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Fang KT, Su CS, Layos JJ, Lau NYS, Cheng KH. Haploinsufficiency of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Coupled with Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homologue Activation and P53 Loss Provokes High-Grade Glioblastoma Formation in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1046. [PMID: 38473403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadly type of brain tumor originating from glial cells. Despite decades of clinical trials and research, there has been limited success in improving survival rates. However, molecular pathology studies have provided a detailed understanding of the genetic alterations associated with the formation and progression of glioblastoma-such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) signaling activation (5%), P53 mutations (25%), and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) alterations (2%)-laying the groundwork for further investigation into the biological and biochemical basis of this malignancy. These analyses have been crucial in revealing the sequential appearance of specific genetic lesions at distinct histopathological stages during the development of GBM. To further explore the pathogenesis and progression of glioblastoma, here, we developed the glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein (GFAP)-Cre-driven mouse model and demonstrated that activated KRAS and p53 deficiencies play distinct and cooperative roles in initiating glioma tumorigenesis. Additionally, the combination of APC haploinsufficiency with mutant Kras activation and p53 deletion resulted in the rapid progression of GBM, characterized by perivascular inflammation, large necrotic areas, and multinucleated giant cells. Consequently, our GBM models have proven to be invaluable resources for identifying early disease biomarkers in glioblastoma, as they closely mimic the human disease. The insights gained from these models may pave the way for potential advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of this challenging brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Te Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Shiang Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jhoanna Jane Layos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Nga Yin Sadonna Lau
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Xiang C, Frietze KK, Bi Y, Li Y, Dal Pozzo V, Pal S, Alexander N, Baubet V, D’Acunto V, Mason CE, Davuluri RV, Dahmane N. RP58 Represses Transcriptional Programs Linked to Nonneuronal Cell Identity and Glioblastoma Subtypes in Developing Neurons. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0052620. [PMID: 33903225 PMCID: PMC8315738 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00526-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How mammalian neuronal identity is progressively acquired and reinforced during development is not understood. We have previously shown that loss of RP58 (ZNF238 or ZBTB18), a BTB/POZ-zinc finger-containing transcription factor, in the mouse brain leads to microcephaly, corpus callosum agenesis, and cerebellum hypoplasia and that it is required for normal neuronal differentiation. The transcriptional programs regulated by RP58 during this process are not known. Here, we report for the first time that in embryonic mouse neocortical neurons a complex set of genes normally expressed in other cell types, such as those from mesoderm derivatives, must be actively repressed in vivo and that RP58 is a critical regulator of these repressed transcriptional programs. Importantly, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analyses of these transcriptional programs indicate that repressed genes include distinct sets of genes significantly associated with glioma progression and/or pluripotency. We also demonstrate that reintroducing RP58 in glioma stem cells leads not only to aspects of neuronal differentiation but also to loss of stem cell characteristics, including loss of stem cell markers and decrease in stem cell self-renewal capacities. Thus, RP58 acts as an in vivo master guardian of the neuronal identity transcriptome, and its function may be required to prevent brain disease development, including glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomei Xiang
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karla K. Frietze
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yingtao Bi
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanwen Li
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Dal Pozzo
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharmistha Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noah Alexander
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valerie Baubet
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victoria D’Acunto
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramana V. Davuluri
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nadia Dahmane
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Neurological Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yang F, Zou Y, Gong Q, Chen J, Li WD, Huang Q. From astrocytoma to glioblastoma: a clonal evolution study. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:744-751. [PMID: 32069381 PMCID: PMC7193157 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas often recur after surgical resection, but the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. Elucidation of clonal evolution in primary and relapse tumors may provide important information on tumor progression. Here, we examined genetic factors underlying recurrence in a patient with astrocytoma initially diagnosed with World Health Organization (WHO) grade II astrocytoma, who then relapsed with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) complicated with local anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III). We performed genomic DNA sequencing and data analysis of paired tumor tissue specimens and a peripheral blood sample (control), and used expands software for subclone analysis. A germline NOTCH1 missense mutation was identified in the peripheral blood sample, the primary tumor and the relapse tumor; in addition, we identified a tumor protein p53 (TP53) heterozygous nonsense mutation in the primary tumor and a TP53 homozygous nonsense mutation and an IDH1 heterozygous missense mutation in the relapse tumor. Clonal evolution trees indicated higher heterogeneity in the relapse tumor. Although germline mutations might contribute to the driving force of the primary tumor, aggressive chemotherapy and radiation may apply selective pressure for tumor clonal evolution; furthermore, a total loss of function of gatekeeping genes (TP53) may result in impaired DNA repair and catastrophic chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Yang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, China
| | - Yunding Zou
