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Kofler M, Hallett M, Iannetti GD, Versace V, Ellrich J, Téllez MJ, Valls-Solé J. The blink reflex and its modulation - Part 1: Physiological mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 160:130-152. [PMID: 38102022 PMCID: PMC10978309 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The blink reflex (BR) is a protective eye-closure reflex mediated by brainstem circuits. The BR is usually evoked by electrical supraorbital nerve stimulation but can be elicited by a variety of sensory modalities. It has a long history in clinical neurophysiology practice. Less is known, however, about the many ways to modulate the BR. Various neurophysiological techniques can be applied to examine different aspects of afferent and efferent BR modulation. In this line, classical conditioning, prepulse and paired-pulse stimulation, and BR elicitation by self-stimulation may serve to investigate various aspects of brainstem connectivity. The BR may be used as a tool to quantify top-down modulation based on implicit assessment of the value of blinking in a given situation, e.g., depending on changes in stimulus location and probability of occurrence. Understanding the role of non-nociceptive and nociceptive fibers in eliciting a BR is important to get insight into the underlying neural circuitry. Finally, the use of BRs and other brainstem reflexes under general anesthesia may help to advance our knowledge of the brainstem in areas not amenable in awake intact humans. This review summarizes talks held by the Brainstem Special Interest Group of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology at the International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology 2022 in Geneva, Switzerland, and provides a state-of-the-art overview of the physiology of BR modulation. Understanding the principles of BR modulation is fundamental for a valid and thoughtful clinical application (reviewed in part 2) (Gunduz et al., submitted).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria.
| | - Mark Hallett
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, USA.
| | - Gian Domenico Iannetti
- University College London, United Kingdom; Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical Private University (PMU), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy.
| | - Jens Ellrich
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | | | - Josep Valls-Solé
- IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer), University of Barcelona, Spain.
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Zeng W, Lou H, Huang Q, Li K, Liu X, Wu K. Eliciting blinks by transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation improves tear fluid in healthy video display terminal users: A self-controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31352. [PMID: 36343050 PMCID: PMC9646660 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to elicit strong blinks among healthy video display terminal (VDT) users by periorbital transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and evaluate its impact on the tear fluid and visual task. Appropriate TENS conditions were evaluated to evoke strong blinks under minimum discomfort. Seventeen healthy VDT users with noninvasive Keratograph first breakup time (NIKf-BUT) 5-15 s and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores < 15 were recruited in this study. Before the trial, noninvasive Keratograph average breakup time (NIKa-BUT), tear meniscus height (TMH) and OSDI scores were evaluated. Before each TENS session, the volunteers played Tetris while the corresponding blink rate and Tetris scores were recorded. Then, the participants underwent 30 minutes of TENS, which evoked blinking of their right eye 20 times per minute. Tetris scores were evaluated again during TENS. The Tetris scores and corresponding blink rate were assessed after each TENS session while NIKa-BUT, TMH and OSDI scores were recorded after the third and sixth TENS sessions. We found that OSDI scores declined significantly after the sixth TENS (P = .003). The NIKa-BUT of the right eye was promoted after the sixth TENS (P = .02), and the TMH was higher after the third and sixth TENS in both eyes (P = .03, P = .03 for right eyes respectively, P = .01, P = .01 for left eyes respectively). There was no significant difference between the adjusted Tetris scores before and during TENS (P = .12). The blink rate before and after TENS were unaffected after 6 sessions (P = .61). The results indicated that periorbital TENS effectively ameliorated ocular irritation and improved tear secretion and tear film stability by eliciting strong blinks in healthy VDT users without disturbing the visual task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Zeng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Lou
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanbin Huang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunke Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- * Correspondence: Kaili Wu, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China (e-mail: )
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Ma C, Tian F, Zhou L, Gu J, Zhang X, Quan J, Qu J, Yan X. Blink reflex: A practical test to evaluate the trigeminal nerve injury following percutaneous balloon compression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Headache 2022; 62:363-373. [PMID: 35181896 DOI: 10.1111/head.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the blink reflex (BR) in estimating the potential injury of trigeminal nerve following percutaneous balloon compression (PBC) surgery, and to determine the association between BR alterations and early surgical outcomes. METHODS In this single-center, prospective before-and-after study, a total of 74 patients who had primary trigeminal neuralgia and scheduled for PBC between October 2020 and June 2021 were prospectively included. BR testing and facial sensory assessment were performed pre- and post-PBC. The latency and the area under the curve (AUC) of pre- and postoperative R1 (R1pre /R1post ) and R2 (R2pre /R2post ) were measured. RESULTS The BR components were noticeably delayed or diminished following PBC. R1post was elicited in only 26 patients, and absent in 48 patients. The residual R1post had markedly reduced AUC (median difference [Hodges-Lehmann]: -59.