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Sneddon LU, Schroeder P, Roque A, Finger-Baier K, Fleming A, Tinman S, Collet B. Pain management in zebrafish : Report from a FELASA Working Group. Lab Anim 2024; 58:261-276. [PMID: 38051824 PMCID: PMC11264547 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231198733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests fishes meet the criteria for experiencing pain beyond a reasonable doubt and zebrafish are being increasingly used in studies of pain and nociception. Zebrafish are adopted across a wide range of experimental fields and their use is growing particularly in biomedical studies. Many laboratory procedures in zebrafish involve tissue damage and this may give rise to pain. Therefore, this FELASA Working Group reviewed the evidence for pain in zebrafish, the indicators used to assess pain and the impact of a range of drugs with pain-relieving properties. We report that there are several behavioural indicators that can be used to determine pain, including reduced activity, space use and distance travelled. Pain-relieving drugs prevent these responses, and we highlight the dose and administration route. To minimise or avoid pain, several refinements are suggested for common laboratory procedures. Finally, practical suggestions are made for the management and alleviation of pain in laboratory zebrafish, including recommendations for analgesia. Pain management is an important refinement in experimental animal use and so our report has the potential to improve zebrafish welfare during and after invasive procedures in laboratories across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne U Sneddon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Schroeder
- Red Kite Veterinary Consultants, 30 Upper High Street, Thame, Oxon, OX9 3EZ, UK
| | | | - Karin Finger-Baier
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology (now: Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence), Department Genes – Circuits – Behaviour, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angeleen Fleming
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tinman
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan, Israel
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Kim SW, Jung WJ, Han SH, Kim SK, Ro H, Kim HJ, Tae JU, Na YR, Seok SH. Current Status of the Zebrafish Euthanasia and Humane Endpoint in the Republic of Korea and Guideline Suggestion from Nationwide Expert Elicitation: A Model for Other Countries. Zebrafish 2024; 21:53-66. [PMID: 38377344 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2023.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction as a model organism in the 1980s, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in research has expanded worldwide. Despite its now widespread use in research, guidelines to safeguard the ethical treatment of zebrafish, particularly with regard to euthanasia and humane endpoint practices, remain inadequate. One well-recognized example is the use of excess tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as a means to euthanize zebrafish, regardless of life stage. In this study, through nationwide expert elicitation, we provide a detailed account of zebrafish research practices within the Republic of Korea and the challenges of implementing appropriate methods for euthanasia as a humane endpoint, with many opting for hypothermic shock. We report a local expert consensus for establishing national guidelines to improve zebrafish welfare and good research practice. Suggestions and recommendations for national guidelines were offered. Taken together, our findings raise awareness broadly among zebrafish research practitioners in the field, offer an accurate account of the welfare and treatment of zebrafish in research within the Republic of Korea, and advocate for the development and implementation of national guidelines. As such, our study is useful as a model to adopt the expert elicitation approach to investigate, quantify, and address welfare concerns in zebrafish research, and to establish best practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wha Kim
- Macrophage Lab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Han
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyeong Kim
- Macrophage Lab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui Jin Kim
- Animal Welfare Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Un Tae
- Planning and Coordination Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Rang Na
- Translational Immunology Lab, Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Macrophage Lab, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shakya M, Holland A, Klein AR, Rees GN, Laird J, McCallum JC, Ryan CG, Silvester E. Biomolecular modifications in the sacfry of Mogurnda adspersa in response to copper stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106179. [PMID: 35576718 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is one of the most harmful contaminants in fresh-water systems. Fish larvae such as sacfry are particularly vulnerable to metals such as copper (Cu) due to a less-developed excretory organ system and permeable skin that can absorb metals directly from the water. However, the sublethal effects of metals on this life stage are not well understood. This study assessed the sublethal toxicity of Cu on purple-spotted gudgeon sacfry (PSG, Mogurnda adspersa). For this purpose, 96 h Cu toxicity bioassays were performed and toxic effects of Cu on PSG were measured at different levels of biological organization, from the individual (loss of equilibrium, wet weight), to tissue (chemical changes in retinal tissue composition) and molecular responses (whole body amino acid (AA) profiles). The EC10 and EC50 (ECx: effect concentration that affected X% of test organisms) were found to be 12 (9 - 15) µg Cu L-1 and 22 (19 - 24) µg Cu L-1, respectively. Copper stress caused a decrease in total amino acid content and changed the AA profile of PSG compared to the controls. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) mapping techniques showed accumulation of Cu in the retinal tissues disturbing the distribution of other elements such as zinc, sulfur, phosphorus and potassium. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of control and Cu treated eye tissues revealed a change in protein secondary structure in retinal tissues in response to Cu accumulation, as well as decreased levels of the molecular retinal, consistent with the degradation of rhodopsin, a key protein in the visual sensory system. This is the first study to demonstrate the multi-level responses of PSG arising from exposure to environmentally realistic Cu concentrations and suggests that AA profiling can serve as a useful tool to assess the impacts of metals on fresh-water organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Shakya
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, 3690, Australia.
