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Bolaséll LT, Castro da Cruz Oliveira V, Frimm VC, Menda CC, Maria Rodrigues CS, Kristensen CH. "I Have No Words": A Qualitative Study About the Traumatic Experience of Violent Death. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024; 88:1136-1152. [PMID: 34911403 DOI: 10.1177/00302228211051532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals bereaved by violent death have a higher risk of developing psychopathology. Consistent data concerning the subjective experience during the traumatic event of the death are still scarce. This study aimed to explore the traumatic experience of the violent death of a loved one. Nine reports of patients bereaved by violence were selected and transcribed. Reports were analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis. Two final categories were generated. It was observed that most participants remembered details about the traumatic event or the time they were told about the violent death. There were two factors described as important when coping with the loss, social support during the traumatic event, and receiving detailed information from the authorities and others present in that moment. This study provides relevant data for future interventions during violent situations by health and security professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Teixeira Bolaséll
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Study and Research in Traumatic Stress, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Castro da Cruz Oliveira
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Study and Research in Traumatic Stress, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitor Corrêa Frimm
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Study and Research in Traumatic Stress, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Castiel Menda
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Study and Research in Traumatic Stress, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Santa Maria Rodrigues
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Studies in Families and Individuals (CEFI), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Christian Haag Kristensen
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center of Study and Research in Traumatic Stress, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hava D. An Ecological Review of Homicide Bereavement's Risk Factors: Implications for Future Research. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:413-429. [PMID: 36869782 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231155527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This literature review focused on homicide bereavement (HB) risk factors. A content analysis was conducted on 83 empirical papers published in English from January 2000 to December 2021 in peer-reviewed journals. Extracted HB risk factors were synthesized according to six main dimensions: individual level; situational homicide-related factors; and micro, meso, exo, and macro social levels. The review demonstrates that macro-level and situational homicide-related risk factors are in special need of further study. In addition, how HB risk factors interact with one another to influence HB also requires further study. Future research may benefit from examining whether and how individuals experiencing HB influence related factors at various social levels. Last, given that almost all reviewed studies were conducted in Western societies, the sociocultural and ethnic diversity in HB risk factors is in dire need of future study.
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Tonkin K. It IS Who You Know: The Power of Supervisors in Awarding and Administering Bereavement Leave. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221129423. [PMID: 36134909 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221129423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, the researcher explored the effect that supervisors have on the availability and flexibility of bereavement leave for employees who have experienced the death of a loved one. A qualitative phenomenological approach was applied in Zoom interviews of 23 participants who provided detailed feedback on their overall experience of managing personal and professional responsibilities during bereavement based on the ways that formal and informal policies were applied. Barclay and Kang's bereavement at work model guided a series of semi-structured interviews, and questions were based upon Bauer's questionnaire about grief in the workplace. A high number of participants (20/23) noted that their relationship with their supervisor either positively or negatively affected their experience with workplace bereavement policies. Four overall themes were noted: general importance of relationship with supervisor, supervisor flexibility in awarding leave, employee perception of organizational justice, and supervisor control of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Tonkin
- Saint Francis University, Shields School of Business, Loretto, PA, USA
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Kim Y, Lee DH, Jeon HJ. A Longitudinal Perspective on Bereaved Parent's Changes in Life Experience after the 2014 Sewol Ferry Sinking. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022; 85:520-553. [PMID: 32772640 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820947238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared reports of parental life experiences from bereaved parents at two and five years after the death of their adolescent children due to the sinking of the Sewol Ferry in South Korea. Twelve bereaved parents (eight mothers and four fathers from eight families) were interviewed regarding the changes and stabilities they experienced over time at two time points of data collection. Twenty-eight in-depth interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Outcomes of parental bereavement and changes in life over time may be classified into four main categories: (a) personal changes, (b) changes in perspectives, (c) changes in family relationship, and (d) changes in social relationship and work attitude. This study includes a detailed examination of the phenomenon among the bereaved parents. Discussions and implications are provided based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Kim
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Education, Traumatic Stress Center, Sungkyunkwan University College of Education, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schiff M, Elkins Y, Aharoni E, Weisler-Mamou I, Parnas Goldberger S, Simhon Y. Bereavement among Israeli parents who lost children in military service: Protective factors for coping with loss. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:1266-1275. [PMID: 32903171 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1815102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examined parental coping with grief and identified protective factors for better coping among parents who suffered the loss of a child during military service in Israel. Coping indicators included complicated grief, functioning in life tasks, succeeding in living meaningful lives, and personal growth. Participants were 164 parents who had lost children 5-16 years previously. We found strong associations between parents' decision to continue life despite traumatic loss and several indicators of coping. Meaning-making was associated with better functioning and greater personal growth. Practitioners should explore with parents the internal struggles about deciding whether to continue in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schiff
- Paul Berwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoni Elkins
