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Corona G, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Burnett AL, Maggi M. Endocrinologic Control of Men's Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection. J Sex Med 2016; 13:317-37. [PMID: 26944463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several hormones and neurotransmitters orchestrate men's sexual response, including the appetitive (sexual desire) and consummative (arousal and penile erection) phases. AIM To provide an overview and recommendations regarding endocrinologic control of sexual desire and arousal and erection and their disturbances. METHODS Medical literature was reviewed by the subcommittee of the International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, followed by extensive internal discussion, and then public presentation and discussion with other experts. The role of pituitary (prolactin, oxytocin, growth hormone, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), thyroid, and testicular hormones was scrutinized and discussed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recommendations were based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, followed by interactive discussion. RESULTS Testosterone has a primary role in controlling and synchronizing male sexual desire and arousal, acting at multiple levels. Accordingly, meta-analysis indicates that testosterone therapy for hypogonadal individuals can improve low desire and erectile dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia is associated with low desire that can be successfully corrected by appropriate treatments. Oxytocin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are important in eliciting sexual arousal; however, use of these peptides, or their analogs, for stimulating sexual arousal is still under investigation. Evaluation and treatment of other endocrine disorders are suggested only in selected cases. CONCLUSION Endocrine abnormalities are common in patients with sexual dysfunction. Their identification and treatment is strongly encouraged in disturbances of sexual desire and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda USL Bologna, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Deptartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- Department of Urology, the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Royalty JE, Konradsen G, Eskerod O, Wulff BS, Hansen BS. Investigation of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of a long-acting α-MSH analog in healthy overweight and obese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:394-404. [PMID: 24166760 PMCID: PMC4263154 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
MC4-NN2-0453 is a novel, long-acting, selective, melanocortin-4-receptor agonist developed for treatment of obesity. This first-human-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single and multiple doses of MC4-NN2-0453 in overweight to obese but otherwise healthy subjects. The trial included a single-dose part of ascending subcutaneous 0.03-1.50 mg/kg doses in overweight to obese but otherwise healthy men, and a multiple-dose part of ascending subcutaneous 0.75-3.0 mg/day doses in obese but otherwise healthy men/women. The single-dose part included 7 cohorts of 8 subjects, randomized 6:2 to active drug/placebo; the multiple-dose part included 4 cohorts of 20 subjects, randomized 16:4 to active drug/placebo. MC4-NN2-0453 was well tolerated and raised no safety concerns except for nonserious skin-related adverse events, this along with lack of weight loss effect led to premature termination of the trial. Headache, sexual-arousal disturbance, and penile erection were also reported. Single-dose pharmacokinetics showed dose-linearity and dose-proportionality. Maximum plasma concentration was observed after 50-100 hours, which then declined with a of approximately 250 hours. Plasma concentration reached steady state after 4 weeks for 0.75 and 1.5 mg/day multiple-dose cohorts, and the was similar to single dose. There were no significant pharmacodynamic effects, including effect on body weight.
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Hong Q, Bakshi RK, Palucki BL, Park MK, Ye Z, He S, Pollard PG, Sebhat IK, Liu J, Guo L, Cashen DE, Martin WJ, Weinberg DH, MacNeil T, Tang R, Tamvakopoulos C, Peng Q, Miller RR, Stearns RA, Chen HY, Chen AS, Strack AM, Fong TM, MacIntyre DE, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP. Discovery of a piperazine urea based compound as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) was cloned in 1993 by degenerate PCR; however, its function was unknown. Subsequent studies suggest that the MC4R might be involved in regulating energy homeostasis. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1997 by a series of seminal studies in mice. In 1998, human genetic studies demonstrated that mutations in the MC4R gene can cause monogenic obesity. We now know that mutations in the MC4R are the most common monogenic form of obesity, with more than 150 distinct mutations reported thus far. This review will summarize the studies on the MC4R, from its cloning and tissue distribution to its physiological roles in regulating energy homeostasis, cachexia, cardiovascular function, glucose and lipid homeostasis, reproduction and sexual function, drug abuse, pain perception, brain inflammation, and anxiety. I will then review the studies on the pharmacology of the receptor, including ligand binding and receptor activation, signaling pathways, as well as its regulation. Finally, the pathophysiology of the MC4R in obesity pathogenesis will be reviewed. Functional studies of the mutant MC4Rs and the therapeutic implications, including small molecules in correcting binding and signaling defect, and their potential as pharmacological chaperones in rescuing intracellularly retained mutants, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Alabama 36849-5519, USA.
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Lansdell MI, Hepworth D, Calabrese A, Brown AD, Blagg J, Burring DJ, Wilson P, Fradet D, Brown TB, Quinton F, Mistry N, Tang K, Mount N, Stacey P, Edmunds N, Adams C, Gaboardi S, Neal-Morgan S, Wayman C, Cole S, Phipps J, Lewis M, Verrier H, Gillon V, Feeder N, Heatherington A, Sultana S, Haughie S, Martin SW, Sudworth M, Tweedy S. Discovery of a Selective Small-Molecule Melanocortin-4 Receptor Agonist with Efficacy in a Pilot Study of Sexual Dysfunction in Humans. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9017866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I. Lansdell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Hepworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Andrew Calabrese
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Alan D. Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Julian Blagg
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Denise J. Burring
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Wilson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - David Fradet
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - T. Bruce Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Faye Quinton
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neela Mistry
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kim Tang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Natalie Mount
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter Stacey
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Nick Edmunds
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Cathryn Adams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Samantha Gaboardi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stevie Neal-Morgan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Chris Wayman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Susan Cole
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Joanne Phipps
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Mark Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Hugh Verrier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Val Gillon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Neil Feeder
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Anne Heatherington
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Stefan Sultana
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Scott Haughie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Steven W. Martin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Maria Sudworth
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Sarah Tweedy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, U.K
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