebshi NN, Goh CE. Quantifying periodontitis-associated oral dysbiosis in tongue and saliva microbiomes-An integrated data analysis. J Periodontol 2024. [PMID: 39007741 DOI: 10.1002/jper.24-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is primarily driven by subgingival biofilm dysbiosis. However, the quantification and impact of this periodontal dysbiosis on other oral microbial niches remain unclear. This study seeks to quantify the dysbiotic changes in tongue and salivary microbiomes resulting from periodontitis by applying a clinically relevant dysbiosis index to an integrated data analysis. METHODS The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database was searched to identify BioProjects with published studies on salivary and tongue microbiomes of healthy and periodontitis subjects. Raw sequence datasets were processed using a standardized bioinformatic pipeline and categorized by their ecological niche and periodontal status. The subgingival microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI), a dysbiosis index originally developed using the subgingival microbiome, was computed at species and genus levels and customized for each niche. Its diagnostic accuracy for periodontitis was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS Four studies, contributing 328 microbiome samples, were included. At both species and genus levels, periodontitis samples had a higher SMDI, but the differences were only significant for subgingival biofilm and saliva (p < 0.001). However, SMDI showed good diagnostic accuracy for periodontitis status for all three niches (area under curve ranging from 0.76 to 0.90, p < 0.05). The dysbiosis index of subgingival biofilm was positively correlated with saliva consistently (p < 0.001) and with the tongue at the genus level (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS While the impact on the tongue microbiome requires further investigation, periodontitis-associated dysbiosis affects the salivary microbiome and is quantifiable using the dysbiosis index. The diagnostic potential of salivary microbial dysbiosis as a convenient periodontal biomarker for assessing periodontal status has potential public health and clinical applications. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Periodontitis, a severe inflammation of the gums which causes bone loss, is a disease caused by an imbalance of good and bad bacteria under the gums. However, it is unclear how this bacterial imbalance in the gums affects the bacterial balance of other distinct parts of the mouth, such as the saliva and tongue. This study uses bacteria datasets of four previously published studies, contributing a total of 328 bacterial samples. The data were processed using a uniform data analysis workflow, and a bacterial score, the subgingival microbial dysbiosis index (SMDI), previously shown to capture periodontitis-associated bacteria imbalance, was calculated separately for samples from under the gums, the saliva, and the tongue. The SMDI was able to distinguish between health and periodontitis within each oral location, and in general, the scores were higher for periodontitis samples, though this difference was significant only for bacteria under the gums and in saliva. Saliva scores were also consistently correlated with bacteria under the gums. This study shows that periodontitis-associated bacterial imbalances are observed in oral locations beyond just under the gums, particularly the saliva. Thus, saliva bacteria may be used as a convenient biomarker for assessing gum disease, allowing for potential public health and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Jacob Chew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Soo Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsute Chen
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Enhui Goh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Ryu EP, Gautam Y, Proctor DM, Bhandari D, Tandukar S, Gupta M, Gautam GP, Relman DA, Shibl AA, Sherchand JB, Jha AR, Davenport ER. Nepali oral microbiomes reflect a gradient of lifestyles from traditional to industrialized. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601557. [PMID: 39005279 PMCID: PMC11244963 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Lifestyle plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiome. However, its contributions to the oral microbiome remains less clear, due to the confounding effects of geography and methodology in investigations of populations studied to date. Furthermore, while the oral microbiome seems to differ between foraging and industrialized populations, we lack insight into whether transitions to and away from agrarian lifestyles shape the oral microbiota. Given the growing interest in so-called 'vanishing microbiomes' potentially being a risk factor for increased disease prevalence in industrialized populations, it is important that we distinguish lifestyle from geography in the study of microbiomes across populations. Results Here, we investigate salivary microbiomes of 63 Nepali individuals representing a spectrum of lifestyles: foraging, subsistence farming (individuals that transitioned from foraging to farming within the last 50 years), agriculturalists (individuals that have transitioned to farming for at least 300 years), and industrialists (expatriates that immigrated to the United States within the last 20 years). We characterize the role of lifestyle in microbial diversity, identify microbes that differ between lifestyles, and pinpoint specific lifestyle factors that may be contributing to differences in the microbiomes across populations. Contrary to prevailing views, when geography is controlled for, oral microbiome alpha diversity does not differ significantly across lifestyles. Microbiome composition, however, follows the gradient of lifestyles from foraging through agrarianism to industrialism, supporting the notion that lifestyle indeed plays a role in the oral microbiome. Relative abundances of several individual taxa, including Streptobacillus and an unclassified Porphyromonadaceae genus, also mirror lifestyle. Finally, we identify specific lifestyle factors associated with microbiome composition across the gradient of lifestyles, including smoking and grain source. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that by controlling for geography, we can isolate an important role for lifestyle in determining oral microbiome composition. In doing so, we highlight the potential contributions of several lifestyle factors, underlining the importance of carefully examining the oral microbiome across lifestyles to improve our understanding of global microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica P. Ryu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yoshina Gautam
- Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Diana M. Proctor
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dinesh Bhandari
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarmila Tandukar
- Public Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Organization for Public Health and Environment Management, Lalitpur, Bagmati, Nepal
| | - Meera Gupta
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - David A. Relman
- Departments of Medicine, and of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ahmed A. Shibl
- Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, and Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Aashish R. Jha
- Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, and Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Emily R. Davenport
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Lavilla-Lerma ML, Aibar-Almazán A, Martínez-Amat A, Jiménez-García JD, Hita-Contreras F. Moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training modulate the composition of the oral microbiota of elderly adults: Randomized controlled trial. Maturitas 2024; 185:107973. [PMID: 38579579 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigates the effects of 16-week high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the composition of the oral microbiota. To the best of our knowledge, at the time of writing this paper no other scholars had described the oral metagenomic changes associated with prescribed exercise in older adults. METHODS Forty-three participants aged 60-74 years were randomized 1:1:1 to a control group, high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training twice weekly for 16 weeks. Saliva samples were sequenced at baseline, week 8 and week 16 of intervention. RESULTS High-intensity interval training produced significant differences over time in Richness and a clear trend to decreased Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. In contrast, Simpson and Shannon indices showed an upward trend over time with moderate-intensity continuous training, which also decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes levels. Significant differences in the abundance of pathogenic species were also observed after the participants completed the exercise interventions of either type. CONCLUSIONS Both types of exercise promoted subtle changes in the oral microbiota, confirming the modulatory effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the oral microbiome. Clinical trial registration NCT05220670.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustín Aibar-Almazán
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Antonio Martínez-Amat
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | | | - Fidel Hita-Contreras
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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Yu S, Chu J, Wu Y, Zhuang J, Qu Z, Song Y, Wu X, Han S. Third-generation PacBio sequencing to explore gut bacteria and gender in colorectal cancer. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106684. [PMID: 38759934 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria have an important influence on colorectal cancer (CRC). The differences of gut bacteria between genders have been the hot spots. OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between gut bacteria and gender differences in patients with CRC. METHODS A total of 212 patients with CRC and 212 healthy volunteers were recruited. The subjects' fecal samples were obtained, and the fecal microorganisms were analyzed by the third-generation sequencing PacBio. The composition of gut bacteria was analyzed. Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) was used to analyze the differences in gut bacteria. Pearson coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between differential bacteria. CRC risk prediction models were used to rank the importance of effective differential bacteria. RESULTS Escherichia flexneri and Phocaeicola vulgatus were the most frequent bacteria in both male and female CRC patients. Bacteroides, Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansiaceae were highly enriched in male CRC group, while Bacteroidetes, Phocaeicola and Tissierellales were highly enriched in female CRC group. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Phocaeicola vulgatus were important CRC related bacteria in males and females, respectively. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius was the most important characteristic bacterium of males (AUC = 0.951), and the sensitivity and specificity of the discovery set were 78.74 % and 93.98 %, respectively. Blautia stercoris was the most important characteristic bacterium of females (AUC = 0.966), and the sensitivity and specificity of the discovery set were 90.63 % and 90.63 %, respectively. CONCLUSION Gut bacteria varied in different genders. Therefore, gender should be considered when gut bacteria are applied in the diagnose and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhang Wu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbo Qu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Song
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Han
