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Carvalho JMS, Conde A. Individual power in human motivation - Review and theoretical perspective. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 249:104452. [PMID: 39128282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There are many studies in Psychology and other sciences about the concept of power. We believe that individual power is one of the most critical factors in human motivation, which is considered by prominent motivation theories, like Choice Theory or McClelland's Human Motivation Theory. This paper aims to study the concept of power, considering ego and social orientation. The extensive literature review allowed us to describe the concepts related to those orientations and to induce a theoretical model that may typify and explain the relationships between the two perspectives of power. The model might contribute to describing four motivational profiles, namely the imperator, with high ego-power and power over others orientation; the supporter, with low ego-power and power with other orientation; the leader, with high ego-power and power with others orientation; and the controller, with low ego-power and power over others orientation. The Ego-Social Power Motivation Model could help describe the power signature of an individual. This individual picture might help psychologists work on motivations, attitudes, and behaviours to enhance people's lives and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Conde
- I2P, Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Psychopathy in positions of power: The moderating role of position power in the relation between psychopathic meanness and leadership outcomes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Murphy BA, Casto KV, Watts AL, Costello TH, Jolink TA, Verona E, Algoe SB. “Feeling Powerful” versus “Desiring Power”: A pervasive and problematic conflation in personality assessment? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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4
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Social position and personal versus social focus: A multinational study of managerial values. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Managerial positions involve influencing others, hence the importance of studying the standards guiding managers' attitudes, decisions, and behavior. Drawing on structural theories and psychological findings on the effects of subjective social status, we predict that holding a managerial position is related to individual value structure via self-perceived social rank of those in managerial positions. We argue that holding a managerial position is associated positively with prioritizing values reflecting personal focus (self-enhancement and openness to change value types) and, as a consequence, negatively with prioritizing values reflecting social focus (self-transcendence and conservation value types). Using data from the European Social Survey 2012 (N = 48,105) from 29 countries, we found a mediating effect of subjective social status between holding a managerial position and personal versus social focus not moderated by the country context. We discuss the implications of these findings for psychological theories of social hierarchy and managerial practice.
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5
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Ulatowska J, Cislak A. Power and lie detection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269121. [PMID: 35679292 PMCID: PMC9182259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social power undermines focus on others and increases reliance on stereotype-consistent information. Thus, power may enhance focus on stereotypical cues to deception, thereby decreasing lie detection accuracy. In three studies, we tested whether having power affects lie detection accuracy. Participants (overall N = 502) were asked to identify truthful and lying candidates (N = 12) during mock job interviews. Study 1 was a field experiment involving employees who held managerial and non-managerial positions (N = 88). In the following laboratory experiments, we manipulated power and asked participants to imagine themselves as managers (Study 2, N = 214) or provided them with control over resources and the ability to reward others (Study 3, N = 200). In Studies 2 and 3, we additionally manipulated the method of lie detection (direct vs. indirect). In contrast to the original hypotheses, we found that power led to increased veracity assessment accuracy. Having power over others enhances the accuracy of one’s veracity assessment, although this increase is small and limited to lie detection (Study 1) or direct judgments (Studies 2 & 3). Together, power affects the processing of social information and what aspects of this information are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ulatowska
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleksandra Cislak
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Institute of Psychology, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Su Q, Liu L, Dang J, Gu Z, Liang Y, Wei C. Low personal control promotes bribery intention: Reciprocity beliefs as a mediator. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Cichocka A, Cislak A, Gronfeldt B, Wojcik AD. Can ingroup love harm the ingroup? Collective narcissism and objectification of ingroup members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211038058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how collective narcissism (a belief in ingroup greatness that is underappreciated by others) versus ingroup identification predicts treatment of ingroup members. Ingroup identification should be associated with favorable treatment of ingroup members. Collective narcissism, however, is more likely to predict using ingroup members for personal gain. In organizations, collective narcissism predicted promoting one’s own (vs. group) goals (prestudy: N = 179), and treating coworkers instrumentally (Study 1: N = 181; and longitudinal Study 2: N = 557). In Study 3 ( N = 214, partisan context), the link between collective narcissism and instrumental treatment of ingroup members was mediated by self-serving motives. In the experimental Study 4 ( N = 579, workplace teams), the effect of collective narcissism on instrumental treatment was stronger when the target was an ingroup (vs. outgroup) member. Across all studies, ingroup identification was negatively, or nonsignificantly, associated with instrumental treatment. Results suggest that not all forms of ingroup identity might be beneficial for ingroup members.
