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Mills EP, Liu CC, Emelogu U, Carter RT, Camacho-Luna P, Lewin AC. Calibration of a novel rebound tonometer (Tono-Vera® vet) in the porcine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:268-272. [PMID: 36749128 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porcine models of ocular disease are becoming increasingly utilized. A recently commercialized ocular tonometer, the Reichert Tono-Vera® Vet, has not been evaluated for use in pigs. The purpose of this study was to calibrate this device for use in porcine eyes and to determine which settings are most appropriate for use in pigs. PROCEDURE The anterior chambers of five freshly enucleated normal porcine eyes were cannulated then connected to a reservoir of balanced salt solution and a physiologic monitor. Triplicate measurements were obtained with the four available settings: dog, cat, horse, and rabbit at intraocular pressures ranging from 5- to 80 mmHg. Bland-Altman analysis was utilized to determine bias and 95% limits of agreement for each setting. RESULTS There was a strong positive linear regression trend for all settings (dog r2 = 0.986, horse r2 = 0.947, cat r2 = 0.977, and rabbit r2 = 0.982). The linear regression equations for the dog, horse, cat, and rabbit setting were y = 1.0168x - 2.6128, y = 0.8743x - 3.4959, y = 0.9394x - 7.3188, and y = 1.1082x - 3.4077. The average bias and 95% limits of agreement for dog, horse, cat, and rabbit settings were - 2.00, -8.32, -9.58, and 0.57 mmHg, and (-7.52, 3.53), (-19.00, 2.37), (-16.66, -2.50), and (-7.79, 8.93), in mmHg. CONCLUSION The Tono-Vera® Vet dog setting was most accurate and precise setting compared to true intraocular pressures. This setting is likely to be appropriate for in vivo use in pigs, with the appropriate correction formula applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn P Mills
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ugochi Emelogu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew Christopher Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Booler HS, Lejeune T, Sorden S, Gruebbel MM, Schafer KA, Short B, Farman C, Ramos MF, Bennet B, Yekkala K, Atzpodien EA, Turner OC, Brassard J, Foley G. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Fixation, Trimming, and Sectioning of Nonrodent Eyes and Ocular Tissues for Examination in Ocular and General Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 50:235-251. [PMID: 34693851 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211047562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A Working Group of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee conducted a technical and scientific review of current practices relating to the fixation, trimming, and sectioning of the nonrodent eye to identify key points and species-specific anatomical landmarks to consider when preparing and evaluating eyes of rabbits, dogs, minipigs, and nonhuman primates from ocular and general toxicity studies. The topics addressed in this Points to Consider article include determination of situations when more comprehensive evaluation of the globe and/or associated extraocular tissues should be implemented (expanded ocular sampling), and what constitutes expanded ocular sampling. In addition, this manuscript highlights the practical aspects of fixing, trimming, and sectioning the eye to ensure adequate histopathological evaluation of all major ocular structures, including the cone-dense areas (visual streak/macula/fovea) of the retina for rabbits, dogs, minipigs, and nonhuman primates, which is a current regulatory expectation for ocular toxicity studies.[Box: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Booler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Margarita M Gruebbel
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. (EPL, Inc.), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Brian Short
- Brian Short Consulting, LLC, Laguna Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna Yekkala
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Elke-Astrid Atzpodien
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Maloca PM, Seeger C, Booler H, Valmaggia P, Kawamoto K, Kaba Q, Inglin N, Balaskas K, Egan C, Tufail A, Scholl HPN, Hasler PW, Denk N. Uncovering of intraspecies macular heterogeneity in cynomolgus monkeys using hybrid machine learning optical coherence tomography image segmentation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20647. [PMID: 34667265 PMCID: PMC8526684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fovea is a depression in the center of the macula and is the site of the highest visual acuity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has contributed considerably in elucidating the pathologic changes in the fovea and is now being considered as an accompanying imaging method in drug development, such as antivascular endothelial growth factor and its safety profiling. Because animal numbers are limited in preclinical studies and automatized image evaluation tools have not yet been routinely employed, essential reference data describing the morphologic variations in macular thickness in laboratory cynomolgus monkeys are sparse to nonexistent. A hybrid machine learning algorithm was applied for automated OCT image processing and measurements of central retina thickness and surface area values. Morphological variations and the effects of sex and geographical origin were determined. Based on our findings, the fovea parameters are specific to the geographic origin. Despite morphological similarities among cynomolgus monkeys, considerable variations in the foveolar contour, even within the same species but from different geographic origins, were found. The results of the reference database show that not only the entire retinal thickness, but also the macular subfields, should be considered when designing preclinical studies and in the interpretation of foveal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Maloca
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
| | - Christine Seeger
- Preclinical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen Booler
- Preclinical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Valmaggia
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Kawamoto
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Qayim Kaba
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Nadja Inglin
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Egan
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Adnan Tufail