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -217.5 to -6.9, p = 0.023). Compared with R2pre , the latency of R2post was considerably delayed (mean difference: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.9 to 5.7, p < 0.001) and the AUC was greatly suppressed (median difference [Hodges-Lehmann]: -388.4, 95% CI: -548.4 to -259.5, p < 0.001). After PBC, 58 patients had immediate total pain relief, and 16 had partial relief. The absence of R1post was found in 46 of 58 (79.3%) patients with complete remission, whereas in only 2 of 16 (12.5%) patients with partial relief. Association analysis showed that the absence of R1post was strongly associated with total pain relief (46/58 [79.3%] vs. 2/16 [12.5%], odds ratio [OR]: 26.8, 95% CI: 5.4 to 134.5, Cramér's V: 0.6, p < 0.001). The latency of R2post in patients with total relief was significantly delayed (mean difference: 2.5, 95% CI: 0.3 to 4.6, p = 0.028). Patients experienced graded facial numbness after PBC, of whom 31 reported mild numbness (Grades I-II) and 43 reported more severe numbness (Grades III-IV). The absence of R1post was significantly associated with facial numbness severity, 33/43 (76.7%) in Grades III-IV vs. 15/31 (48.4%) in Grades I-II (OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.105 to 0.771, Cramér's V: 0.3, p = 0.012). In patients with more severe numbness, the latency of R2post was significantly delayed (mean difference: 2.7, 95% CI: 0.1 to 5.3, p = 0.043), and the reduction of AUC was much greater (median difference [Hodges-Lehmann]: 17.2, 95% CI: 0.5 to 35.4, p = 0.041). CONCLUSION Both R1 and R2 were significantly diminished after PBC and these alterations were associated with early surgical outcomes, suggesting that the BR is useful in evaluating trigeminal injury following PBC and could provide objective information about early prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuyu Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junjie Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xianxia Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Çalıkuşu F, Gündüz A, Kızıltan M. The effect of vision on top.down modulation of hand blink reflex. NEUROL SCI NEUROPHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/nsn.nsn_77_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Xiao L, Zou K, Zhou D, Ouyang G, Liu S, Luo J. Changes of Blink Reflex in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:2473193. [PMID: 33791387 PMCID: PMC7984919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2473193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blink reflex provides an objective assessment of the cranial and central nervous systems. However, the relationships between body mass index, dizziness, and BR have not been explored in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, R2 duration, one of the parameters of the blink reflex, has not been studied to date. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the characteristics and influencing factors of blink reflex in patients with T2DM. We included 45 healthy subjects and 105 hospitalized patients with T2DM. The relationships between these parameters and sex, age, body mass index, duration of T2DM, hemoglobin A1c, distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN), and dizziness symptoms were analyzed. The results showed that blink reflex latencies (including R1, ipsilateral R2, and contralateral R2 latency) were negatively associated with body mass index but were positively correlated with the duration of T2DM. There were no correlations between blink reflex parameters and sex, age, and hemoglobin A1c. Patients with DSPN had longer blink reflex latencies and shorter R2 durations than those without DSPN. Patients with dizziness had longer latencies (including R1, ipsilateral R2, and contralateral R2 latencies) and shorter R2 durations (including ipsilateral R2 and contralateral R2 durations) than those without dizziness. R2 duration was also a predictive factor for blink reflex abnormality. R2 latency was the most sensitive factor and the optimal predictor of dizziness. These results demonstrate that patients with T2DM with low body mass index, longer duration of T2DM, DSPN, and dizziness-related symptoms had more abnormal blink reflex parameters, indicating more serious injuries to the cranial nerves or the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Kang Zou
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Duoyan Zhou
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Guilan Ouyang
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shuixiang Liu
- Department of Neuroelectrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Versace V, Campostrini S, Sebastianelli L, Saltuari L, Valls-Solé J, Kofler M. Threat vs control: Potentiation of the trigeminal blink reflex by threat proximity is overruled by self-stimulation. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13626. [PMID: 32573801 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of the defensive blink reflex is modulated by continuous assessment of its protective value. Here, we studied whether the trigeminal blink reflex (TBR) is modulated by a potentially offensive object close to the face, and, if so, whether self-stimulation or observation of the act of stimulus triggering counteracts such modulation. In all, 26 healthy volunteers participated in various experimental conditions. At baseline, an experimenter triggered supraorbital nerve stimuli remotely, unseen by the participants; in experimental conditions, the experimenter held a stimulation probe close to the participant's face but triggered the stimuli either remotely, "surprising" participants (S1 ), or directly on the probe, observed by participants (S2 ). In other conditions, participants triggered stimuli themselves on the probe held next to their body (S3 ) or held in front of their face (S4 ). The latter condition was repeated similarly, but pressing the button only randomly generated electrical stimuli (S5, "Russian roulette"). The size of the R2 component of the TBR (TBR-R2) was the main outcome measure. Compared to baseline, TBR-R2 area was significantly larger in S1 when the "threatening" probe was close to the face and the participant had no control over stimulation. Conversely, TBR-R2 was suppressed when participants either saw the action of triggering, thus being aware (S2 ), or had full initiative over stimulation (S3 , S4 ). Random self-generated stimuli (S5 ) inhibited TBR-R2, but to a lesser extent than S3 and S4. Perceived threat close to the face facilitates TBR-R2, but knowledge about impending stimulation or self-agency overrules this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno/Sterzing, Vipiteno/Sterzing, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Stefania Campostrini
