The Mediating Role of Sleep Quality, Regularity, and Insomnia on the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to many negative outcomes in prior psychological literature. Previous studies have shown that ACEs are related to sleep problems (e.g., trouble falling and staying asleep) and sleep problems are related to resilience outcomes. However, there are far fewer studies that examine whether sleep quality, regularity, and insomnia symptoms mediate the relationship between ACEs and resilience. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to analyze the mediating role of sleep problems on the relationship between ACEs and resilience. Emerging adult participants between the ages of 18-25 (N = 501) were recruited online via Mechanical Turk (n = 243) and from a mid-size university research participant pool in the Northwestern United States (n = 258). Participants completed questionnaires online concerning ACEs, sleep problems (i.e., quality, regularity, and insomnia symptoms), and resilience (i.e., psychological well-being, social well-being, life satisfaction, and effortful control). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data cross-sectionally. The latent construct of sleep problems was found to mediate the relationship between ACEs and the latent construct of resilience. These results suggest that sleep quality, regularity, and insomnia symptoms may be important targets for intervention when treating individuals with ACEs to increase their resilience.

The mediating and moderating effects of resilience on the relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress in Chinese women with infertility

BACKGROUND

Research has widely indicated that the psychological distress experienced by infertile patients during fertility treatments may have a negative effect on the results of assisted reproduction. Although numerous studies have shown that psychological resilience and sleep quality are important influencing factors for psychological distress, the mediating mechanisms of psychological resilience in the relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress for Chinese women in particular remain unclear. Therefore, the current study investigates the association between sleep quality, resilience, and psychological distress in Chinese women with infertility and examines the mediating and moderating roles of resilience on the relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 595 women with infertility who were undergoing IVF-ET were recruited at the Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, from April to November 2019. Participants were instructed to complete four questionnaires, including a questionnaire about socio-demographic and clinical-related information, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and the Kessler-10 (K10). Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted preliminarily to describe the relationships between sleep quality, resilience, and psychological distress. A mediation model and a moderated model were constructed and analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The Johnson-Neyman (J-N) technique was then used to identify the regions of significance across the levels of moderator values.

RESULTS

Patients in the sample had a high prevalence of psychological distress (48.6%, K10 scores > 22), and mediation analysis indicated that resilience played a partially mediating role in the relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress (indict effect = 0.072, P < 0.001). Moderation analysis indicated that resilience also moderated the association between sleep quality and psychological distress.

CONCLUSIONS

Resilience may play a key role in the relationship between sleep quality and psychological distress. Our findings imply that resilience training may therefore be an effective component of psychological distress intervention in women with infertility.

Comparing mental health and well-being of US undergraduate and graduate students during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: This study explored how COVID-related mental health and well-being varied between undergraduate and graduate students. Relationships with physical health behaviors were also examined. Participants: Undergraduate (n = 897) and graduate (n = 314) students were recruited from three US universities between mid-April and late-May 2020. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional survey self-reported perceived stress, financial stress, resilience, repetitive negative thinking, mood, anxiety, diet, sleep, and physical activity using validated instruments. Results: Undergraduate students reported more perceived stress, more repetitive negative thinking, less positive mood, and less support from professors than graduate students. Perceived stress, repetitive negative thinking, negative mood, and anxiety increased among all students (p < .05 for all). Correlations between mental health outcomes and physical health behaviors were weak to moderate (r = .08 to .49). Conclusions: College students, particularly undergraduates, perceived negative mental health impacts during COVID. Creative approaches for meeting student needs are necessary.

Psychological resilience mediates the association between sleep quality and anxiety symptoms: A repeated measures study in college students

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between sleep quality and anxiety symptoms, and the mediation effect of psychological resilience on this association by a repeated measures study.

METHODS

In this study, 127 college students were randomly recruited and their sleep quality and psychological status were repeatedly collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale, Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC), and 7-items generalized anxiety disorder scale (GAD-7). Linear mixed-effects models were used to explore the association between sleep quality and anxiety symptoms, and a mediated effects analysis was used to explore the role played by psychological resilience in this association.