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal W Hasler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nora Denk
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Preclinical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Vrolyk V, Desmarais MJ, Lambert D, Haruna J, Benoit-Biancamano MO. Neonatal and Juvenile Ocular Development in Göttingen Minipigs and Domestic Pigs: A Histomorphological and Immunohistochemical Study. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:889-914. [PMID: 33021158 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820954551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are considered one of the relevant animal models for ocular research as they share several histological and anatomical similarities with the human eye. With the increasing interest in juvenile animal models, this study aimed to describe the postnatal development of ocular structures in 16 Göttingen minipigs and 25 F2 domestic pigs, between birth and 6 months of age, using histopathology and immunohistochemistry against Ki-67, caspase-3, calbindin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, rhodopsin, and synaptophysin. All ocular structures in both pig breeds were incompletely developed at birth and for variable periods postnatally. Noteworthy histological features of immaturity included vascularization in the corneal stroma in neonatal Göttingen minipigs, increased cellularity in different substructures, remnants of the hyaloid vasculature, short and poorly ramified ciliary body processes, and a poorly developed cone inner segment. Increased cellular proliferation, highlighted by abundant Ki-67 immunolabeling, was observed in almost all developing structures of the pig eye for variable periods postnatally. Apoptosis, highlighted with caspase-3 immunolabeling, was observed in the retinal inner nuclear layer at birth and in the regressing hyaloid vasculature remnants. Immunohistochemistry against rhodopsin, synaptophysin, and calbindin demonstrated the short size of the developing photoreceptors and the immature cone inner segment morphology. Calbindin labeling revealed significant differences in the amount of positively labeled cone nuclei between the retinal area centralis and the non-area centralis regions. The elongation of Müller cell processes in the developing retina was shown with glial fibrillary acidic protein. In both pig breeds, the eyes reached histomorphological and immunohistochemical maturity at 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vrolyk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Lambert
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julius Haruna
- 67115Charles River Laboratories Montreal ULC, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 70354Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Short B. Selected Aspects of Ocular Toxicity Studies With a Focus on High-Quality Pathology Reports: A Pathology/Toxicology Consultant's Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:673-699. [PMID: 32815474 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320946712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxicity studies are the bedrock of nonclinical ocular drug and drug-device development, and there has been an evolution in experience, technologies, and challenges to address that ensures safe clinical trials and marketing authorization. The expectations of a well-designed ocular toxicity study and the generation of a coherent, integrative ocular toxicology report and subreports are high, and this article provides a pathology/toxicology consultant's perspective on achieving that goal. The first objective is to cover selected aspects of study designs for ocular toxicity studies including considerations for contract research organization selection, minipig species selection, unilateral versus bilateral dosing, and in-life parameters based on fit-for-purpose study objectives. The main objective is a focus on a high-quality ocular pathology report that includes ocular histology procedures to meet regulatory expectations and a report narrative and tables that correlate microscopic findings with key ophthalmic findings and presents a clear interpretation of test article-, vehicle-, and procedure-related ocular and extraocular findings with identification of adversity and a pathology peer review. The last objective covers considerations for a high-quality ophthalmology report, which in concert with a high-quality pathology report, will pave the way for a best quality toxicology report for an ocular toxicity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Short
- Brian Short Consulting, LLC, Laguna Beach, CA, USA
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6
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Denk N, Maloca PM, Steiner G, Booler H, Freichel C, Niklaus S, Schnitzer TK, Hasler PW. Retinal Features in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) Assessed by Using Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Comp Med 2020; 70:145-151. [PMID: 32164796 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are an important and commonly used species in preclinical toxicology studies, but structural reports of in vivo retinal findings are rare in this species. The purpose of this study was to diminish this gap and document optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging data in the healthy posterior pole of cynomolgus monkeys' eyes at predose examinations. The current study is a retrospective assessment of baseline spectral domain OCT data obtained from the 768 eyes of 384 cynomolgus monkeys (192 males and 192 females) of Mauritian origin. The data set was obtained from studies conducted over a 4-y period in the context of ocular safety evaluations of various compounds under preclinical development. The most prevalent findings were the presence of Bergmeister papilla and intravitreal hyperreflective spots. Less common findings included disorganization of retinal zones, abnormalities of the retinal vasculature, partial posterior vitreous detachment, and abnormally shaped foveal pits. Thoughtful consideration of these physiologic findings will aid in distinguishing normal features from toxic outcomes in future preclinical ophthalmic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Denk
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland;,
| | - Peter M Maloca
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom; OCTlab Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Freichel
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Niklaus