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Konovalov NA, Asyutin DS, Shayhaev EG, Kaprovoy SV, Timonin SY. Molecular Biomarkers of Brain and Spinal Cord Astrocytomas. Acta Naturae 2019; 11:17-27. [PMID: 31413876 PMCID: PMC6643348 DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2019-11-2-17-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord astrocytomas are rare diseases of the central nervous system. The localization of these tumors and their infiltrative growth complicate their surgical resection, increase the risk of postoperative complications, and require more careful use of radio- and chemotherapy. The information on the genetic mutations associated with the onset and development of astrocytomas provides a more accurate neoplasm diagnosis and classification. In some cases, it also allows one to determine the optimal methods for treating the neoplasm, as well as to predict the treatment outcomes and the risks of relapse. To date, a number of molecular markers that are associated with brain astrocytomas and possess prognostic value have been identified and described. Due to the significantly lower incidence of spinal cord astrocytomas, the data on similar markers are much more sparse and are presented with a lesser degree of systematization. However, due to the retrospective studies of clinical material that have been actively conducted abroad in recent years, the formation of statistically significant genetic landscapes for various types of tumors, including intradural spinal cord tumors, has begun. In this regard, the purpose of this review is to analyze and systematize the information on the most significant genetic mutations associated with various types of astrocytomas, as well as discuss the prospects for using the corresponding molecular markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Konovalov
- National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Acad. N.N. Burdenko, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str. 16, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - D. S. Asyutin
- National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Acad. N.N. Burdenko, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str. 16, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - E. G. Shayhaev
- FGBU Russian Research Center for X-ray Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Profsouznaya Str. 86, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - S. V. Kaprovoy
- National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Acad. N.N. Burdenko, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str. 16, Moscow, 125047, Russia
| | - S. Yu. Timonin
- National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Acad. N.N. Burdenko, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya Str. 16, Moscow, 125047, Russia
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Methyl Guanine Methyl Transferase Methylation Status and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor expression in a cohort of Egyptian glioblastoma patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xej.0000511094.91402.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Microenvironmental stiffness enhances glioma cell proliferation by stimulating epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101771. [PMID: 25000176 PMCID: PMC4084995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggressive and rapidly lethal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with profound tissue stiffening and genomic lesions in key members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that increasing microenvironmental stiffness in culture can strongly enhance glioma cell behaviors relevant to tumor progression, including proliferation, yet it has remained unclear whether stiffness and EGFR regulate proliferation through common or independent signaling mechanisms. Here we test the hypothesis that microenvironmental stiffness regulates cell cycle progression and proliferation in GBM tumor cells by altering EGFR-dependent signaling. We began by performing an unbiased reverse phase protein array screen, which revealed that stiffness modulates expression and phosphorylation of a broad range of signals relevant to proliferation, including members of the EGFR pathway. We subsequently found that culturing human GBM tumor cells on progressively stiffer culture substrates both dramatically increases proliferation and facilitates passage through the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle, consistent with an EGFR-dependent process. Western Blots showed that increasing microenvironmental stiffness enhances the expression and phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream effector Akt. Pharmacological loss-of-function studies revealed that the stiffness-sensitivity of proliferation is strongly blunted by inhibition of EGFR, Akt, or PI3 kinase. Finally, we observed that stiffness strongly regulates EGFR clustering, with phosphorylated EGFR condensing into vinculin-positive focal adhesions on stiff substrates and dispersing as microenvironmental stiffness falls to physiological levels. Our findings collectively support a model in which tissue stiffening promotes GBM proliferation by spatially and biochemically amplifying EGFR signaling.
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Addeo R, Zappavigna S, Parlato C, Caraglia M. Erlotinib: early clinical development in brain cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1027-37. [PMID: 24836441 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.918950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain cancer in adults. It is also, unfortunately, the most aggressive type and the least responsive to therapy. Overexpression of EGFR and/or EGFRvIII is frequently found in GBM and is frequently associated with the more malignant phenotype of the disease and a poor clinical outcome. EGFR-targeted therapy represents a promising anti-GBM therapy. Two EGFR kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib have been tested in clinical trials for malignant gliomas. However, the clinical efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy has been only modest in GBM patients. AREAS COVERED The authors provide an evaluation of erlotinib as a potential therapy for GBM. The authors highlight experiences drawn from clinical trials and discuss the challenges, which include the insufficient penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and chemoresistance. EXPERT OPINION Malignant brain tumours have a very complex signalling network that is not only driven by EGFR. This complexity dictates tumour sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapies. Alternative kinase signalling pathways may be involved in parallel with the inhibited target, so that a single target's inactivation is not sufficient to block downstream oncogenic signalling. The use of nanocarriers offers many opportunities, such as the release of the drug to specific cells or tissues, together with the ability to overcome different biological barriers, like the BBB.
