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Dickerson RN, Farrar JE, Byerly S, Filiberto DM. Enteral feeding tolerance during pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38:1236-1246. [PMID: 37475530 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A common misperception is that critically ill patients who receive paralytic therapy will not tolerate enteral nutrition. As a result, some clinicians empirically withhold enteral feedings for critically ill patients who receive neuromuscular blocker pharmacotherapy (NMB). The intent of this review is to examine the evidence regarding enteral feeding tolerance for critically ill patients given NMB. Studies evaluating enteral feeding during paralytic therapy are provided and critiqued. Evidence examining enteral feeding tolerance during NMB is limited. Enteral feeding intolerance is more likely attributable to the underlying illnesses and concurrent opioid analgesia, sedation, and vasopressor therapies. Most critically ill patients can be successfully fed during NMB. Prokinetic pharmacotherapy may be warranted in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julie E Farrar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saskya Byerly
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dina M Filiberto
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Dickerson RN, Corley CE, Holmes WL, Byerly S, Filiberto DM, Fischer PE. Gastric feeding intolerance in critically ill patients during sustained pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade. Nutr Clin Pract 2023; 38:350-359. [PMID: 36156827 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess gastric feeding intolerance for critically ill patients who received sustained neuromuscular blocker (NMB) pharmacotherapy. METHODS Adult patients (>17 years of age) admitted to the trauma intensive care unit who received continuous intravenous NMB pharmacotherapy (rocuronium, cisatracurium, vecuronium, or pancuronium) for ≥48 h during continuous intragastric enteral nutrition (EN) were retrospectively evaluated. Gastric feeding intolerance was defined by initiation of a prokinetic agent (metoclopramide, erythromycin, or both) for an elevated gastric residual volume (GRV) >300 ml and with distention of the abdomen by physical examination, observation of regurgitation or emesis, temporary discontinuation of EN with low intermittent gastric suctioning, or initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN). Patients were evaluated for gastric feeding intolerance for the first 3 days of combined EN and NMB pharmacotherapy. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Ten patients of the 47 patients (21%) were intolerant to EN during NMB pharmacotherapy. No statistically or clinically relevant differences in patient characteristics were found between patients who tolerated EN vs those who experienced gastric feeding intolerance, except for a higher median maximum GRV of 125 ml (28, 200) vs 300 (250, 400) ml, respectively (P < 0.001). Five patients responded to prokinetic therapy and five required PN. CONCLUSION Most patients tolerated intragastric EN during sustained NMB pharmacotherapy. Presence of NMB pharmacotherapy is not an absolute contraindication for EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland N Dickerson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Whitney L Holmes
- Department of Pharmacy, Regional One Health, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saskya Byerly
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dina M Filiberto
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter E Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition support is important in critical illness, and accurate recording is particularly important to determine whether nutritional goals are met both from a caloric and volume perspective. OBJECTIVE To assess accuracy of enteral feeding records, to increase nursing education and to improve nutritional documentation. METHODS An uncontrolled, prospective, pre- and post-intervention study was completed as part of a quality improvement initiative. This study was performed in a 950-bed university hospital (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and focused in a 25-bed, closed intensive care unit (ICU) with a multidisciplinary rounding team of intensivist, nurse, pharmacist, dietitian and respiratory therapist. Nurse researchers reviewed 188 patient electronic medical records (EMR) and compared the data to volume data saved on enteral feeding pump. Data analysis revealed inconsistencies between the pump readings and EMR. The need for a prospective intervention was recognized and implementation of this intervention included pump calibration and teaching modules aimed at improving enteral feeding protocols. During post-intervention, another 234 records were reviewed. RESULTS The intervention of an education program reduced the documented discrepancy between the pump readings and charted volumes from 44 to 33%. A correlation analysis also showed a tighter relationship post-intervention (rpost = 0.84 vs. rpre = 0.76, both had a p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of accurate nutritional monitoring in the ICU and demonstrates that educational interventions can improve enteral feeding protocols. Pump calibrations, frequent interrogation and vigilant nutritional documentation can improve enteral nutrition delivery. Future studies are needed to determine if the effects are sustainable and if further education will further improve documentation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gonya
- a Pulmonary and Critical Care , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Michael Baram