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias K Schnitzer
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Pharmaceutical Sciences (PS), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal W Hasler
- OCTlab Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Soukup P, Maloca P, Altmann B, Festag M, Atzpodien EA, Pot S. Interspecies Variation of Outer Retina and Choriocapillaris Imaged With Optical Coherence Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:3332-3342. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Soukup
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Maloca
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
- OCTlab Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Altmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Festag
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elke-Astrid Atzpodien
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Leang RS, Kloft LJ, Gray B, Gwon AE, Huang LC. Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices in Rabbits and a Novel Mini-Pig Model. Ophthalmol Ther 2019; 8:101-114. [PMID: 30778776 PMCID: PMC6393256 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-019-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To establish the preclinical safety and equivalency of ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs) comprised of bacterially sourced sodium hyaluronate (HA) to animal sourced HA using pyrogenicity and aqueous exchange models in rabbits and a novel mini-pig model to evaluate corneal endothelial cell protection in vivo. Methods HEALON OVD and HEALON5 OVD containing animal-derived HA and HEALON PRO OVD and HEALON5 PRO OVD containing bacterial-derived HA were used. Two rabbit aqueous exchange studies were conducted where aqueous humor was exchanged with OVDs in six animals each to observe potential ocular inflammation, intraocular pressure (IOP) response, corneal health and pachymetry until 7 days post procedure, as well as overall assessment of the OVDs. Endothelial cell protection was evaluated in a Yucatan mini-pig cataract surgery model where HEALON PRO and HEALON5 PRO OVDs were compared to HEALON and HEALON5 OVDs, respectively. Following cataract surgery with use of OVDs in six animals per study, animals were evaluated for ocular and general health, IOP, corneal thickness, ocular inflammation, and endothelial cell protection on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-surgery. Results All rabbit studies demonstrated equivalence between bacterial-derived and animal-derived OVDs. Mild, post-surgical irritation, IOP increase, and corneal thickness measurements were not significantly different in HEALON PRO OVD and HEALON5 PRO OVD compared to HEALON and HEALON5 OVDs, respectively. The mini-pig model developed to investigate endothelial cell protection was successful in demonstrating equivalence between the OVDs studied. Changes in IOP mirrored actual surgical procedures, while corneal pachymetry and endothelial cell density remained constant for all OVDs used. Slit lamp observations showed expected inflammation following surgical procedures, likely due to challenges encountered during surgical procedures. Conclusion Rabbit pyrogenicity and aqueous exchanged paired with a novel simulated cataract surgery mini-pig model demonstrate equivalence of OVDs regardless of HA source. Albeit with challenges, the mini-pig model was shown to be a promising tool for endothelial cell evaluation during the development of new OVDs for ophthalmic use. Funding Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronika S Leang
- Biological Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Lisa J Kloft
- Biological Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Brad Gray
- Biological Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Arlene E Gwon
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ling C Huang
- Biological Sciences, Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision, Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA.
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Xie W, Zhao M, Tsai SH, Burkes WL, Potts LB, Xu W, Payne HR, Hein TW, Kuo L, Rosa RH. Correlation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography with histology and electron microscopy in the porcine retina. Exp Eye Res 2018; 177:181-190. [PMID: 30120928 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is used as a non-invasive tool for retinal morphological assessment in vivo. Information on the correlation of SD-OCT with retinal histology in the porcine retina, a model resembling the human retina, is limited. Herein, we correlated the hypo- and hyper-reflective bands on SD-OCT with histology of the lamellar architecture and cellular constituents of the porcine retina. SD-OCT images were acquired with the Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT. Histological analysis was performed using epoxy resin embedded tissue and transmission electron microscopy. Photomicrographs from the histologic sections were linearly scaled to correct for tissue shrinkage and correlated with SD-OCT images. SD-OCT images correlated well with histomorphometric data. A hyper-reflective band in the mid-to-outer inner nuclear layer correlated with the presence of abundant mitochondria in horizontal cell processes and adjacent bipolar cells. A concentration of cone nuclei corresponded to a relative hypo-reflective band in the outer portion of the outer nuclear layer. The presence of 3 hyper-reflective bands in the outer retina corresponded to: 1) the external limiting membrane; 2) the cone and rod ellipsoid zones; and 3) the interdigitation zone of photoreceptor outer segments/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) apical cell processes and the RPE. These correlative and normative SD-OCT data may be employed to characterize and assess the in vivo histologic changes in retinal vascular and degenerative diseases and the responses to novel therapeutic interventions in this large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankun Xie
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shu-Huai Tsai
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - William L Burkes
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Luke B Potts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - H Ross Payne
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Travis W Hein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Lih Kuo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Vascular Research Program, Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, TX, USA.
