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Chamanza R, Naylor SW, Gregori M, Boyle M, Pereira Bacares ME, Drevon-Gaillot E, Romeike A, Courtney C, Johnson K, Turner J, Swierzawski N, Sharma AK. The Influence of Geographical Origin, Age, Sex, and Animal Husbandry on the Spontaneous Histopathology of Laboratory Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca Fascicularis): A Contemporary Global and Multisite Review of Historical Control Data. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:607-627. [PMID: 35535738 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221096424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of geographical origin, age, and sex on toxicologically relevant spontaneous histopathology findings in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), we performed a comparative analysis of historical control data (HCD) from 13 test sites that included 3351 animals (1645 females and 1706 males) sourced from Mauritius, China, Vietnam, and Cambodia, aged from 2 to 9.5 years, and from 446 toxicology studies evaluated between 2016 and 2021. The most common findings were mononuclear infiltrates in the kidney, liver, brain, and lung, which showed highest incidences in Mauritian macaques, and heart, salivary glands, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which showed highest incidences of mononuclear infiltrates in mainland Asian macaques. Developmental and degenerative findings were more common in Mauritian macaques, while lymphoid hyperplasia and lung pigment showed higher incidences in Asian macaques. Various sex and age-related differences were also present. Despite origin-related differences, the similarities in the nature and distribution of background lesions indicate that macaques from all geographical regions are suitable for toxicity testing and show comparable lesion spectrum. However, in a toxicity study, it is strongly recommended to use animals from a single geographical origin and to follow published guidelines when using HCD to evaluate and interpretate commonly diagnosed spontaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Chamanza
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, High Wycombe, UK.,Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Molly Boyle
- Labcorp Drug Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelsey Johnson
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Turner
- Labcorp Drug Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Colman K, Andrews RN, Atkins H, Boulineau T, Bradley A, Braendli-Baiocco A, Capobianco R, Caudell D, Cline M, Doi T, Ernst R, van Esch E, Everitt J, Fant P, Gruebbel MM, Mecklenburg L, Miller AD, Nikula KJ, Satake S, Schwartz J, Sharma A, Shimoi A, Sobry C, Taylor I, Vemireddi V, Vidal J, Wood C, Vahle JL. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Non-proliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Non-human Primate ( M. fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:1S-182S. [PMID: 34712008 PMCID: PMC8544165 DOI: 10.1293/tox.34.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for
Lesions Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of
Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North
America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and
nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to
provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most
tissues and organs from the nonhuman primate used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of
the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature
presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet
(http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from
government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes
spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant
infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized
international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide
a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different
countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among
toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories Edinburgh Ltd., Tranent, Scotland, UK
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Caudell
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Takuya Doi
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Shigeru Satake
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kagoshima and Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alok Sharma
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Wood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - John L Vahle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis IN, USA
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Herman E, Eldridge S. Spontaneously occurring cardiovascular lesions in commonly used laboratory animals. CARDIO-ONCOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 32154013 PMCID: PMC7048038 DOI: 10.1186/s40959-019-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The search for new chemical entities which are clinically effective and do not adversely affect the cardiovascular system is an ongoing objective. In vivo studies designed to detect potential drug-induced cardiovascular toxicity typically utilize both rodent and non-rodent species. An important component of such studies includes the microscopic evaluation of tissues for histopathologic changes. A factor which could potentially complicate this type of evaluation relates to the potential for laboratory animals to develop natural or spontaneous pathological cardiovascular lesions. Some types of these naturally occurring alterations are similar to those induced by chemical compounds and thus could confound accurate interpretation. Accurate morphologic analysis becomes contingent upon the ability to distinguish spontaneous cardiovascular changes from actual drug-induced lesions. A summary of some of the more frequently reported spontaneous cardiovascular alterations in commonly-used laboratory animals is presented below. Special emphasis is given to the spectrum of spontaneous background myocardial pathology that might be encountered during preclinical studies conducted to identify potential cardiotoxic actions of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Herman
