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Anderson C, Eggert L, Fitzgerald K, Jackson D, Farr F. Calcium and Phosphate Solubility Curve Equation for Determining Precipitation Limits in Compounding Parenteral Nutrition. Hosp Pharm 2022; 57:779-785. [PMID: 36340622 PMCID: PMC9631008 DOI: 10.1177/00185787221104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians have published research and reports on calcium and phosphate solubility within parenteral nutrition (PN) for over 40 years. Foundational empirical laboratory investigation in the 1980s motivated by the prevalence of neonatal rickets and osteomalacia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) population led to precipitation curves that have guided PN prescribing and compounding. Over subsequent decades, numerous publications have expanded the knowledge of factors influencing calcium and phosphate solubility in formulating optimal and safe PN admixtures. Failure to adhere to known principles has led to serious injury and death. Known solubility curves are derived from empiric analysis of a finite number of conditions and concentrations, whereas custom PN orders vary widely and rarely match the admixture composition in the data set used to derive the published precipitation curves. Various commercial platforms have been developed to aid the pharmacist in assessing the potential for precipitation when evaluating a PN order. Some applications plot the calcium and phosphate concentrations of the prescribed PN against known published graphs most similar to the order, allowing the pharmacist to judge the risk of precipitation. Other approaches use intellectually protected trade secret algorithms to determine calcium and phosphate solubility across a continuum of conditions. This publication reports equations that have been used successfully for over 2 decades in our regional network of NICUs and shared with others to determine safe prescribing limits for calcium and phosphate concentrations using an electronic PN prescribing program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry Eggert
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Fred Farr
- Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA
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Wang HJ, Hsieh YT, Liu LY, Huang CF, Lin SC, Tsao PN, Chou HC, Yen TA, Chen CY. Use of sodium glycerophosphate in neonatal parenteral nutrition solutions to increase calcium and phosphate compatibility for preterm infants. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:331-337. [PMID: 32199865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants require higher calcium and phosphate intake than term infants to facilitate adequate bone growth, but this is rarely met in parenteral nutrition (PN) solution because of the limited solubility of calcium and phosphate. This study aimed to evaluate the solubility of organic phosphate with calcium gluconate in neonatal PN solutions, simulating its clinical use. METHODS PN solutions were composed of calcium gluconate at 50 mEq/L and sodium glycerophosphate (NaGP) at 25 mmol/L. Another component included 1% or 4% amino acid and 10% or 20% dextrose. For comparison, PN solution composed of potassium phosphate was also evaluated. Each solution was evaluated using the following methods: visual inspection, light obscuration particle count test, and pH measurement. To simulate the clinical condition, the solution was tested after compounding, after being stored at 25 °C for 24 h, and after being stored at 2°C-8°C for 2 or 9 days and subsequently at 25 °C for 24 h. RESULTS There was no visual deposition in PN solution using NaGP in any of the concentrations and under any stored condition. The solution fulfilled the criteria of physical compatibility as < 25 particles/mL measuring ≥10 μm in diameter and <3 particles/mL measuring ≥25 μm in diameter. On the contrary, visual deposition was evidently noted in PN solution using potassium phosphate after its formulation, and the particle count significantly exceeded the range of physical compatibility. CONCLUSION NaGP and calcium gluconate have significantly good compatibility in PN solution. The use of NaGP in neonatal PN prevents calcium and phosphorus precipitation, hence increasing their supply to preterm infants in meeting their growth requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Ju Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fen Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chiao Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nien Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chieh Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-An Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Owen HJ, Gonyon TM, Green JBD, Patel DH, Eilert JY, Gripman LL, Wyrwa ST. Calcium/Phosphate Solubility Curves for Premasol and Trophamine Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Formulations. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:45-52. [PMID: 30837814 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcium and phosphate incompatibility in parenteral nutrition formulations remains a critical concern for patient safety. This study examined calcium phosphate solubility for 2-in-1 admixtures prepared using 2 commercially available pediatric amino acid solutions (Premasol, Baxter Healthcare Corp; or Trophamine, B. Braun Medical Inc), applying identical test methods, storage conditions, and acceptance criteria. METHODS Parenteral 2-in-1 admixtures included amino acid; dextrose; static concentrations of sodium, potassium, and magnesium, and varying concentrations of calcium (0-60 mEq/L), phosphate (15-50 mmol/L), and cysteine. Three replicate samples were stored for 48 hours at 40°C ± 2°C and then visually inspected for particulate matter, evaluated for subvisible particulate matter, when particulate matter was noted, microscopic examination was performed to confirm the presence of calcium phosphate crystals. Pass criteria were: all replicates free of visible particulate matter related to calcium phosphate crystals and particle counts below US Pharmacopeia <788> limits. RESULTS Premasol and Trophamine generated identical calcium phosphate curves for 2% amino acid formulations containing 20% dextrose with/without cysteine, and similar curves for the 1% or 3% amino acid formulations containing 10% or 20% dextrose with/without cysteine. Calcium phosphate particles were identified in failed samples by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Calcium phosphate solubility was higher in formulations containing cysteine 40 mg/g amino acid vs. cysteine 20 mg/g amino acid and in cysteine 20 mg/g amino acid vs. no cysteine. CONCLUSIONS Admixtures made with 1%, 2%, or 3% Premasol or Trophamine have essentially equivalent calcium phosphate solubility curves when tested with identical methods, storage conditions, and acceptance criteria.