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Gomez GG, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. Therapeutic resistance in cancer: microRNA regulation of EGFR signaling networks. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 10:192-205. [PMID: 24349829 PMCID: PMC3860350 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulate cellular homeostatic processes. EGFR activates downstream signaling cascades that promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. Dysregulation of EGFR signaling as a consequence of overexpression, amplification and mutation of the EGFR gene occurs frequently in several types of cancers and many become dependent on EGFR signaling to maintain their malignant phenotypes. Consequently, concerted efforts have been mounted to develop therapeutic agents and strategies to effectively inhibit EGFR. However, limited therapeutic benefits to cancer patients have been derived from EGFR-targeted therapies. A well-documented obstacle to improved patient survival is the presence of EGFR-inhibitor resistant tumor cell variants within heterogeneous tumor cell masses. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which tumors resist EGFR-targeted therapies and highlight the emerging role of microRNAs (miRs) as downstream effector molecules utilized by EGFR to promote tumor initiation, progression and that play a role in resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We also examine evidence supporting the utility of miRs as predictors of response to targeted therapies and novel therapeutic agents to circumvent EGFR-inhibitor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German G Gomez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Bender HS, Marshall Graves JA, Deakin JE. Pathogenesis and molecular biology of a transmissible tumor in the Tasmanian devil. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 2:165-87. [PMID: 25384139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a fatal transmissible cancer known as devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is threatening the iconic Tasmanian devil with extinction in the wild within the next few decades. Since the first report of the disease in 1996, DFTD has spread to over 85% of the devils' distribution and dramatically reduced devil numbers. Research into DFTD has focused on gaining a deeper understanding of the disease on multiple levels, including an accurate assessment of the tissue origin of the tumor, elucidation of how the tumor evades immune detection, and determination of how the tumor is transmitted between individuals and how it is evolving as it spreads through the population. Knowledge gained from these studies has important implications for DFTD management and devil conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Bender
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Müller R, Fischer C, Wilmes T, Heimrich B, Distel V, Klugbauer N, Meyer DK. Phosphoinositide-3-kinases p110α and p110β mediate S phase entry in astroglial cells in the marginal zone of rat neocortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:24. [PMID: 23504389 PMCID: PMC3596864 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells cultured from neocortex of newborn rats, phosphoinositide-3-kinases of class I regulate the DNA synthesis in a subgroup of astroglial cells. We have studied the location of these cells as well as the kinase isoforms which facilitate the S phase entry. Using dominant negative (dn) isoforms as well as selective pharmacological inhibitors we quantified S phase entry by nuclear labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Only in astroglial cells harvested from the marginal zone (MZ) of the neocortex inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinases reduced the nuclear labeling with BrdU, indicating that neocortical astroglial cells differ in the regulation of proliferation. The two kinase isoforms p110α and p110β were essential for S phase entry. p110α diminished the level of the p27Kip1 which inactivates the complex of cyclin E and CDK2 necessary for entry into the S phase. p110β phosphorylated and inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3β which can prevent S-phase entry. Taken together, both isoforms mediated S phase in a subgroup of neocortical astroglial cells and acted via distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology und Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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Kim YW, Koul D, Kim SH, Lucio-Eterovic AK, Freire PR, Yao J, Wang J, Almeida JS, Aldape K, Yung WKA. Identification of prognostic gene signatures of glioblastoma: a study based on TCGA data analysis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:829-39. [PMID: 23502430 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project is a large-scale effort with the goal of identifying novel molecular aberrations in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Here, we describe an in-depth analysis of gene expression data and copy number aberration (CNA) data to classify GBMs into prognostic groups to determine correlates of subtypes that may be biologically significant. RESULTS To identify predictive survival models, we searched TCGA in 173 patients and identified 42 probe sets (P = .0005) that could be used to divide the tumor samples into 3 groups and showed a significantly (P = .0006) improved overall survival. Kaplan-Meier plots showed that the median survival of group 3 was markedly longer (127 weeks) than that of groups 1 and 2 (47 and 52 weeks, respectively). We then validated the 42 probe sets to stratify the patients according to survival in other public GBM gene expression datasets (eg, GSE4290 dataset). An overall analysis of the gene expression and copy number aberration using a multivariate Cox regression model showed that the 42 probe sets had a significant (P < .018) prognostic value independent of other variables. CONCLUSIONS By integrating multidimensional genomic data from TCGA, we identified a specific survival model in a new prognostic group of GBM and suggest that molecular stratification of patients with GBM into homogeneous subgroups may provide opportunities for the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wan Kim