- Paul Berwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eti Aharoni
- Jerusalem District Department of Families and Commemoration, the Israel Defense Ministry, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idit Weisler-Mamou
- Jerusalem District Department of Families and Commemoration, the Israel Defense Ministry, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarit Parnas Goldberger
- Jerusalem District Department of Families and Commemoration, the Israel Defense Ministry, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yardena Simhon
- Jerusalem District Department of Families and Commemoration, the Israel Defense Ministry, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kristensen P, Dyregrov K, Gjestad R. Different Trajectories of Prolonged Grief in Bereaved Family Members After Terror. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:545368. [PMID: 33192660 PMCID: PMC7591785 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.545368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The loss of a loved one in a terror incident is associated with elevated risk for mental health disorders such as prolonged grief disorder (PGD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the long- term adaptation after such losses are not well understood. This study aims to explore the trajectories of PGD among parents and siblings (n = 129) after the 2011 terror attack on Utøya Island, Norway. Methods: The 19-item Inventory of Complicated grief (ICG) was used to measure PGD at 18, 28, and 40 months post-loss. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was used to identify trajectories of grief and a multinomial regression analysis was conducted to examine predictors of class membership. Results: The analysis identified three grief trajectories; moderate/decreasing class (23%), high/slow decreasing class (64%), and a high/chronic class (13%). Predictors of high/slow recovery or chronic grief was female gender, previous depressive symptoms, and intrusion and avoidance symptoms. Conclusion: The findings highlights the difficult grief process and slow recovery that characterizes the majority of close family members bereaved by a terror-incident. Community mental health programs should strive for both early outreach and long-term follow-up after such incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristensen
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kari Dyregrov
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Gjestad
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Research Department, Division of Mental Health, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Fernández-Basanta S, Van P, Coronado C, Torres M, Movilla-Fernández MJ. Coping After Involuntary Pregnancy Loss: Perspectives of Spanish European Women. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 83:310-324. [DOI: 10.1177/0030222819852849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this qualitative study was to discover the coping strategies used by Spanish (European) women to cope with a pregnancy loss. Sixteen women with miscarriages and stillbirths were interviewed. All of the women were Spanish European. The mean age of the women was 35 years, and most were university graduates, married, employed, and with living children. Audio-recorded interviews and field notes were transcribed and then subsequently coded and analyzed in individual or team sessions. Construction and confirmation of the categories and related themes derived from the data was a collaborative process. Two themes emerged regarding the coping strategies used by women: talking and avoiding. This study expands the theoretical model “Multicultural Model of Coping after Pregnancy Loss” and guides health providers regarding interventions used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández-Basanta
- Research Group GRINCAR, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of A Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Paulina Van
- School of Nursing, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Carmen Coronado
- Research Group GRINCAR, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of A Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- School of Nursing, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - María-Jesús Movilla-Fernández
- Research Group GRINCAR, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of A Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
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Dyregrov K, Kristensen P, Dyregrov A. A Relational Perspective on Social Support Between Bereaved and Their Networks After Terror: A Qualitative Study. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2018; 5:2333393618792076. [PMID: 30116765 PMCID: PMC6088469 DOI: 10.1177/2333393618792076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of social network support after traumatic deaths and, by demonstrating the complexities of such encounters, to highlight whether such support may be totally beneficial. A phenomenological dynamic and relational perspective was applied to 22 in-depth interviews with parents bereaved as a result of the 2011 terror attack in Norway. Three main themes were identified in respect of interactional support processes: (a) valued support, (b) stressful experiences, and (c) interactive barriers. As well as describing the value of experienced support, the article also elaborates on the effect of lacking, avoidant, and inept support. The findings show that insecure communication and a nonmatching understanding of time and emotional overload can form interactive barriers between the bereaved and their networks. By better understanding the relational regulation processes inherent in social support we may provide informed advice to both the bereaved and their networks to maximize recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Dyregrov
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Kristensen
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Atle Dyregrov
- Center for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Mowll J. Supporting Family Members to View the Body after a Violent or Sudden Death: A Role for Social Work. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK IN END-OF-LIFE & PALLIATIVE CARE 2017; 13:94-112. [PMID: 28613994 DOI: 10.1080/15524256.2017.1331182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Supporting family members to view the body of their relative after a traumatic death is a critical role for social workers in hospital and morgue settings; however, this role has had little attention in the literature. In-depth interviews with 48 bereaved family members explored their experiences of helpful and unhelpful aspects of support when viewing the body of their deceased relative. A central theme of "support as a relational interaction" was identified. Aspects of the connection and communication valued by participants within this relational interaction included: "permissions and possibilities," "information and preparation," "presenting with care," "time and timing," and "tuning to family." These results are considered with grief practice and theory, to suggest the need for social workers to actively engage with working in the interface between the deceased body and the grieving family. This includes advocating a private location for time with the body and using interpersonal skills to provide paced and dosed information for preparation to view that is consistent with the capacities and needs of the individual and family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mowll
- a School of Social Sciences, The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia
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