Natural Compounds for Preventing Ear, Nose, and Throat-Related Oral Infections

Oral health is an essential element in maintaining general well-being. By preserving the complex equilibrium within the oral microbial community, commensal microorganisms can protect against extrinsic pathogenic threats. However, when an imbalance occurs, the organism is susceptible to a broad range of infections. Synthetic drugs can be administered to help the body fight against the fungal, bacterial, or viral burden. Nonetheless, they may produce undesirable consequences such as toxicity, adverse effects, and drug resistance. In this respect, research has focused on finding safer and more efficient alternatives. Particularly, increasing attention has been drawn towards developing novel formulations based on natural compounds. This paper reviews the plant-based, algae-based, and beehive products investigated for their antimicrobial properties, aiming to thoroughly present the state of the art on oral infection prevention in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) field.

Herpes simplex laryngitis: Comparison between pediatric and adult patients

OBJECTIVES

Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) typically causes limited oral and genital symptoms, however HSV can also affect the larynx and result in severe aerodigestive symptoms. Due to the rarity of HSV laryngitis, the symptoms and clinical course of are not well understood. This study aims to more completely characterize HSV laryngitis in order to aid clinicians in understanding and recognition of HSV laryngitis.

METHODS

Comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify articles relating to HSV laryngitis. Patient demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, treatment and clinical course were extracted from the selected manuscripts.

RESULTS

There were 31 studies on HSV laryngitis that identified 36 patients (17 pediatric, 19 adult). The average age for pediatric patients was 11 months (9 M, 8F) and 52 years for adults (11 M, 8F). In the pediatric population, stridor was more common at presentation in comparison to the adult population (p < .01). Adults more commonly presented with dysphagia (p = .03) and dysphonia (p < .01) Adult patients were significantly more likely to undergo tracheotomy than pediatric patients (p = .047). The mean length of inpatient hospital stay was 21.2 days in pediatric patients and 15.8 days for adult patients.

CONCLUSION

HSV laryngitis has a unique presentation in pediatrics and adults, but is nonspecific in both populations leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. HSV laryngitis is associated with significant morbidity including multi-week hospital stay and risk for needing tracheostomy in both adults and pediatric population which demonstrates need for clinical awareness of this complication of HSV infection.

Disseminated Herpes Simplex Infection Presenting as Acute Supraglottitis in an Adult

Supraglottitis is a life-threatening, predominantly bacterial disease that is rarely caused by viral etiologies. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) supraglottitis has been infrequently reported, but its presentation can mimic that of bacterial supraglottitis or pharyngitis which may lead to delayed diagnosis and increased morbidity. We present a case of supraglottitis in an immunocompetent man initially thought to have bacterial epiglottitis. After receiving a tracheostomy due to impending airway compromise and failing to improve on antibiotic therapy, biopsy of the upper airway tissue revealed infection with HSV type 2. The patient improved after multiple weeks of systemic antivirals. HSV supraglottitis remains an unusual but important diagnostic consideration in patients with dysphonia, dysphagia, ulcerative supraglottal lesions, and acute supraglottic inflammation unresponsive to antibiotics.