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Multiomics Research and Clinical Transformation of Digestive Cancer of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kageyama S, Takeshita T. Development and establishment of oral microbiota in early life. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:300-303. [PMID: 38703995 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral microbiota has recently attracted attention owing to its association with oral and systemic diseases. Accordingly, gaining an understanding of oral microbiota development and the factors influencing it can contribute to preventing the establishment of dysbiotic oral microbiota and, eventually, oral microbiota-related diseases. HIGHLIGHT In this review, we highlight the results of a longitudinal project focusing on oral microbiota development during early life. At 4 months of age, the oral microbiota of infants was found to differ considerably from the maternal oral microbiota, even though infants acquire oral bacteria from their mothers. At 18 months, although the infant microbiota is still not completely comparable with that of adults, from 4 to 18 months, there is a rapid phase of development, during which the microbial composition undergoes considerable change to a profile more similar to that in adults. During this development, the infant oral microbiota converges into two different profiles with adult-like traits, namely, Streptococcus salivarius- and Neisseria-dominant profiles. This divergence is strongly influenced by dietary habits, with a frequent intake of sweetened beverages being associated with an S. salivarius-dominant profile, which is suspected to be implicated in oral and systemic diseases. CONCLUSION The foundation of the adult oral microbiota may be established by 18 months of age, and the developmental period from 4 to 18 months may be an appropriate period during which to modify the microbial balance to obtain a desirable healthy state. In particular, dietary habits during this period warrant close attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kageyama
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Dahlquist-Axe G, Standeven FJ, Speller CF, Tedder A, Meehan CJ. Inferring diet, disease and antibiotic resistance from ancient human oral microbiomes. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001251. [PMID: 38739117 PMCID: PMC11165619 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between a host and its microbiome is an area of intense study. For the human host, it is known that the various body-site-associated microbiomes impact heavily on health and disease states. For instance, the oral microbiome is a source of various pathogens and potential antibiotic resistance gene pools. The effect of historical changes to the human host and environment to the associated microbiome, however, has been less well explored. In this review, we characterize several historical and prehistoric events which are considered to have impacted the oral environment and therefore the bacterial communities residing within it. The link between evolutionary changes to the oral microbiota and the significant societal and behavioural changes occurring during the pre-Neolithic, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution and Antibiotic Era is outlined. While previous studies suggest the functional profile of these communities may have shifted over the centuries, there is currently a gap in knowledge that needs to be filled. Biomolecular archaeological evidence of innate antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome shows an increase in the abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes since the advent and widespread use of antibiotics in the modern era. Nevertheless, a lack of research into the prevalence and evolution of antimicrobial resistance within the oral microbiome throughout history hinders our ability to combat antimicrobial resistance in the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyn Dahlquist-Axe
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Camilla F. Speller
- Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew Tedder
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Conor J. Meehan
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Lin G, Kageyama S, Maeda A, Sakamoto E, Ma J, Asakawa M, Furuta M, Yamashita Y, Takeshita T. Oral-to-rectum microbial transmission in orthopedic patients without a history of intestinal disorders. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1358684. [PMID: 38660493 PMCID: PMC11039792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1358684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The enrichment of oral taxa in the gut has recently been reported as a notable alteration in the microbial balance in patients with intestinal disorders. However, translocation in populations without such diseases remains controversial. In this study, we examined 49 pairs of tongue and rectal samples collected from orthopedic patients without a history of intestinal disorders to verify the presence of oral taxa in the rectal microbiota. The bacterial composition of each sample was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis. Although the bacterial compositions of the tongue and rectal microbiota were distinctly different, tongue ASVs were detected in 67.3% of the participants and accounted for 0.0%-9.37% of the rectal microbiota. Particularly, Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus parasanguinis were abundant in the rectal microbiota. According to the network analysis, tongue taxa, such as S. salivarius and S. parasanguinis, formed a cohabiting group with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Alistipes finegoldii in the rectal microbiota. The total abundance of tongue ASVs in the rectal microbiota was significantly higher in participants with older age, hypertension, and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. Our study presents an extensive translocation of oral taxa to the rectum of a population without intestinal disorders and suggests that aging, hypertension, and PPI use are associated with an increased abundance of oral taxa and potential pathogenic bacteria in the rectal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Lin
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Kageyama