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Braendli-Baiocco A, Festag M, Dumong Erichsen K, Persson R, Mihatsch MJ, Fisker N, Funk J, Mohr S, Constien R, Ploix C, Brady K, Berrera M, Altmann B, Lenz B, Albassam M, Schmitt G, Weiser T, Schuler F, Singer T, Tessier Y. From the Cover: The Minipig is a Suitable Non-Rodent Model in the Safety Assessment of Single Stranded Oligonucleotides. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:112-128. [PMID: 28123102 PMCID: PMC5414856 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are currently considered to be the non-rodent species of choice for the preclinical safety assessment of single-stranded oligonucleotide (SSO) drugs. We evaluated minipigs as a potential alternative to NHPs to test the safety of this class of compounds. Four different phosphorothioated locked nucleic acid-based SSOs (3 antisense and 1 anti-miR), all with known safety profiles, were administered to minipigs using similar study designs and read-outs as in earlier NHP studies with the same compounds. The studies included toxicokinetic investigations, in-life monitoring, clinical and anatomic pathology. In the minipig, we demonstrated target engagement by the SSOs where relevant, and a similar toxicokinetic behavior in plasma, kidney, and liver when compared with NHPs. Clinical tolerability was similar between minipig and NHPs. For the first time, we showed similar and dose-dependent effects on the coagulation and complement cascade after intravenous dosing similar to those observed in NHPs. Similar to NHPs, morphological changes were seen in proximal tubular epithelial cells of the kidney, Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, and lymph nodes. Minipigs appeared more sensitive to the high-dose kidney toxicity of most of the selected SSOs than NHPs. No new target organ or off-target toxicities were identified in the minipig. The minipig did not predict the clinical features of human injection site reactions better than the NHPs, but histopathological similarities were observed between minipigs and NHPs. We conclude that there is no impediment, as default, to the use of minipigs as the non-rodent species in SSO candidate non-clinical safety packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Festag
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamille Dumong Erichsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Robert Persson
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Fisker
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Juergen Funk
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Mohr
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Constien
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Bioanalytical Research and Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Corinne Ploix
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Brady
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Berrera
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Altmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mudher Albassam
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center New York, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weiser
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yann Tessier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Hørsholm, Denmark
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FluoroGold-Labeled Organotypic Retinal Explant Culture for Neurotoxicity Screening Studies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2487473. [PMID: 29560079 PMCID: PMC5831603 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2487473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical toxicity screening of the new retinal compounds is an absolute requirement in the pathway of further drug development. Since retinal neuron cultivation and in vivo studies are relatively expensive and time consuming, we aimed to create a fast and reproducible ex vivo system for retinal toxicity screening. For this purpose, we used rat retinal explant culture that was retrogradely labeled with the FluoroGold before the isolation. Explants were exposed to a toxic concentration of gentamicin and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a known neuroprotective agent. The measured outcomes showed the cell density in retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL) and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium. Gentamicin-induced oxidative stress resulted in retinal cell damage and rapid LDH release to the culture medium (p < 0.05). Additional CNTF supplementation minimized the cell damage, and the increase of LDH release was insignificant when compared to LDH levels before gentamicin insult (p > 0.05). As well as this, the LDH activity was directly correlated with the cell count in GCL (R = −0.84, p < 0.00001), making a sensitive marker of retinal neuron damage. The FLOREC protocol could be considered as a fast, reproducible, and sensitive method to detect neurotoxicity in the screening studies of the retinal drugs.
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Assessment of Ocriplasmin Effects on the Vitreoretinal Compartment in Porcine and Human Model Systems. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:2060765. [PMID: 29214073 PMCID: PMC5682056 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocriplasmin (Jetrea®) is a recombinant protease used to treat vitreomacular traction. To gain insight into vitreoretinal observations reported after ocriplasmin treatment, we have developed an in vivo porcine ocriplasmin-induced posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) model in which we investigated vitreoretinal tissues by optical coherence tomography, histology, and cytokine profiling. Eight weeks postinjection, ocriplasmin yielded PVD in 82% of eyes. Subretinal fluid (85%) and vitreous hyperreflective spots (45%) were resolved by week 3. Histological analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV indicated no retinal ocriplasmin-induced ECM distribution changes. Retinal morphology was unaffected in all eyes. Cytokine profiles of ocriplasmin-treated eyes were not different from vehicle. In cell-based electrical resistance assays, blood-retinal barrier permeability was altered by ocriplasmin concentrations of 6 μg/mL and higher, with all effects being nontoxic, cell-type specific, and reversible. Ocriplasmin was actively taken up by RPE and Müller cells, and our data suggest both lysosomal and transcellular clearance routes for ocriplasmin. In conclusion, transient hyperreflective spots and fluid in a porcine ocriplasmin-induced PVD model did not correlate with retinal ECM rearrangement nor inflammation. Reversible in vitro effects on blood-retinal barrier permeability provide grounds for a hypothesis on the mechanisms behind transient subretinal fluid observed in ocriplasmin-treated patients.
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