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
| | - Sandy Eldridge
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 USA
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Konishi S, Kotera T, Koga M, Ueda M. Spontaneous hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cynomolgus macaque ( Macaca fascicularis). J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 31:49-54. [PMID: 29479140 PMCID: PMC5820103 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cardiomyopathy is used to describe heart disease resulting
from an abnormality in the myocardium. It is rare in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca
fascicularis). Here, we report a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an
11-year-old male cynomolgus macaque. Macroscopically, the interventricular septum (IVS)
and the left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) walls of the heart were
thickened. Histologically, cardiomyocytes showed hypertrophy and disarray with
interstitial fibrosis, and some myocytes showed karyomegaly and vacuoles. On the basis of
these morphological characteristics, the present case was diagnosed as hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy. Immunohistochemically, the cardiomyocytes in the affected regions were
positive for the autophagic markers LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 (p62). The accumulation of
autophagosomes in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes was demonstrated. The mechanism of
accumulation of autophagosomes seems to be a secondary effect due to stress. To our
knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a
cynomolgus macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Konishi
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Kotera
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Masaaki Koga
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueda
- Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment Department, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., 14 Nishinosho-monguchi-cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
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Reagan WJ, Barnes R, Harris P, Summers S, Lopes S, Stubbs M, Blackwell D, Steidl-Nichols J. Assessment of Cardiac Troponin I Responses in Nonhuman Primates during Restraint, Blood Collection, and Dosing in Preclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:335-343. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316663865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited information has been published on the use of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) as a biomarker of cardiac injury in monkeys. The purpose of these studies was to characterize the cTnI response seen in cynomolgus macaques during routine dosing and blood collection procedures typically used in preclinical safety studies and to better understand the pathogenesis of this response. We measured cTnI using two different methods, the Siemens Immulite cTnI assay and the more sensitive Siemens Troponin I-Ultra assay. We were able to demonstrate that after oral, subcutaneous, or intravenous dosing of common vehicles, as well as serial chair restraint for venipuncture blood collection, that minimal to mild transient increases in cTnI could be detected in monkeys with both assays. cTnI values typically peaked at 2, 3, 4, or 6 hr after sham dosing and returned to baseline at 22 or 24 hr. In addition, marked increases in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) occurred in monkeys during the restraint procedures, which likely initiated the cTnI release in these animals. Monkeys that were very well acclimated to the chairing procedures and had vascular access ports for blood sampling did not have marked increases in HRs and BP or increases in cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Reagan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert Barnes
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter Harris
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandy Summers
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sarah Lopes
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Makeida Stubbs
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Blackwell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jill Steidl-Nichols
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Phase 1 trial of IL-15 trans presentation blockade using humanized Mikβ1 mAb in patients with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012; 121:476-84. [PMID: 23212516 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-450585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, Hu-Mikβ1, a humanized mAb directed at the shared IL-2/IL-15Rβ subunit (CD122) was evaluated in patients with T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia. Hu-Mikβ1 blocked the trans presentation of IL-15 to T cells expressing IL-2/IL-15Rβ and the common γ-chain (CD132), but did not block IL-15 action in cells that expressed the heterotrimeric IL-15 receptor in cis. There was no significant toxicity associated with Hu-Mikβ1 administration in patients with T-LGL leukemia, but no major clinical responses were observed. One patient who had previously received murine Mikβ1 developed a measurable Ab response to the infused Ab. Nevertheless, the safety profile of this first in-human study of the humanized mAb to IL-2/IL-15Rβ (CD122) supports its evaluation in disorders such as refractory celiac disease, in which IL-15 and its receptor have been proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of disease activity.