RESULTS

This study found a positive association between sleep quality and anxiety symptoms (β = 0.40, 95% confidence interval: 0.27, 0.52). Psychological resilience scores and its various dimensions play a significant mediating role in this association.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the role of sleep quality in anxiety disorders is not fully understood, this study highlights the importance of improving sleep quality while enhancing psychological resilience to prevent the onset of anxiety symptoms in college students.

Resilient Behaviors in Music Students: Relationship with Perfectionism and Self-Efficacy

Self-efficacy and perfectionism play an important role in high-performance activities. This cross-sectional study analyzes the relationship between these constructs and resilience in a sample of 145 music students (57.9% female) with a mean age of 27.77 years. Perfectionism was assessed using the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport; resilience, using the Resilience Scale; and self-efficacy, using the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Females, compared to males, are more perfectionist, both on the adaptive (Cohen's d = 0.41) and maladaptive scales (Cohen's d = 0.70). However, no gender differences were found in self-efficacy or resilience scores. Music students categorized as highly resilient obtained significantly higher self-efficacy scores (Cohen's d = 1.30). However, no differences were found between high- and low-resilience students in perfectionism scores, the total scale scores, or its adaptive or functional factor (striving for perfection). Differences were found for the maladaptive factor, negative reactions to imperfection, where low-resilience students scored higher on negative reactions to imperfection (Cohen's d = 0.49). Self-efficacy shows significant predictive power for resilience (β = 0.525, p < 0.001). Although functional perfectionism did not significantly predict resilience, a marginal negative relationship was found between dysfunctional perfectionism and resilience (β = -0.156, p = 0.063). The results are discussed concerning their implications for music pedagogy and teacher intervention.

A latent profile analysis of sleep disturbance in relation to mental health among college students in China

Aims

This study aimed to examine the subtype classification characteristics of sleep disturbance (SD) in college students and their associations with sample characteristic factors and mental health outcomes.

Methods

The sample comprised 4,302 college students (Mean age = 19.92 ± 1.42 years, 58.6% females). The Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, 8-item Positive Subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences, and 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were used to assess adolescents' sleep disturbance, depressive symptoms, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), and resilience. Latent profile analysis, logistic regression, and liner regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results

Three subtypes of SD in college students were identified: the high SD profile (10.6%), the mild SD profile (37.5%), and the no SD profile (51.9%). Compared with college students in the "no SD" profile, risk factors for "high SD" include being male and poor parental marital status. Sophomores were found to predict the "high SD" profile or "mild SD" profile relative to the "no SD" profile. College students in the "mild SD" profile or "high SD" profile were more likely to have a higher level of depressive symptoms and PLEs, while a lower level of resilience.

Conclusion

The findings highlighted that target intervention is urgently needed for male college students, sophomores, and those with poor parental marital status in the "mild SD" profile or "high SD" profile.

Correlates of resilience among university students in Oman: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Resilience has a paramount role in dealing with different life stressors and has a great impact on mental health.

AIM

To assess the level of resilience among university students and explore the relation between resilience and a number of variables including psychological well-being, self-esteem and physical health.

METHODS

A cross-sectional design was utilized. Data was collected from 676 university students. Students were required to complete a demographic sheet, Brief Resilience Scale, World Health Organization Well-Being Index, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and a physical health survey.

RESULTS

Overall, less than half of the participants have reported low levels of resilience (45.3%; n = 306). Regular sleep, perceived stress, WHO well-being index, self-esteem, and having a cumulative GPA of more than two, were factors that significantly predicted positive resilience in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Resilience is a necessary skill among university students that requires more academic attention. Factors predicting positive resilience should be considered when implementing mental health promotion programs.

Sleep quality in relation to social support and resilience among rural empty-nest older adults in China

BACKGROUND

Population ageing is a global problem, and one of the adverse effects in China is the rural empty-nest phenomenon, which is increasingly prominent. Recently, the sleep problems of rural empty nesters have gradually aroused attention. The purpose of this article was to investigate sleep quality and its influencing factors in rural empty nesters and explore the correlation between social support, resilience and sleep quality in the target population.