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Abstract
Abstract. “The powerful are immoral”! Across four preregistered studies (total N = 2,744), we explored the role of perceived autonomy (control over own resources) and perceived influence (control over others’ resources) for this belief. In Study 1, perceived autonomy and influence mediated the effect of power on expected immorality. Likewise, directly manipulating perceived autonomy and influence led to increased expected immorality, increased perceived intentionality of a transgression, and consequently to harsher punishment recommendations (Studies 3 and 4). Interestingly, Study 2 revealed an interaction between autonomy and influence, which we however could not replicate in Study 4. Overall, our findings suggest that both autonomy and influence are associated with immorality and thus likely drive the belief that the powerful are immoral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wingen
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Simone Dohle
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
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Sibtain M, Javed A, Aslam T, Iqbal Z. DIASPORIC AND CROSS-CULTURAL IDENTITIES IN PAKISTANI FILM KHUDA KE LIYE (IN THE NAME OF GOD). HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021; 9:1123-1129. [DOI: 10.18510/hssr.2021.93120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to identify the various diasporic identities, hybrid identities, and identity crisis analyses of a Pakistani film, ‘Khuda Kay Liye’ released on July 20, 2007, written, directed, and produced by Shoaib Mansoor.
Method: The present study is qualitative by nature and interpretive by approach. The researchers collected the primary data from the film watching it profoundly. The secondary data was collected from the various relevant articles published in periodicals/journals to build the theoretical argument—analyzing the data utilizing the thematic analysis technique.
Main Findings: This qualitative analysis enlightens more significant issues about diaspora and identities in the focused film. Individuals in the film represent themselves distinctive living in another society, culture, or religion, practicing their native (Pakistani) cultural norms and ideologically. Moreover, as a subordinate ethnic group, specifically Muslim characters in the film, face discrimination and oppression. Through qualitative discussions based on excerpts dealing with socio-cultural behavior, the researchers concluded that diasporic identities constitute the core thematic content of the film.
Application of the Study: The study would be significant for understanding diasporic and hybrid identities. The academic researcher may adopt the theoretical framework of the present research to employ it on the other genres of Pakistani literature to find the diasporic identities and identity crises. The teachers of Pakistani literature would also seek help to understand and teach the concepts analyzed in the research.
The Study’s Originality: The study is contemporary as it employs conceptual, theoretical frameworks to explore the diasporic features in a film.
