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Savoca ML, Brownell JN. Comprehensive nutrition guidelines and management strategies for enteropathy in children. Semin Pediatr Surg 2024; 33:151425. [PMID: 38849288 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2024.151425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) describes a syndrome of excessive protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract, which may be due to a wide variety of etiologies. For children in whom the protein loss is associated with lymphangiectasia, medical nutrition therapy focused on restricting enteral long-chain triglycerides and thus intestinal chyle production is an integral component of treatment. This approach is based on the principle that reducing intestinal chyle production will concurrently decrease enteric protein losses of lymphatic origin. In patients with ongoing active PLE or those who are on a fat-restricted diet, particularly in infants and young children, supplemental calories may be provided with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). MCT are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing intestinal lymphatics and not contributing to intestinal chyle production. Patients with active PLE or who are on dietary fat restriction should be monitored for associated micronutrient deficiencies. In this paper, we seek to formally present recommended nutrition interventions, principles of dietary education and patient counseling, and monitoring parameters in pediatric populations with PLE based on our experience in a busy clinical referral practice focused on this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Savoca
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies Program, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Jefferson N Brownell
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies Program, Philadelphia, PA
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Garbi A, Armand M, Beltran-Anzola AA, Sarté C, Brévaut-Malaty V, Tosello B, Gire C. Effect of Massage with Oil Balanced in Essential Fatty Acids on Development and Lipid Parameters in Very Premature Neonates: A Randomized, Controlled Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9040463. [PMID: 35455507 PMCID: PMC9031158 DOI: 10.3390/children9040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oil massage versus only massage can increase preterm newborn development, especially weight gain, via a supposed percutaneous absorption of oil lipids, but data are contradictory. Aims: Investigating whether massage with a vegetable oil balanced in essential fatty acids improves neonatal weight gain, and digestive autonomy as proxy for neuro-development outcomes. Methods: A prospective monocentric randomized study was conducted in very premature newborns who received massage with oil (isio4 10 mL/kg/day, n = 18) versus with no oil (n = 18) for five consecutive days (10-min session twice daily) at a corrected gestational age of 34−35 weeks. Anthropometrics and clinical characteristics were recorded. Plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were analyzed with an enzymatic kit. The fatty acid composition (weight%, mg/mL) of total plasma lipids and of red blood cell (RBC) membrane was analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: Weight gain velocity at the end of massage period was 12.3 ± 1.4 g/kg/day with oil vs. 9.8 ± 1.4 g/kg/day with no oil (p = 0.1). Digestive autonomy, plasma lipid parameters, polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma total lipids or in RBC were comparable. The no oil group displayed a higher RBC level in nervonic acid at discharge (4.3 ± 0.2 vs. 3.4 ± 0.2%; p = 0.025) and in C18:1n-9 plasmalogen species at the end of the massage period and at discharge (0.73 ± 0.06 vs. 0.48 ± 0.06; 0.92 ± 0.06 vs. 0.69 ± 0.06%; p < 0.01), two molecules that are involved in neurodevelopment. Conclusions: The use of isio4 oil did not provide additional benefits for the development of very premature newborns, neither changed lipid metabolism nor polyunsaturated fatty acid biological status, which did not corroborate the existence of a percutaneous route for oil lipid absorption. The reason for different levels of nervonic acid and plasmalogen in RBC remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Garbi
- Department of Neonatology, AP-HM, University Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (A.-A.B.-A.); (V.B.-M.); (C.G.)
| | - Martine Armand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; (M.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Any-Alejandra Beltran-Anzola
- Department of Neonatology, AP-HM, University Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (A.-A.B.-A.); (V.B.-M.); (C.G.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, CERESS, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Sarté
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; (M.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Véronique Brévaut-Malaty
- Department of Neonatology, AP-HM, University Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (A.-A.B.-A.); (V.B.-M.); (C.G.)
| | - Barthélémy Tosello
- Department of Neonatology, AP-HM, University Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (A.-A.B.-A.); (V.B.-M.); (C.G.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Catherine Gire
- Department of Neonatology, AP-HM, University Hospital Nord, 13015 Marseille, France; (A.G.); (A.-A.B.-A.); (V.B.-M.); (C.G.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, CERESS, Marseille, France
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Estes-Doetsch H, Ganzer H, Roberts K, Brody RA. Risk factors and assessment considerations for essential fatty acid deficiency in nonparenterally fed patients using a case example. Nutr Clin Pract 2022; 37:843-851. [PMID: 34978102 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) has most commonly been reported in parenterally fed individuals but may also present in patients receiving fat-restricted diets and in patients with fat-malabsorption disorders. This article reviews the physical and biochemical assessment for EFAD in clinical practice and disorders of fat malabsorption as potential risk factors for EFAD. A case report is included to describe the fatty acid profile of a patient with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency receiving low-dose pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy after a self-imposed fat-restricted diet. The current challenges with laboratory interpretation of essential fatty acid status are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Estes-Doetsch
- Medical Dietetics Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Heidi Ganzer
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kristen Roberts
- Medical Dietetics Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rebecca A Brody
- Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Chiabi A, Kenmogne MH, Nguefack S, Obadeyi B, Mah E, Meka FZ, Tchokoteu PF, Mbonda E, Ekoe T. The empiric use of palm kernel oil in neonatal skin care: justifiable or not? Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:950-4. [PMID: 22139548 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Palm kernel oil is a vegetable oil derived from Elaeis guineensis and widely used in neonatal settings for skin care. It is a good emollient with a beneficial effect in moisturizing the skin and preventing transdermal heat and water loss. However, it's putative roles in the prevention or treatment of fatty acid defificiency is still controversial. So is its function in the improvement of neurological development from its longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids? We set out in this review to verify whether its empiric use in this context has any scientific justification and is recommendable. Although there is evidence that it has emollient and moisturizing properties necessary for softening the skin and restoring elasticity, controversy subsists on its other nutritional and neurodevelopmental properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Chiabi
- Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroon.
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Lee EJ, Gibson RA, Simmer K. Transcutaneous application of oil and prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 1993; 68:27-8. [PMID: 8439192 PMCID: PMC1029161 DOI: 10.1136/adc.68.1_spec_no.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The topical application of vegetable oil was assessed as an alternative means of providing essential fatty acids (EFA) to parentally fed preterm infants who were not receiving lipid. Three infant pairs ranging in gestational age from 26-32 weeks were studied. Safflower oil or safflower oil esters (1 g linoleic acid/kg/day) were applied to available areas daily. All infants rapidly developed biochemical EFA deficiency. The plasma fatty acid profiles were similar in infants with or without topical oil, and all returned to normal once parenteral lipid was introduced. We found no evidence to suggest that the transdermal route is of use in the nutritional management of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
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