METHODS

This study investigated 250 empty nesters in six rural areas. Information on sociodemographics, sleep quality, social support and resilience was collected. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to determine the influencing factors of sleep quality. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the linear associations between social support, resilience and sleep quality. The mediating effect of resilience between social support and sleep quality was measured by bootstrap-mediated analysis.

RESULTS

The sleep quality score among rural empty nesters was 6.74 ± 3.80. Sleep quality was influenced significantly by marital status, monthly income, number of chronic diseases and frequency of communication with children. Besides, social support and resilience were significantly positively correlated with sleep quality. Resilience was not the only mediating variable between social support and sleep quality.

CONCLUSION

The sleep quality of rural empty nesters was poorer than those of the general rural older adults and affected by multiple factors. Moreover, social support and resilience had a positive impact on the sleep quality of rural empty nesters, which provided new ideas for exploring specific measures to improve their sleep quality in the future.

The effects of family dysfunction trajectories during childhood and early adolescence on sleep quality during late adolescence: Resilience as a mediator

RATIONALE

Sleep quality has been linked to several behavioral and psychological problems. No longitudinal study has examined the associations and underlying mechanisms between the trajectories of family characteristics and sleep quality in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the effects of heterogeneous trajectories of family dysfunction on sleep quality in adolescents and examines whether resilience mediates these associations.

METHOD

Data came from 2280 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study across grades 2 through 11 in northern Taiwan. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify discrete developmental patterns of family dysfunction. Multiple linear regression was applied to examine the associations between family dysfunction trajectories and sleep quality. Mediation analysis was conducted to test whether resilience mediates the associations examined.

RESULTS

Four distinct trajectories of family dysfunction were identified: low persistent (26%), escalating dysfunction (21%), moderate stable (25%), and high persistent (28%). Compared to adolescents in the low-persistent trajectory, those in the escalating-dysfunction, moderate-stable, and high-persistent trajectories had significant lower levels of sleep quality (B = -0.19, p < .001, B = -0.14, p < .01, and B = -0.13, p < .05, respectively). Resilience significantly mediated the effects of all family dysfunction trajectories (relative to the low-persistent trajectory) on sleep quality (95% bootstrap confidence intervals are -0.06 to -0.02, -0.05 to -0.02, and -0.08 to -0.03 for escalating-dysfunction, moderate-stable, and high-persistent trajectories, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Family dysfunction conferred risks for poor sleep quality in adolescents and the negative effects, in part, were through decreasing resilience. Interventions to improve sleep quality in adolescents by targeting family function may be more effective when incorporating resilience.

Dance exposure, wellbeing and injury in collegiate Irish and contemporary dancers: A prospective study

OBJECTIVES

Dance exposure and determinants of wellness in Irish dance (ID) and contemporary dance (CD) are under-investigated in pre-professional, collegiate cohorts. This study prospectively investigated these variables in ID and CD participants for one year.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

SETTING

University-level institutes of dance, United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland.

PARTICIPANTS

Fifty (ID = 21, CD = 29) full time students of dance at Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, (UK) and the University of Limerick, Ireland.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Weekly hours of dance, general health, sleep quality, injury defined as "any pain or injury that impacted upon their ability to dance".

RESULTS

Dance exposure varied considerably for both genres across the year. CD participants danced for more hours weekly (p < 0.001). Overall injury incidence (time-loss and non-time-loss) was 10.6 and 8.4 injuries per 1000 h dancing for ID and CD groups respectively. 70.4% of injuries were non-time-loss. Better sleep (p = 0.007) and general health (p < 0.001) scores were negatively correlated with days lost/impacted by injury. CD participants reported a significantly higher dance exposure in the week prior to a time-loss injury than during the previous four weeks (p = 0.044).

CONCLUSIONS

Dance exposure is erratic in these cohorts with dancers frequently performing when injured. Poor sleep, general health, and increased dance exposure may be associated with injury.