- a Pulmonary and Critical Care , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Hafner G, Neuhuber A, Hirtenfelder S, Schmedler B, Eckel HE. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in intensive care unit patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 265:441-6. [PMID: 17968575 PMCID: PMC2254469 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aspiration in critically ill patients frequently causes severe co-morbidity. We evaluated a diagnostic protocol using routine FEES in critically ill patients at risk to develop aspiration following extubation. We instructed intensive care unit physicians on specific risk factors for and clinical signs of aspiration following extubation in critically ill patients and offered bedside FEES for such patients. Over a 45-month period, we were called to perform 913 endoscopic examinations in 553 patients. Silent aspiration or aspiration with acute symptoms (cough or gag reflex as the bolus passed into the trachea) was detected in 69.3% of all patients. Prolonged non-oral feeding via a naso-gastric tube was initiated in 49.7% of all patients. In 13.2% of patients, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was initiated as a result of FEES findings, and in 6.3% an additional tracheotomy to prevent aspiration had to be initiated. In 59 out of 258 patients (22.9%), tracheotomies were closed, and 30.7% of all 553 patients could be managed with the immediate onset of an oral diet and compensatory treatment procedures. Additional radiological examinations were not required. FEES in critically ill patients allows for a rapid evaluation of deglutition and for the immediate initiation of symptom-related rehabilitation or for an early resumption of oral feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Hafner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Klagenfurt General Hospital, A.ö. Landeskrankenhaus Klagenfurt, HNO, St. Veiter Str. 47, 9027 Klagenfurt, Austria
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Owens C, Fang JC. Decisions to be made when initiating enteral nutrition. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2007; 17:687-702. [PMID: 17967374 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteral nutrition support is preferred to parenteral or no nutritional support, but many patients who could benefit receive inadequate enteral feeding. Many decisions must be made before initiating enteral nutrition support; including if and when enteral nutrition should be started, which formula should be used, and how enteral nutrition support should be monitored. The gastroenterologist should be able to understand and evaluate these decisions in all patients potentially requiring nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Owens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Bourgault AM, Ipe L, Weaver J, Swartz S, O’Dea PJ. Development of Evidence-Based Guidelines and Critical Care Nurses ’ Knowledge of Enteral Feeding. Crit Care Nurse 2007. [DOI: 10.4037/ccn2007.27.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. Bourgault
- Annette M. Bourgault was employed as a clinical nurse specialist in cardiovascular and critical care at Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center at the South Bend and Mishawaka campuses in Indiana when this article was written
| | - Laura Ipe
- Laura Ipe is a clinical dietitian with Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center in South Bend
| | - Joanne Weaver
- Joanne Weaver is an education specialist with Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center in South Bend
| | - Sally Swartz
- Sally Swartz is a medical/surgical/rehabilitation clinical nurse specialist at Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center at the South Bend and Mishawaka campuses
| | - Patrick J. O’Dea
- Patrick J. O’Dea works with Michiana Gastroenterology Inc in South Bend and is a gastroenterologist at Saint Joseph Regional Medical Center in South Bend
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Hasenboehler E, Williams A, Leinhase I, Morgan SJ, Smith WR, Moore EE, Stahel PF. Metabolic changes after polytrauma: an imperative for early nutritional support. World J Emerg Surg 2006; 1:29. [PMID: 17020610 PMCID: PMC1594568 DOI: 10.1186/1749-7922-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major trauma induces marked metabolic changes which contribute to the systemic immune suppression in severely injured patients and increase the risk of infection and posttraumatic organ failure. The hypercatabolic state of polytrauma patients must be recognized early and treated by an appropriate nutritional management in order to avoid late complications. Clinical studies in recent years have supported the concept of "immunonutrition" for severely injured patients, which takes into account the supplementation of Ω-3 fatty acids and essential aminoacids, such as glutamine. Yet many aspects of the nutritional strategies for polytrauma patients remain controversial, including the exact timing, caloric and protein amount of nutrition, choice of enteral versus parenteral route, and duration. The present review will provide an outline of the pathophysiological metabolic changes after major trauma that endorse the current basis for early immunonutrition of polytrauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hasenboehler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Allison Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Iris Leinhase
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité University Medical Center, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven J Morgan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Wade R Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Ernest E Moore
