Expression of Sp100 Protein in Human Papillomavirus-Associated Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

Association between human papillomavirus infection and malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Although sinonasal inverted papilloma malignant transformation has not been entirely understood, some studies have suggested that human papillomavirus acts as a potential oncogenic agent in the progression of sinonasal inverted papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between human papillomavirus infection and sinonasal inverted papilloma transformation, taking also into account human papillomavirus types and their distribution in different geographic areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature from the last 25 years was examined. The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 163 malignant sinonasal inverted papilloma and 961 non-malignant sinonasal inverted papilloma were included in the overall analysis. From this sample it was possible to recognize a statistically significant increase in risk of malignancy of sinonasal inverted papilloma for human papillomavirus infection (OR = 2.43, 95 % CI: 1.45-4.08, I2 = 14.0 %). A positive association for patients with high-risk human papillomavirus types was noted (OR = 10.20, 95 % CI: 3.66-28.42, I2 = 15.9 %). In all the 3 geographical areas analyzed the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus significantly increased the probability of malignant transformation.

CONCLUSIONS

High-risk human papillomavirus infection plays a key role in the malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma and its research during histological examination can be of paramount importance. More prospective studies are needed to help further tease out this association.

Etiology of sinonasal inverted papilloma: An update

Objective

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) and its clinical features have been widely studied, but there are few studies delving into its etiology and risk factors. A narrative review was conducted to summarize a contemporary understanding of the potential etiologies of IP, including immunologic/inflammatory, viral, genetic, and environmental causes.

Study Design

Review.

Methods

A MEDLINE search was conducted through August 11, 2021, focusing on studies investigating the etiology and risk factors for sinonasal IP and its malignant transformation.

Results

High‐ and low‐risk human papillomavirus have been connected with the formation of IP, but conflicting evidence exists regarding their role. Occupational and industrial exposures may also contribute to IP formation, while smoking may increase the odds of malignant progression. Exon 20 mutations in EGFR are an active area of research in IP with mixed evidence. Finally, several cell cycle and angiogenic factors such as Ki67, VEGF, and Akt/mTOR have been implicated in the development and progression of IP.

Conclusion

There continues to be conflicting evidence around the development of IP, but significant progress has been made in recent years. Further study is needed for all these potential etiologies to elucidate risk factors and therapeutic strategies.

Impact of human papillomavirus in sinonasal cancer-a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an established prognostic marker in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Currently, the role of HPV in sinonasal carcinoma is being explored.

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review addresses the role of HPV in sinonasal cancer, establishing the occurrence of HPV-positive cancers and the influence of HPV-positivity on prognosis in sinonasal cancer as well as the utility of the putative surrogate marker of HPV (p16) in sinonasal cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Studies were identified with searches of Medline via PubMed and Embase via OVID (4 May 2020). Articles on original research concerning sinonasal cancer and HPV in humans written in English were included. Case reports with less than five cases were excluded.

RESULTS

Initially, 545 articles were identified; 190 duplicate articles were removed leaving 355 articles for title/abstract screening. Title/abstract screening excluded 243 articles, leaving 112 studies assessed for eligibility. After full-text screening, 57 studies were included. All articles investigated the significance of HPV in sinonasal carcinomas. HPV was reported in approximately 30% of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), where it was associated with a better prognosis. In sinonasal cancer, p16 is associated with diagnostic pitfalls and a putative utility of p16 in SNSCC has yet to be established. HPV was not frequently reported in other types of sinonasal carcinomas, besides the recently described subtype, HPV-dependent Multiphenotypic Sinonasal Carcinoma. In other types of sinonasal carcinoma, HPV is not frequently found.

CONCLUSION

Approximately 30% of SNSCC are HPV-positive. HPV-positivity in SNSCC is associated with improved survival. HPV occurs only rarely in other sinonasal cancers. There is currently not sufficient evidence for p16 as a surrogate marker of HPV in SNSCC.

Speckled 100 kDa gene in pigs: Alternative splicing, subcellular localization, and response to interferon-α stimulation

Speckled 100 kDa (Sp100) plays an important role in the antiviral immune response, however, little is known about porcine Sp100. In this study, porcine Sp100 was cloned and its response to interferon (IFN) α was identified. We obtained the cDNA (V1) of the gene, SP100, and seven alternative splicing variants (V2-8). Isoform V1 encoded a 386 amino acid protein and contained a homogeneously-staining region (HSR) domain. Isoforms V3, 4, 6 and 7 were deletion/insertion variants and contained HSR domain as V1. The splicing of porcine SP100 was very complicated and many transcripts existed as revealed by cloning and minigene analyses. Using GFP-fusion constructs isoforms V1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 were localized to nucleus and the nuclear localization signal was identified as PSNRKRR at positions 331-337 of V1. Porcine SP100 was unevenly distributed in all tissues studied and differentially expressed between pigs with different disease-resistance/susceptibilities. Porcine SP100 was strongly increased by IFNα due to the existence of an IFN-stimulated response element in the promoter. A single nucleotide - 70A > C polymorphism enhanced promoter activity. The results provided the basis for determining the role of Sp100 in antiviral responses and may assist in breeding pigs with high disease-resistance.

Role of High-Risk HPV Detected by PCR in Malignant Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma: A Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Prior studies suggest that there may be a link between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and malignant sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP). This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to further evaluate this potential association.

STUDY DESIGN

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

METHODS

The Medline and Embase databases were used to identify case-control studies reporting the risk of malignant SNIP in patients with high-risk HPV subtypes identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Meta-analysis was performed to determine pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies were identified, including a total of 841 subjects with SNIP. Seventeen studies were included in the final analysis, as four studies did not have any HPV-positive tumors in either group. A total of 56 malignant SNIP and 551 benign SNIP were ultimately identified. The pooled log-OR was 1.80 (95% CI: 1.03-2.57) for all high-risk HPV subtypes. Stratification by high-risk HPV subtype showed a log-OR of 1.67 (95% CI: 0.88-2.46) for HPV-16 and log-OR of 2.68 (95% CI: 1.30-4.05) for HPV-18.

CONCLUSION

Infection with high-risk HPV subtypes may be associated with an increased risk of malignant SNIP. HPV-18 showed the greatest overall average effect size of the common high-risk subtypes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

n/a Laryngoscope, 2021.