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Macri SC, Bailey CC, de Oca NM, Silva NA, Rosene DL, Mansfield KG, Miller AD. Immunophenotypic alterations in resident immune cells and myocardial fibrosis in the aging rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) heart. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:637-46. [PMID: 22328408 PMCID: PMC3387677 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is used extensively in translational biomedical research and drug development studies and is an important model of aging. Macaques often develop myocardial fibrosis with age, which can result in the loss of normal cardiac architecture with the expansion of the extracellular matrix and deposition of collagen. The etiology and pathogenesis of this pernicious process is poorly understood. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed using histologic and immunohistochemical techniques in cardiac tissue sections from 34 rhesus macaques. Overall left ventricular and left ventricular mid-myocardial interstitial/perivascular fibrosis were positively correlated with age (r = .6522, p < .0001 and r = .4704, p = .005, respectively). When divided into young (mean = 2.8 years), middle-aged (mean = 17.5 years), and advanced age (mean = 29.2 years) groups, immunophenotypic characterization of antigen presenting cells revealed differential expression of CD163 and DC-SIGN between the young and middle-aged groups compared to the advanced age group (p < .0001). HAM-56 expression decreased significantly in the advanced age cohort (p = .0021). The expression of CD8, CD163, and DC-SIGN correlated positively with age (r = .3999, p = .0191; r = .5676, p = .0005; r = .5245, p = .0014, respectively). These results show the importance of myocardial fibrosis as a common age-related pathology and additionally, alterations in T cell, macrophage, and dendritic cell phenotype in rhesus macaque myocardium are associated with age but unassociated with the fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C. Macri
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles C. Bailey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Nilsa A. Silva
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
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Dunn ME, Coluccio D, Zabka TS, Gopalakrishnan G, Hirkaler G, Geng W, Nicklaus R, Lipshultz SE, Doessegger L, Saladino BH, Singer T, Mikaelian I. Myocardial mononuclear cell infiltrates are not associated with increased serum cardiac troponin I in cynomolgus monkeys. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:647-50. [PMID: 22298795 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311436176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial mononuclear cell infiltrate is a spontaneous cardiac finding commonly identified in laboratory cynomolgus monkeys. The infiltrates are predominantly composed of macrophages with lesser lymphocytes and are not typically associated with histologically detectable cardiomyocyte degeneration. These infiltrates are of concern because they confound interpretation of test article-related histopathology findings in nonclinical safety toxicology studies. The interpretation of safety studies would be simplified by a biomarker that could identify myocardial infiltrates prior to animal placement on study. We hypothesized that monkeys with myocardial mononuclear cell infiltrates could be identified before necropsy using an ultrasensitive immunoassay for cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Serum cTnI concentrations in monkeys with myocardial infiltrates were not higher than those in monkeys without infiltrates at any of the sampling times before and on the day of necropsy. Increased serum cTnI levels are not suitable for screening monkeys with myocardial mononuclear cell infiltrates before placement in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Dunn
- Department of Non-Clinical Safety, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA.
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Chamanza R, Marxfeld HA, Blanco AI, Naylor SW, Bradley AE. Incidences and range of spontaneous findings in control cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) used in toxicity studies. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:642-57. [PMID: 20448082 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310368981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors performed a retrospective study to determine the incidences and range of spontaneous pathology findings in control cynomolgus monkeys. Data were collected from 570 monkeys (285 animals per sex), aged twelve to thirty-six months, from sixty regulatory studies evaluated at our laboratory between 2003 and 2009. The most common finding overall was lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates observed in the following incidence: liver (60.7%), kidneys (28.8%), heart (25.8%), salivary glands (21.2%), and stomach (12.1%). Inflammation also commonly occurred in the heart, kidneys, lungs, and stomach. The most common degenerative changes were localized fatty change in the liver, myocardial degeneration, and mineralization and pigment deposits in various tissues. Parathyroid, thyroid, and pituitary cysts; ectopic thymus in the parathyroid or thyroid gland; accessory spleen within the pancreas; and adrenohepatic fusion were among the most common congenital findings. Some incidental findings bearing similarities to drug-induced lesions were also encountered in various organs. It is hoped that the results presented here and elsewhere could form the groundwork for the creation of a reliable database of incidental pathology findings in laboratory nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Chamanza
- Charles River Edinburgh, Tranent, EH33 2NE, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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