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Pereira J, Filho CA, de Jesus V, de Sá J, Silva C, Jovino C, Fontes A, Santos B. Short chain polyphosphates as a strategic colloidal source of phosphate for parenteral admixtures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Huston RK, Christensen JM, Alshahrani SM, Mohamed SM, Clark SM, Nason JA, Wu YX. Calcium Chloride in Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions with and without Added Cysteine: Compatibility Studies Using Laser and Micro-Flow Imaging Methodology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136894. [PMID: 26317344 PMCID: PMC4552580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of compatibility of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and phosphates have not included particle counts in the range specified by the United States Pharmacopeia. Micro-flow imaging techniques have been shown to be comparable to light obscuration when determining particle count and size in pharmaceutical solutions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to do compatibility testing for parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions containing CaCl2 using dynamic light scattering and micro-flow imaging techniques. METHODS Solutions containing TrophAmine (Braun Medical Inc, Irvine, CA), CaCl2, and sodium phosphate (NaPhos) were compounded with and without cysteine. All solutions contained standard additives to neonatal PN solutions including dextrose, trace metals, and electrolytes. Control solutions contained no calcium or phosphate. Solutions were analyzed for particle size and particle count. Means of Z-average particle size and particle counts of controls were determined. Study solutions were compared to controls and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter 788 guidelines. The maximum amount of Phos that was compatible in solutions that contained at least 10 mmol/L of Ca in 2.5% amino acids (AA) was determined. Compatibility of these solutions was verified by performing analyses of 5 repeats of these solutions. Microscopic analyses of the repeats were also performed. RESULTS Amounts of CaCl2 and NaPhos that were compatible in solutions containing 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3% AA were determined. The maximum amount of NaPhos that could be added to TrophAmine solutions of > = 2.5% AA containing at least 10 mmol/L of CaCl2 was 7.5 mmol/L. Adding 50 mg/dL of cysteine increased the amount of NaPhos that could be added to solutions containing 10 mmol/L of CaCl2 to 10 mmol/L. CONCLUSION Calcium chloride can be added to neonatal PN solutions containing NaPhos in concentrations that can potentially provide an intravenous intake of adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Huston
- Northwest Newborn Specialists, PC and Pediatrix Medical Group, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Mark Christensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Sultan M. Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Sumeia M. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Clark
- Neonatal Pharmacy, Providence St. Vincent Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Nason
- School of Chemical, Biological, & Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Ying Xing Wu
- Medical Data Research Center, Providence Health and Services, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Green JBD, Carter PW, Zhang Y, Patel D, Kotha P, Gonyon T. Automated system for kinetic analysis of particle size distributions for pharmaceutically relevant systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:810589. [PMID: 25140276 PMCID: PMC4124733 DOI: 10.1155/2014/810589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detailing the kinetics of particle formation for pharmaceutically relevant solutions is challenging, especially when considering the combination of formulations, containers, and timescales of clinical importance. This paper describes a method for using commercial software Automate with a stream-selector valve capable of sampling container solutions from within an environmental chamber. The tool was built to monitor changes in particle size distributions via instrumental particle counters but can be adapted to other solution-based sensors. The tool and methodology were demonstrated to be highly effective for measuring dynamic changes in emulsion globule distributions as a function of storage and mixing conditions important for parenteral nutrition. Higher levels of agitation induced the fastest growth of large globules (≥5 μm) while the gentler conditions actually showed a decrease in the number of these large globules. The same methodology recorded calcium phosphate precipitation kinetics as a function of [Ca(2+)] and pH. This automated system is readily adaptable to a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant systems where the particle size is expected to vary with time. This instrumentation can dramatically reduce the time and resources needed to probe complex formulation issues while providing new insights for monitoring the kinetics as a function of key variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Bruce D. Green
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Phillip W. Carter
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Yingqing Zhang
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Dipa Patel
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Priyanka Kotha
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
| | - Thomas Gonyon
- Baxter Healthcare, Technology Resources, 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL 60073, USA
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