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Wang XM, Zhang XJ. Role of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. BMC Med Imaging 2024; 24:87. [PMID: 38609843 PMCID: PMC11010385 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-024-01272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis has important pathoetiological and prognostic roles in chronic liver disease. This study evaluates the role of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis. METHOD After literature search in electronic databases (Embase, Ovid, Science Direct, Springer, and Web of Science), studies were selected by following precise eligibility criteria. The quality of included studies was assessed, and meta-analyses were performed to achieve pooled estimates of area under receiver-operator curve (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis compared to histopathology. RESULTS Fifteen studies (3718 patients; age 47 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 42, 53]; 69% [95% CI: 65, 73] males) were included. AUROC values of radiomics for detecting significant fibrosis (F2-4), advanced fibrosis (F3-4), and cirrhosis (F4) were 0.91 [95%CI: 0.89, 0.94], 0.92 [95%CI: 0.90, 0.95], and 0.94 [95%CI: 0.93, 0.96] in training cohorts and 0.89 [95%CI: 0.83, 0.91], 0.89 [95%CI: 0.83, 0.94], and 0.93 [95%CI: 0.91, 0.95] in validation cohorts, respectively. For diagnosing significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis the sensitivity of radiomics was 84.0% [95%CI: 76.1, 91.9], 86.9% [95%CI: 76.8, 97.0], and 92.7% [95%CI: 89.7, 95.7] in training cohorts, and 75.6% [95%CI: 67.7, 83.5], 80.0% [95%CI: 70.7, 89.3], and 92.0% [95%CI: 87.8, 96.1] in validation cohorts, respectively. Respective specificity was 88.6% [95% CI: 83.0, 94.2], 88.4% [95% CI: 81.9, 94.8], and 91.1% [95% CI: 86.8, 95.5] in training cohorts, and 86.8% [95% CI: 83.3, 90.3], 94.0% [95% CI: 89.5, 98.4], and 88.3% [95% CI: 84.4, 92.2] in validation cohorts. Limitations included use of several methods for feature selection and classification, less availability of studies evaluating a particular radiological modality, lack of a direct comparison between radiology and radiomics, and lack of external validation. CONCLUSION Although radiomics offers good diagnostic accuracy in detecting liver fibrosis, its role in clinical practice is not as clear at present due to comparability and validation constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, No.1, Guangdong Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300203, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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Li S, Tsui PH, Wu W, Wu S, Zhou Z. Ultrasound k-nearest neighbor entropy imaging: Theory, algorithm, and applications. ULTRASONICS 2024; 138:107256. [PMID: 38325231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound information entropy is a flexible approach for analyzing ultrasound backscattering. Shannon entropy imaging based on probability distribution histograms (PDHs) has been implemented as a promising method for tissue characterization and diagnosis. However, the bin number affects the stability of entropy estimation. In this study, we introduced the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm to estimate entropy values and proposed ultrasound KNN entropy imaging. The proposed KNN estimator leveraged the Euclidean distance between data samples, rather than the histogram bins by conventional PDH estimators. We also proposed cumulative relative entropy (CRE) imaging to analyze time-series radiofrequency signals and applied it to monitor thermal lesions induced by microwave ablation (MWA). Computer simulation phantom experiments were conducted to validate and compare the performance of the proposed KNN entropy imaging, the conventional PDH entropy imaging, and Nakagami-m parametric imaging in detecting the variations of scatterer densities and visualizing inclusions. Clinical data of breast lesions were analyzed, and porcine liver MWA experiments ex vivo were conducted to validate the performance of KNN entropy imaging in classifying benign and malignant breast tumors and monitoring thermal lesions, respectively. Compared with PDH, the entropy estimation based on KNN was less affected by the tuning parameters. KNN entropy imaging was more sensitive to changes in scatterer densities and performed better visualizable capability than typical Shannon entropy (TSE) and Nakagami-m parametric imaging. Among different imaging methods, KNN-based Shannon entropy (KSE) imaging achieved the higher accuracy in classification of benign and malignant breast tumors and KNN-based CRE imaging had larger lesion-to-normal contrast when monitoring the ablated areas during MWA at different powers and treatment durations. Ultrasound KNN entropy imaging is a potential quantitative ultrasound approach for tissue characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Po-Hsiang Tsui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Weiwei Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuicai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhuhuang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Punn NS, Patel B, Banerjee I. Liver fibrosis classification from ultrasound using machine learning: a systematic literature review. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:69-80. [PMID: 37950068 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-04081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver biopsy was considered the gold standard for diagnosing liver fibrosis; however, with advancements in medical technology and increasing awareness of potential complications, the reliance on liver biopsy has diminished. Ultrasound is gaining popularity due to its wider availability and cost-effectiveness. This study examined the machine learning / deep learning (ML/DL) models for non-invasive liver fibrosis classification from ultrasound. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol, we searched five academic databases using the query. We defined population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) framework for the inclusion. Furthermore, Joana Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies is used for quality assessment. RESULTS Among the 188 screened studies, 17 studies are selected. The methods are categorized as off-the-shelf (OTS), attention, generative, and ensemble classifiers. Most studies used OTS classifiers that combined pre-trained ML/DL methods with radiomics features to determine fibrosis staging. Although machine learning shows potential for fibrosis classification, there are limited external comparisons of interventions and prospective clinical trials, which limits their applicability. CONCLUSION With the recent success of ML/DL toward biomedical image analysis, automated solutions using ultrasound are developed for predicting liver diseases. However, their applicability is bounded by the limited and imbalanced retrospective studies having high heterogeneity. This challenge could be addressed by generating a standard protocol for study design by selecting appropriate population, interventions, outcomes, and comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavik Patel
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Imon Banerjee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Wang Q, Lai MW, Bin G, Ding Q, Wu S, Zhou Z, Tsui PH. MBR-Net: A multi-branch residual network based on ultrasound backscattered signals for characterizing pediatric hepatic steatosis. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107093. [PMID: 37482038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of pediatric hepatic steatosis and early detection of fatty liver in children are of critical importance. In this paper, a deep learning model based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) of ultrasound backscattered signals, multi-branch residual network (MBR-Net), was proposed for characterizing pediatric hepatic steatosis. The MBR-Net was composed of three convolutional branches. Each branch used different sizes of convolution blocks to enhance the capability of local feature acquisition, and leveraged the residual mechanism with skip connections to guide the network to effectively capture features. A total of 393 frames of ultrasound backscattered signals collected from 131 children were included in the experiments. The hepatic steatosis index was used as the reference standard for diagnosing the steatosis grade, G0-G3. The ultrasound backscattered signals within the liver region of interests (ROIs) were normalized and augmented using a sliding gate method. The gated ROI signals were randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets with the ratio of 8:1:1. The area under the operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy (ACC), sensitivity (SEN), and specificity (SPE) were used as the evaluation metrics. Experimental results showed that the MBR-Net yields AUCs for diagnosing pediatric hepatic steatosis grade ≥G1, ≥G2, and ≥G3 of 0.94 (ACC: 93.65%; SEN: 89.79%; SPE: 84.48%), 0.93 (ACC: 90.48%; SEN: 87.75%; SPE: 82.65%), and 0.93 (ACC: 87.76%; SEN: 84.84%; SPE: 86.55%), respectively, which were superior to the conventional one-branch CNNs without residual mechanisms. The proposed MBR-Net can be used as a new deep learning method for ultrasound backscattered signal analysis to characterize pediatric hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guangyu Bin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiying Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, BJUT Hospital, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuicai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuhuang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Po-Hsiang Tsui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Wu X, Lv K, Wu S, Tai DI, Tsui PH, Zhou Z. Parallelized ultrasound homodyned-K imaging based on a generalized artificial neural network estimator. ULTRASONICS 2023; 132:106987. [PMID: 36958066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The homodyned-K (HK) distribution model is a