| | - Aleicia Holland
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, 3690, Australia
| | - Annaleise R Klein
- Infrared Microspectroscopy (IRM) Beamline, ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Gavin N Rees
- CSIRO Land and Water, and Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW, 2640, Australia
| | - Jamie Laird
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Chris G Ryan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Normanby Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ewen Silvester
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution (DEEE), La Trobe University, Albury/Wodonga Campus, VIC, 3690, Australia
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Ismailov II, Scharping JB, Andreeva IE, Friedlander MJ. Antarctic teleosts with and without hemoglobin behaviorally mitigate deleterious effects of acute environmental warming. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252359. [PMID: 34818342 PMCID: PMC8612528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies forecast that many ectothermic animals, especially aquatic stenotherms, may not be able to thrive or even survive predicted climate change. These projections, however, generally do not call much attention to the role of behavior, an essential thermoregulatory mechanism of many ectotherms. Here we characterize species-specific locomotor and respiratory responses to acute ambient warming in two highly stenothermic Antarctic Notothenioid fishes, one of which (Chaenocephalus aceratus) lacks hemoglobin and appears to be less tolerant to thermal stress as compared to the other (Notothenia coriiceps), which expresses hemoglobin. At the onset of ambient warming, both species perform distinct locomotor maneuvers that appear to include avoidance reactions. In response to unavoidable progressive hyperthermia, fishes demonstrate a range of species-specific maneuvers, all of which appear to provide some mitigation of the deleterious effects of obligatory thermoconformation and to compensate for increasing metabolic demand by enhancing the efficacy of branchial respiration. As temperature continues to rise, Chaenocephalus aceratus supplements these behaviors with intensive pectoral fin fanning which may facilitate cutaneous respiration through its scaleless integument, and Notothenia coriiceps manifests respiratory-locomotor coupling during repetitive startle-like maneuvers which may further augment gill ventilation. The latter behaviors, found only in Notothenia coriiceps, have highly stereotyped appearance resembling Fixed Action Pattern sequences. Altogether, this behavioral flexibility could contribute to the reduction of the detrimental effects of acute thermal stress within a limited thermal range. In an ecologically relevant setting, this may enable efficient thermoregulation of fishes by habitat selection, thus facilitating their resilience in persistent environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander I Ismailov
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jordan B Scharping
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Iraida E Andreeva
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael J Friedlander
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Katsiadaki I, Ellis T, Andersen L, Antczak P, Blaker E, Burden N, Fisher T, Green C, Labram B, Pearson A, Petersen K, Pickford D, Ramsden C, Rønneseth A, Ryder K, Sacker D, Stevens C, Watanabe H, Yamamoto H, Sewell F, Hawkins P, Rufli H, Handy RD, Maynard SK, Jacobs MN. Dying for change: A roadmap to refine the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years of applying a lethal endpoint. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112585. [PMID: 34365212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fish acute toxicity test (TG203; OECD, 2019) is frequently used and highly embedded in hazard and risk assessment globally. The test estimates the concentration of a chemical that kills 50% of the fish (LC50) over a 96 h exposure and is considered one of the most severe scientific procedures undertaken. Over the years, discussions at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have resulted in changes to the test which reduce the number of fish used, as well as the development of a (potential) replacement test (TG236, OECD, 2013). However, refinement of the mortality endpoint with an earlier (moribundity) endpoint was not considered feasible during the Test Guideline's (TG) last update in 2019. Several stakeholders met at a UK-based workshop to discuss how TG203 can be refined, and identified two key opportunities to reduce fish suffering: (1) application of clinical signs that predict mortality and (2) shortening the test duration. However, several aspects need to be addressed before these refinements can be adopted. TG203 has required recording of major categories of sublethal clinical signs since its conception, with the option to record more detailed signs introduced in the 2019 update. However, in the absence of guidance, differences in identification, recording and reporting of clinical signs between technicians and laboratories is likely to have generated piecemeal data of varying quality. Harmonisation of reporting templates, and training in clinical sign recognition and recording are needed to standardise clinical sign data. This is critical to enable robust data-driven detection of clinical signs that predict mortality. Discussions suggested that the 96 h duration of TG203 cannot stand up to scientific scrutiny. Feedback and data from UK contract research organisations (CROs) conducting the test were that a substantial proportion of mortalities occur in the first 24 h. Refinement of TG203 by shortening the test duration would reduce suffering (and test failure rate) but requires a mechanism to correct new results to previous 96 h LC50 data. The actions needed to implement both refinement opportunities are summarised here within a roadmap. A shift in regulatory assessment, where the 96 h LC50 is a familiar base for decisions, will also be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Tim Ellis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Philipp Antczak
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ellen Blaker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack road, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Natalie Burden
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Tom Fisher
- Chemical Regulation Division, Mallard House, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX, UK
| | | | | | - Audrey Pearson
- Environment Agency, Chemical Assessment Unit, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, UK
| | | | - Dan Pickford
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Chris Ramsden
- AgroChemex Environmental, Aldhams Research Farm, Dead Lane, Lawford, Manningtree, Essex CO11 2NF, UK
| | - Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathy Ryder
- Northern Ireland Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA) Inspectorate, Room C4.3, Castle Buildings, Stormont Estate, Belfast BT4 3SQ, UK
| | - Dominic Sacker
- Covance CRS Research Limited, Shardlow Business Park, London Road, Shardlow DE72 2GD, UK
| | | | - Haruna Watanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
| | | | | | - Penny Hawkins
- Animals in Science Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 9RS, UK
| | - Hans Rufli
- ecotoxsolutions, Unterer Rheinweg 114, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Samuel K Maynard
- AstraZeneca, Global Sustainability, Eastbrook House, Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 8DU, UK
| | - Miriam N Jacobs
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental, Hazards Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0RQ, UK
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