- Cancer Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Taylor TE, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. Targeting EGFR for treatment of glioblastoma: molecular basis to overcome resistance. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2012; 12:197-209. [PMID: 22268382 DOI: 10.2174/156800912799277557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (glioblastoma multiforme; GBM; WHO Grade IV) accounts for the majority of primary malignant brain tumors in adults. Amplification and mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene represent signature genetic abnormalities encountered in GBM. A range of potential therapies that target EGFR or its mutant constitutively active form, ΔEGFR, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and RNA-based agents, are currently in development or in clinical trials for the treatment of GBM. Data from experimental studies evaluating these therapies have been very promising; however, their efficacy in the clinic has so far been limited by both upfront and acquired drug resistance. This review discusses the current status of anti-EGFR agents and the recurrent problem of resistance to these agents that strongly indicates that a multiple target approach will provide a more favorable future for these types of targeted therapies in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Taylor
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Galbán S, Lemasson B, Williams TM, Li F, Heist KA, Johnson TD, Leopold JS, Chenevert TL, Lawrence TS, Rehemtulla A, Mikkelsen T, Holland EC, Galbán CJ, Ross BD. DW-MRI as a biomarker to compare therapeutic outcomes in radiotherapy regimens incorporating temozolomide or gemcitabine in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35857. [PMID: 22536446 PMCID: PMC3334987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of the radiosensitizer gemcitabine (GEM) was evaluated in a mouse glioma along with the imaging biomarker diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) for early detection of treatment effects. A genetically engineered murine GBM model [Ink4a-Arf−/− PtenloxP/loxP/Ntv-a RCAS/PDGF(+)/Cre(+)] was treated with gemcitabine (GEM), temozolomide (TMZ) +/− ionizing radiation (IR). Therapeutic efficacy was quantified by contrast-enhanced MRI and DW-MRI for growth rate and tumor cellularity, respectively. Mice treated with GEM, TMZ and radiation showed a significant reduction in growth rates as early as three days post-treatment initiation. Both combination treatments (GEM/IR and TMZ/IR) resulted in improved survival over single therapies. Tumor diffusion values increased prior to detectable changes in tumor volume growth rates following administration of therapies. Concomitant GEM/IR and TMZ/IR was active and well tolerated in this GBM model and similarly prolonged median survival of tumor bearing mice. DW-MRI provided early changes to radiosensitization treatment warranting evaluation of this imaging biomarker in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Galbán
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Lemasson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Terence M. Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Heist
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Judith S. Leopold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas L. Chenevert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Lawrence
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Neurosurgery, and Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig J. Galbán
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Ross
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-grade gliomas are among the most deadly of all cancer types and are also the most common malignant primary tumors of the CNS. Large-scale studies that have analyzed the transcriptional and translational expression patterns of glioma have found that the majority of these tumors can be categorized based on specific genomic anomalies. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that represent the molecular subgroups of the human disease harbor a variety of molecular alterations that have been proven to drive gliomagenesis. These models provide an opportunity to assess the effects of novel therapies in the presence of specific molecular defects. Research using GEMMs, which are associated with these subclasses, allow researchers to assess drug efficacy by subclass. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the histological and molecular characteristics of malignant gliomas, the therapies used to treat them and the animal models that closely recapitulate them. EXPERT OPINION It is likely that GEMMs that recapitulate the molecular character of human tumors will provide a more accurate prediction of individuals who may be more or less likely to benefit from specific therapies. This knowledge can be then used to drive clinical trial design and this, in turn, could lead to better therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terreia S Jones
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Department of Clinical Pharmacy , 19 S. Manassas, Memphis, TN, 39103 , USA +901 448 1136 ; +901 448 6064 ;
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Standard of care therapy for malignant glioma and its effect on tumor and stromal cells. Oncogene 2011; 31:1995-2006. [PMID: 21909136 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly of the primary central nervous system tumors. Recent advances in molecular characterization have subdivided these tumors into at least three main groups. In addition, these tumors are cellularly complex with multiple stromal cell types contributing to the biology of the tumor and treatment response. Because essentially all glioma patients are treated with radiation, various chemotherapies and steroids, the tumor that finally kills them has been modified by these treatments. Most of the investigation of the effects of therapy on these tumors has focused on the glioma cells per se. However, despite the importance of the stromal cells in these tumors, little has been done to understand the effects of treatment on stromal cells and their contribution to disease. Understanding how current standard therapy affects the biology of the tumor and the tumor stroma may provide insight into the mechanisms that are important to the inhibition of tumor growth as well as the biology of recurrent tumors.
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