generalized backscatter envelope statistical model for ultrasound tissue characterization, whose parameters are of physical meaning. To estimate the HK parameters is an inverse problem, and is quite complicated. Previously, we proposed an artificial neural network (ANN) estimator and an improved ANN (iANN) estimator for estimating the HK parameters, which are fast and flexible. However, a drawback of the conventional ANN and iANN estimators consists in that they use Monte Carlo simulations under known values of HK parameters to generate training samples, and thus the ANN and iANN models have to be re-trained when the size of the test sets (or of the envelope samples to be estimated) varies. In addition, conventional ultrasound HK imaging uses a sliding window technique, which is non-vectorized and does not support parallel computation, so HK image resolution is usually sacrificed to ensure a reasonable computation cost. To this end, we proposed a generalized ANN (gANN) estimator in this paper, which took the theoretical derivations of feature vectors for network training, and thus it is independent from the size of the test sets. Further, we proposed a parallelized HK imaging method that is based on the gANN estimator, which used a block-based parallel computation method, rather than the conventional sliding window technique. The gANN-based parallelized HK imaging method allowed a higher image resolution and a faster computation at the same time. Computer simulation experiments showed that the gANN estimator was generally comparable to the conventional ANN estimator in terms of HK parameter estimation performance. Clinical experiments of hepatic steatosis showed that the gANN-based parallelized HK imaging could be used to visually and quantitatively characterize hepatic steatosis, with similar performance to the conventional ANN-based HK imaging that used the sliding window technique, but the gANN-based parallelized HK imaging was over 3 times faster than the conventional ANN-based HK imaging. The parallelized computation method presented in this work can be easily extended to other quantitative ultrasound imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xining Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuicai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dar-In Tai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Tsui
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zhuhuang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
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Ultrasound Radiomics for the Detection of Early-Stage Liver Fibrosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112737. [PMID: 36359580 PMCID: PMC9689042 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study evaluates quantitative ultrasound (QUS) texture features with machine learning (ML) to enhance the sensitivity of B-mode ultrasound (US) for the detection of fibrosis at an early stage and distinguish it from advanced fibrosis. Different ML methods were evaluated to determine the best diagnostic model. Methods: 233 B-mode images of liver lobes with early and advanced-stage fibrosis induced in a rat model were analyzed. Sixteen features describing liver texture were measured from regions of interest (ROIs) drawn on B-mode images. The texture features included a first-order statistics run length (RL) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The features discriminating between early and advanced fibrosis were used to build diagnostic models with logistic regression (LR), naïve Bayes (nB), and multi-class perceptron (MLP). The diagnostic performances of the models were compared by ROC analysis using different train-test sampling approaches, including leave-one-out, 10-fold cross-validation, and varying percentage splits. METAVIR scoring was used for histological fibrosis staging of the liver. Results: 15 features showed a significant difference between the advanced and early liver fibrosis groups, p < 0.05. Among the individual features, first-order statics features led to the best classification with a sensitivity of 82.1−90.5% and a specificity of 87.1−89.8%. For the features combined, the diagnostic performances of nB and MLP were high, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) approaching 0.95−0.96. LR also yielded high diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.91−0.92) but was lower than nB and MLP. The diagnostic variability between test-train trials, measured by the coefficient-of-variation (CV), was higher for LR (3−5%) than nB and MLP (1−2%). Conclusion: Quantitative ultrasound with machine learning differentiated early and advanced fibrosis. Ultrasound B-mode images contain a high level of information to enable accurate diagnosis with relatively straightforward machine learning methods like naïve Bayes and logistic regression. Implementing simple ML approaches with QUS features in clinical settings could reduce the user-dependent limitation of ultrasound in detecting early-stage liver fibrosis.
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