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aiko Maeda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiale Ma
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikari Asakawa
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michiko Furuta
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Baima G, Ferrocino I, Del Lupo V, Colonna E, Thumbigere-Math V, Caviglia GP, Franciosa I, Mariani GM, Romandini M, Ribaldone DG, Romano F, Aimetti M. Effect of Periodontitis and Periodontal Therapy on Oral and Gut Microbiota. J Dent Res 2024; 103:359-368. [PMID: 38362600 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that periodontitis-related oral bacteria may contribute to gut microbial dysbiosis. This clinical study aimed to explore the oral-gut microbial signatures associated with periodontitis and to longitudinally evaluate the effect of periodontal treatment on the oral and gut microbial composition. Stool and saliva samples from generalized stage III/IV periodontitis patients (n = 47) were collected and analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, before and 3 mo after steps I to II of periodontal therapy. Periodontally healthy matched subjects (n = 47) were used as controls. Principal component analysis was carried out to identify oral-gut microbial profiles between periodontitis patients at baseline and healthy subjects; periodontitis samples were longitudinally compared before and after treatment. β-Diversity of gut microbial profiles of periodontitis patients before treatment significantly differed from healthy controls (P < 0.001). Periodontal therapy was associated with a significant change in gut microbiota (P < 0.001), with post-treatment microbial profiles similar to healthy volunteers. A higher abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Fusobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae was noted in fecal samples of periodontitis patients at baseline compared to healthy controls. In contrast, Lactobacillus was the only genus more abundant in the latter. Additionally, periodontal therapy led to a parallel reduction in the salivary carriage of periodontal pathobionts, as well as gut Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, to levels similar to healthy controls. Collectively, discriminating oral-gut microbial signatures of periodontitis were found. Periodontal treatment both mitigated oral dysbiosis and altered gut microbial composition, signifying potential broader implications for gastrointestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baima
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - I Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - V Del Lupo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Colonna
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - V Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontology, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G P Caviglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - I Franciosa
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G M Mariani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Romandini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - D G Ribaldone
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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9
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Buetas E, Jordán-López M, López-Roldán A, Mira A, Carda-Diéguez M. Impact of Periodontitis on the Leakage of Oral Bacteria to the Gut. J Dent Res 2024; 103:289-297. [PMID: 38193290 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231221709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and periodontitis have recently been related due to the higher incidence of CRC in periodontal patients and the involvement of periodontal pathogens in carcinogenesis, suggesting that leakage from the oral cavity to the gut occurs. However, the magnitude of this pass-through in healthy individuals is controversial, and the effect that periodontitis could play in it is understudied. To evaluate the rate of bacterial leakage from the oral cavity to the gut, we analyzed the microbial composition of saliva, subgingival plaque, and fecal samples in healthy individuals without gastrointestinal disorders, including 20 periodontitis patients and 20 oral healthy controls, using PacBio full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As expected, we observed a higher abundance of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque and saliva of periodontal patients. In contrast, no significant differences were found between the fecal samples of both groups, implying that gut samples from periodontal patients were not enriched in periodontal pathogens. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a biomarker of CRC, was not found in the fecal samples of any participant. Our study does show a small leakage of some oral bacteria (mainly streptococci) to the gut, regardless of periodontal health status. Future studies should test whether other host factors and/or the preexistence of a gut disorder must be present in addition to periodontitis to promote the colonization of the gut by oral pathogens. The absence of periodontal pathogens in feces supports the idea that these bacteria could be used as biomarkers of intestinal disorders, including CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Buetas
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Jordán-López
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - A López-Roldán
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carda-Diéguez