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Perry C, Cebulla A, Dick B. Group‐Centered Leadership: Progression Over Time, Effectiveness, and Practices. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jls.21740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Perry
- Australian Institute of Business Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Andreas Cebulla
- Australian Industrial Transformation Institute College of Business, Governance and Law, Flinders University Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Bob Dick
- Interchange Chapel Hill QLD Australia
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11
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Elucidating the Effect of Perceived Power on Destructive Responses during Romantic Conflicts. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 24:e21. [PMID: 33752768 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2021.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has indicated that the people one loves the most, such as their romantic partners, ironically, are also the people toward whom they often direct destructive behaviors in times of conflict, and such destructive responses become one of the most challenging relationship problems. Identifying the conditions that promote destructive (vs. constructive) conflict-resolution strategies is a crucial gap requiring study to help individuals build healthier and happier relationships. Across three studies (total N = 728), we examined whether (a) power is related to direct destructive (vs. constructive) responses during romantic conflicts; (b) this effect was moderated by the seriousness of the conflict and the relationship's inclusiveness. In Study 1, participants involved in romantic relationships completed scales assessing interpersonal power, the conflict's seriousness, their relationship's inclusiveness, and conflict-resolution responses. In Studies 2-3, the participants were randomly assigned to complete an essay in which the conflict's seriousness and power were experimentally manipulated. Findings from hierarchical regression analyses consistently showed that power led to destructive (and lower constructive) responses. However, this only occurred when the participants faced severe conflicts and their partner was not central to their self-concept. An internal meta-analysis of the studies confirmed the reliability and significance of these relationships; |r's| =.13-37. Together, these results support the proposition that power asymmetries can threaten relationships by driving destructive responses during romantic conflicts, and untangle the conditions under which this happens. The conflict's seriousness and the inclusiveness of the relationship may be considered to provide skills that help individuals navigate their relationships' life challenges.
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Dong M, Palomo‐Vélez G, Wu S. Reducing the gap between pro‐environmental disposition and behavior: The role of feeling power. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengchen Dong
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences VU Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Center for Humans and Machines Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany
| | - Gonzalo Palomo‐Vélez
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences VU Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Environmental Psychology Group Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Song Wu
- College of Psychology and Sociology Shenzhen University Shenzhen P. R. China
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"Why are the Corrupt, Corrupt?": The Multilevel Analytical Model of Corruption. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e5. [PMID: 32460921 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Corruption is a global problem. Despite the importance of this theme, a shortage of theoretical models in both psychology and related areas that favor its understanding and investigation is noted. Due to this scarcity of theoretical models, in addition to the need to systematize studies on the topic, this theoretical article aims to describe the Analytical Model of Corruption (AMC) as an interdisciplinary and multilevel proposal aimed at corruption analysis. To achieve this goal, the concept of corruption was analyzed using related phenomena as reference. Similarities and differences in corruption have been identified with dishonest behavior and unethical behavior. Subsequently, theoretical models on corruption identified in the literature were presented, and their main characteristics and limitations were pointed out. After describing the models, the AMC was presented and its advantages over the previous models were discussed. Finally, it was concluded that the AMC could be configured as a theoretical model that guides interdisciplinary studies on corruption, allowing for a more complete analysis compared to previous theoretical models identified in the literature.
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Foulk TA, Chighizola N, Chen G. Power corrupts (or does it?): An examination of the boundary conditions of the antisocial effects of experienced power. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Does high self-esteem foster narcissism? Testing the bidirectional relationships between self-esteem, narcissistic admiration and rivalry. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Niedeggen M, Kerschreiter R, Schuck K. Loss of control as a violation of expectations: Testing the predictions of a common inconsistency compensation approach in an inclusionary cyberball game. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221817. [PMID: 31498829 PMCID: PMC6733461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal control relies on the expectation that events are contingent upon one’s own behavior. A common ‘inconsistency compensation approach’ posits that a violation of expectancies in social interaction triggers aversive arousal and compensatory effort. Following this approach, we tested the hypothesis that interventions affecting participants' decisions violate the expected personal control. In a modified version of the established cyberball paradigm, participants were not excluded, but consistently included. However, their decisions regarding the recipient of a ball throw in the virtual game were occasionally overruled (expectancy violation). We hypothesized that this intervention will trigger a P3 response in event-related brain potentials (ERP). Since this component is related to subjective expectancies, its amplitude was assumed to depend on the frequency of interventions (independent factor: loss of control). Further, we manipulated the vertical position of the participants’ avatar on the computer screen (independent factor: verticality). Building on research showing that verticality is related to the self-assigned power and influences the expected level of control, we hypothesized that the ERP effects of intervention should be more pronounced for participants with avatars in superior position. As predicted, both experimental factors interactively affected the expression of the ERP response: In case of low intervention frequency, P3 amplitudes were significantly pronounced if the participants’ avatar was positioned above as compared to below co-players (high > low self-assigned power). The effect of verticality could be traced back to a lack of adaptation of P3 amplitudes to recurring aversive events. By demonstrating that loss of control triggers ERP effects corresponding to those triggered by social exclusion, this study provides further evidence for a common cognitive mechanism in reactions to aversive events based on an inconsistency in expectancy states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Niedeggen
- Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Rudolf Kerschreiter
- Division of Social, Organizational, and Economic Psychology, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schuck
- Division of Experimental Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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The Role of Control Motivation in Germans’ and Poles’ Interest in History. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.v14i2.33399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary societies seem to be obsessed with history. This is reflected in the popularity of historical books, films, and reenactments. In our research, we aimed to assess the specific types of content that interest people when exploring their national histories and the psychological factors motivating such explorations. Following the two-dimensional model of social cognition that points to morality and competence as the main dimensions in individual and group perception, we distinguished interest in competence-related aspects of national history (control) from interest in historical moral actions (moral agency). Two studies performed in Poland and Germany showed that in both countries people’s interest in history is structured in a similar way, in which moral agency and control play essential roles. Additionally, in both countries people reacted to individual control threats with enhanced curiosity about the past moral agency of their nations. We discuss these results within the framework of the model of group-based control and compensatory control processes.
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Mayiwar L, Lai L. Replication of Study 1 in “Differentiating Social and Personal Power” by Lammers, Stoker, and Stapel (2009). SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We performed an independent, direct, and better powered ( N = 295) replication of Study 1, an experiment ( N = 113) by Lammers, Stoker, and Stapel (2009) . Lammers and colleagues distinguished between social power (influence over others) and personal power (freedom from the influence of others), and found support for their predictions that the two forms of power produce opposite effects on stereotyping, but parallel effects on behavioral approach. Our results did not replicate the effects on behavioral approach, but partially replicated the effects on stereotyping. Compared to personal power, social power produced less stereotyping, but neither form of power differed significantly from the control condition, and effect sizes were considerably lower than the original estimates. Potential explanations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewend Mayiwar
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Studies, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Lai
- Department of Leadership and Organizational Studies, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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Gilbert P, Basran J. The Evolution of Prosocial and Antisocial Competitive Behavior and the Emergence of Prosocial and Antisocial Leadership Styles. Front Psychol 2019; 10:610. [PMID: 31293464 PMCID: PMC6603082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary analysis focuses on how genes build organisms with different strategies for engaging and solving life's challenges of survival and reproduction. One of those challenges is competing with conspecifics for limited resources including reproductive opportunities. This article suggests that there is now good evidence for considering two dimensions of social competition. The first, has been labeled as antisocial strategies, to the extent that they tend to be self-focused, threat sensitive and aggressive, and use tactics of bulling, threatening, and intimidating subordinates, or even injuring/killing competitors. Such strategies can inhibit care and affiliative social interactions and motivation. The social signals emitted stimulate threat processing in recipients and can create stressed and highly stratified groups with a range of detrimental psychological and physiological effects. Second, in contrast, prosocial strategies seek to create relaxed and secure social interactions that enable sharing, cooperative, mutually supportive and beneficial relationships. The friendly and low/no threat social signals emitted in friendly cooperative and affiliative relationships stimulate physiological systems (e.g., oxytocin, the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system) that downregulates threat processing, enhances the immune system, and facilitates frontal cortical processes and general wellbeing. This article reviews the literature pertaining to the evidence for these two dimensions of social engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gilbert
- Centre for Compassion Research and Training, College of Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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Lammers J, Burgmer P. Power increases the self-serving bias in the attribution of collective successes and failures. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Lammers
- Department of Psychology; University of Cologne; Köln Germany
| | - Pascal Burgmer
- Department of Psychology; University of Cologne; Köln Germany
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