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Philip F Stahel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Martin MJ, FitzSullivan E, Salim A, Brown CVR, Demetriades D, Long W. Discordance between lactate and base deficit in the surgical intensive care unit: which one do you trust? Am J Surg 2006; 191:625-30. [PMID: 16647349 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both lactate and base deficit (BD) are used as predictors of injury severity and mortality. We examined the significance of these measures when used in combination, and particularly when they provide conflicting data. METHODS We reviewed all intensive care unit patients with simultaneously obtained lactate and BD measurements. The ability to predict mortality and hospital stay was compared alone, in combination, and when there was disagreement between the measures. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to compare predictive abilities. RESULTS There were 1,298 patients with 12,197 sets of paired laboratory data; 1,026 trauma patients and 272 surgical patients. Lactic acidosis was present in 41% and a significant BD level (> 2) was found in 52%. Nonsurvivors had higher admission lactate (6.2 vs. 3.3) and base deficit (6.1 vs. 3.2) levels than survivors (both P < .01), with a modest correlation (r = .52) between the measures. The admission lactate and BD levels had similar predictive ability for mortality, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of .7 and .66, respectively (both P < .01). However, the predictive ability of the BD level decreased significantly during the intensive care unit stay (area, .5) compared with lactate level (area, .68). Lactate and BD levels disagreed in 44% of all laboratory sets. In patients with a normal lactate level (< 2.2), the BD level had no predictive ability for mortality (area, .48; P = .26). However, in patients with a normal BD level (< 2.0), the lactate level retained its predictive ability for mortality (area, .67; P < .01). Lengths of stay were longer among patients with an increased lactate level, even when the BD level was normal. There was no improvement in predictive ability using a combination of the 2 measures. CONCLUSIONS Both lactate and BD levels may be used to identify lactic acidosis and predict mortality at admission. Increased lactate levels predict mortality and a prolonged course regardless of the associated BD level, whereas an increased BD level has no predictive value if the lactate level is normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Martin
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and the Los Angeles County and University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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FitzSullivan E, Salim A, Demetriades D, Asensio J, Martin MJ. Serum bicarbonate may replace the arterial base deficit in the trauma intensive care unit. Am J Surg 2006; 190:941-6. [PMID: 16307950 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arterial base deficit (BD) is a commonly used marker of injury severity and endpoint of resuscitation but requires an arterial puncture and blood gas analysis. Serum bicarbonate (HCO3) is routinely obtained as part of the chemistry panel on most admissions. We hypothesized that serum HCO3 strongly correlates with arterial BD and provides equivalent predictive information. METHODS All trauma ICU admissions from 1996 to 2004 with simultaneously obtained serum chemistry panels and arterial blood gases were identified. Correlation between BD and HCO3 was analyzed by using linear regression, and predictive abilities for acidoses and mortality were compared using the area under the respective receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Separate analyses were done for the entire dataset and the subset of ICU admission laboratory values. RESULTS We identified 3,102 patients with 50,311 matched pairs of laboratory data. Serum HCO3 showed a significant linear correlation with BD for all laboratory sets (r = 0.85, P < .01) and admission laboratory values only (r = 0.80, P < .01). Serum HCO3 reliably predicted the presence of significant metabolic acidoses (BD >5), with an AUC of 0.96 (P < .01), which clearly outperformed pH (AUC = 0.83), anion gap (AUC = 0.7), and lactate (AUC = 0.73). The mean admission BD among survivors was 2.5 versus 5.2 for nonsurvivors (P < .01), and the mean HCO3 was 17.7 versus 19.8 (P < .01). The admission HCO3 identified nonsurvivors as accurately as BD (AUCs of 0.66 and 0.68) and more accurately than either pH (AUC = 0.53) or anion gap (AUC = 0.6). CONCLUSION Serum HCO3 measurement shows a strong linear correlation and similar predictive ability compared with the arterial BD. Serum HCO3 may be safely and accurately substituted for arterial BD measurement in critically injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth FitzSullivan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California and the Los Angeles County + USC Medical Center, 1200 North State Street, Room 10-750, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Abstract
Este trabalho é constituído de uma revisão de conceitos fundamentais e atualizados relacionados à terapia nutricional de crianças com câncer criticamente doentes. O objetivo principal desta revisão é discutir alterações nutricionais e metabólicas decorrentes dessa condição, bem como as indicações, recomendações, contra-indicações e complicações da terapia nutricional (nutrição enteral e parenteral) em pacientes com câncer. Este artigo aborda, de forma objetiva, a aplicação prática de alguns conceitos baseados em evidências científicas, e propõe algumas diretrizes para auxiliar na decisão da terapia nutricional no âmbito da vivência clínica. Conclui-se que há necessidade de maior incentivo ao desenvolvimento da ciência da terapia de suporte, como o tratamento das infecções, a terapia intensiva e a terapia metabólico-nutricional, para que se ampliem as possibilidades de cura de crianças e adolescentes com câncer.
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