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Rashidi A, Gem H, McLean JS, Kerns K, Dean DR, Dey N, Minot S. Multi-cohort shotgun metagenomic analysis of oral and gut microbiota overlap in healthy adults. Sci Data 2024; 11:75. [PMID: 38228614 PMCID: PMC10792082 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The multitude of barriers between the mouth and colon may eliminate swallowed oral bacteria. Ascertaining the presence of the same bacteria in the mouth and colon is methodologically challenging partly because 16S rRNA gene sequencing - the most commonly used method to characterize the human microbiota - has low confidence in taxonomic assignments deeper than genus for most bacteria. As different species of the same genus can have low-level variation across the same 16S rRNA gene region, shotgun sequencing is needed to identify a true overlap. We analyzed a curated, multi-cohort, shotgun metagenomic database with species-level taxonomy and clade-specific marker genes to fill this knowledge gap. Using 500 paired fecal/oral (4 oral sites) samples from 4 healthy adult cohorts, we found a minute overlap between the two niches. Comparing marker genes between paired oral and fecal samples with species-level overlap, the pattern of overlap in only 7 individuals was consistent with same-strain colonization. These findings argue against ectopic colonization of oral bacteria in the distal gut in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hakan Gem
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - David R Dean
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Neelendu Dey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Minot
- Microbiome Research Initiative, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Tortora SC, Agurto MG, Martello LA. The oral-gut-circulatory axis: from homeostasis to colon cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289452. [PMID: 38029267 PMCID: PMC10663299 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is widely recognized as providing crucial health benefits to its host, specifically by modulating immune homeostasis. Microbial imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is linked to several conditions in the body. The oral cavity and gut host the two largest microbial communities playing a major role in microbial-associated diseases. While the oral-gut axis has been previously explored, our review uniquely highlights the significance of incorporating the circulatory system into this axis. The interaction between immune cells, inflammatory factors, circulating bacteria, and microbial metabolites influences the homeostasis of both the oral and gut microbiota in a bidirectional manner. In this comprehensive review, we aim to describe the bacterial components of the oral-gut-circulatory axis in both health and disease, with a specific focus on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C. Tortora
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Maria Gonzalez Agurto
- Departamento de Rehabilitación Craneofacial Integral, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura A. Martello
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
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12
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Kageyama S, Ma J, Furuta M, Takeshita T, Asakawa M, Okabe Y, Yamashita Y. Establishment of tongue microbiota by 18 months of age and determinants of its microbial profile. mBio 2023; 14:e0133723. [PMID: 37819142 PMCID: PMC10653898 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01337-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding the development of oral microbiota early in life and the factors that influence it is important for preventing the establishment of dysbiotic oral microbiota later in life. This study demonstrates that the tongue microbiota undergoes early development from 4 to 18 months of age and converges into two types of microbiota showing indications of adult characteristics, with either S. salivarius or Neisseria-dominance. Interestingly, their divergence was strongly determined by their weaning status and the dietary frequencies of sweetened beverages, snacks, and fruits, suggesting that dietary habits during this period might influence the establishment of the oral microbiota. These findings may contribute to the development of novel preventive strategies against oral microbiota-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kageyama
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiale Ma
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michiko Furuta
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikari Asakawa
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuka Okabe
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Baima G, Ribaldone DG, Romano F, Aimetti M, Romandini M. The Gum-Gut Axis: Periodontitis and the Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4594. [PMID: 37760563 PMCID: PMC10526746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis has been linked to an increased risk of various chronic non-communicable diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers. Indeed, dysbiosis of the oral microbiome and immune-inflammatory pathways related to periodontitis may impact the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs through the so-called "gum-gut axis". In addition to the hematogenous spread of periodontal pathogens and inflammatory cytokines, recent research suggests that oral pathobionts may translocate to the gastrointestinal tract through saliva, possibly impacting neoplastic processes in the gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic systems. The exact mechanisms by which oral pathogens contribute to the development of digestive tract cancers are not fully understood but may involve dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, chronic inflammation, and immune modulation/evasion, mainly through the interaction with T-helper and monocytic cells. Specifically, keystone periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are known to interact with the molecular hallmarks of gastrointestinal cancers, inducing genomic mutations, and promote a permissive immune microenvironment by impairing anti-tumor checkpoints. The evidence gathered here suggests a possible role of periodontitis and oral dysbiosis in the carcinogenesis of the enteral tract. The "gum-gut axis" may therefore represent a promising target for the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Baima
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (G.B.); (F.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mario Romandini
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
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