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno/Sterzing, Vipiteno/Sterzing, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno/Sterzing, Vipiteno/Sterzing, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation of South Tyrol, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Josep Valls-Solé
- IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigació August Pi i Sunyer), Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
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Aoki RH, Bezerra IMP, de Almeida-Júnior AD, de A. Barbosa RT, Valenti VE, Oliveira FR, Roque AL, Júnior HMFES, Garner DM, Raimundo RD, de Abreu LC. The effects of cataract surgery on autonomic heart rate control: a prospective cross-sectional and analytical study. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2019; 74:e809. [PMID: 31508720 PMCID: PMC6724456 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the effects of cataract surgery on cardiac autonomic modulation. METHODS A cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted at the Hospital Maria Braido in the city of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo, between 2015 and 2016. We investigated 19 patients of both sexes who were all over 50 years old; all patients had a diagnosis of senile or bilateral cataracts and were recommended to undergo implantation of the intraocular lens. Heart rate variability (HRV) was evaluated before, during and after cataract surgery. RESULTS There were no significant changes in the time and geometric domains of HRV before, during or after surgery. The high-frequency (HF) band in normalized units (nu) on the spectral analysis significantly increased (p=0.02, Cohen's d=0.9, large effect size). However, the low-frequency (LF) band in nu significantly decreased during surgery (p=0.02, Cohen's d=0.9, large effect size). CONCLUSION Throughout the intraocular lens implantation cataract surgery, there was an increase in parasympathetic modulation and a decrease in the sympathetic component of the heart rate (HR). We propose that this result is attributable to the supine position of the patients during surgery and the trigeminal reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Aoki
- Laboratorio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cientifica, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
| | - Italla Maria Pinheiro Bezerra
- Laboratorio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cientifica, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
- Programa de Mestrado em Politicas Publicas e Desenvolvimento Local da Escola Superior de Ciencias da Santa Casa de Misericordia, Vitoria, ES, BR
- Programa de Mestrado em Ciencias da Saude da Amazonia da Universidade Federal do Acre, Bolsista CAPES Brasil, Rio Branco, AC, BR
| | | | - Renata Thaís de A. Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cientifica, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
| | - Vitor E Valenti
- Centro de Estudos do Sistema Nervoso Autonomo, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Marilia, SP, BR
| | - Fernando R Oliveira
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saude Publica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Adriano L Roque
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - David M Garner
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo D Raimundo
- Laboratorio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cientifica, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
| | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- Laboratorio de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Cientifica, Centro Universitario Saude ABC, Santo Andre, SP, BR
- Programa de Mestrado em Politicas Publicas e Desenvolvimento Local da Escola Superior de Ciencias da Santa Casa de Misericordia, Vitoria, ES, BR
- Programa de Mestrado em Ciencias da Saude da Amazonia da Universidade Federal do Acre, Bolsista CAPES Brasil, Rio Branco, AC, BR
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Ferrazzano G, Conte A, Belvisi D, Fabbrini A, Baione V, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G. Writing, reading, and speaking in blepharospasm. J Neurol 2019; 266:1136-1140. [PMID: 30783748 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of writing, reading, and speaking on orbiculari oculi (OO) muscle spasms and on the blink rate in patients with blepharospasm (BSP). Patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and healthy subjects (HS) acted as control subjects. Thirty patients with BSP, 20 patients with primary HFS and 20 age-matched healthy subjects were videotaped according to a standardized procedure: at rest with eyes open; while writing a standard sentence on paper; while writing a standard sentence on a blackboard keeping the head straight; during a conversation based on a simple topic (speaking task); and while reading a standard text aloud. Two independent movement disorders specialists reviewed the videotapes and measured the number of OO spasms and blinks in each segment. Writing and reading reduced the number of OO spasms in BSP patients, whereas speaking did not. On the other hand, writing, reading, and speaking did not modify spasms in HFS patients. These tasks modulated the blink rate in all the three groups of subjects (BSP, HFS, and HS). Our hypothesis is that the modulation of OO spasm in BSP during writing and reading depends on influences coming from occipital areas onto the brainstem circuits. Whether cognitive training with reading and writing may be used to improve OO muscle spasms is an issue that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Conte
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Baione
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy. .,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Correa LI, Cardenas K, Casanova‐Mollá J, Valls‐Solé J. Thermoalgesic stimuli induce prepulse inhibition of the blink reflex and affect conscious perception in healthy humans. Psychophysiology 2018; 56:e13310. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia I. Correa
- EMG Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Karem Cardenas
- EMG Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Casanova‐Mollá
- EMG Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Josep Valls‐Solé
- EMG Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Facultat de Medicina Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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