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Merrick BA, Martin NP, Brooks AM, Foley JF, Dunlap PE, Ramaiahgari S, Fannin RD, Gerrish KE. Insights into Repeated Renal Injury Using RNA-Seq with Two New RPTEC Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14228. [PMID: 37762531 PMCID: PMC10531624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) are a primary site for kidney injury. We created two RPTEC lines from CD-1 mice immortalized with hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) or SV40 LgT antigen (Simian Virus 40 Large T antigen). Our hypothesis was that low-level, repeated exposure to subcytotoxic levels of 0.25-2.5 μM cisplatin (CisPt) or 12.5-100 μM aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) would activate distinctive genes and pathways in these two differently immortalized cell lines. RNA-seq showed only LgT cells responded to AFB1 with 1139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 72 h. The data suggested that AFB1 had direct nephrotoxic properties on the LgT cells. However, both the cell lines responded to 2.5 μM CisPt from 3 to 96 h expressing 2000-5000 total DEGs. For CisPt, the findings indicated a coordinated transcriptional program of injury signals and repair from the expression of immune receptors with cytokine and chemokine secretion for leukocyte recruitment; robust expression of synaptic and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) facilitating the expression of neural and hormonal receptors, ion channels/transporters, and trophic factors; and the expression of nephrogenesis transcription factors. Pathway analysis supported the concept of a renal repair transcriptome. In summary, these cell lines provide in vitro models for the improved understanding of repeated renal injury and repair mechanisms. High-throughput screening against toxicant libraries should provide a wider perspective of their capabilities in nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Alex Merrick
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Negin P. Martin
- Viral Vector Core, Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Ashley M. Brooks
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Julie F. Foley
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Paul E. Dunlap
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Sreenivasa Ramaiahgari
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (J.F.F.); (P.E.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Rick D. Fannin
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
| | - Kevin E. Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (R.D.F.)
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Abstract
Chapter 22 outlines the morphology of the nose, larynx, and trachea. The text includes descriptions of spontaneous and treatment-related lesions observed in the tissues in toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The text begins with a description of the normal upper respiratory tract through the stages of embryonic development. Anatomy and histology are discussed before delving into the various degenerative, regenerative, and adaptive lesions found in toxicology studies. Included in the text is information on inflammatory and vascular lesions, and how trauma and injury, as well as exposure to irritants, can elicit inflammatory responses. Molecular pathology of the upper respiratory tract is investigated, as well as an examination of the molecular alterations within specific cell types, providing a better understanding of the mechanisms of tissue injury.
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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Morgan DL, Brix A, Travlos GS, Gerrish K, Michael Sanders J, Ton TV, Pandiri AR. Hepatic transcriptomic alterations for N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) and p-toluidine after 5-day exposure in rats. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1685-1696. [PMID: 27638505 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), an accelerant for methyl methacrylate monomers in medical devices, was a liver carcinogen in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice in a 2-year oral exposure study. p-Toluidine, a structurally related chemical, was a liver carcinogen in mice but not in rats in an 18-month feed exposure study. In this current study, liver transcriptomic data were used to characterize mechanisms in DMPT and p-toluidine liver toxicity and for conducting benchmark dose (BMD) analysis. Male F344/N rats were exposed orally to DMPT or p-toluidine (0, 1, 6, 20, 60 or 120 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. The liver was examined for lesions and transcriptomic alterations. Both chemicals caused mild hepatic toxicity at 60 and 120 mg/kg and dose-related transcriptomic alterations in the liver. There were 511 liver transcripts differentially expressed for DMPT and 354 for p-toluidine at 120 mg/kg/day (false discovery rate threshold of 5 %). The liver transcriptomic alterations were characteristic of an anti-oxidative damage response (activation of the Nrf2 pathway) and hepatic toxicity. The top cellular processes in gene ontology (GO) categories altered in livers exposed to DMPT or p-toluidine were used for BMD calculations. The lower confidence bound benchmark doses for these chemicals were 2 mg/kg/day for DMPT and 7 mg/kg/day for p-toluidine. These studies show the promise of using 5-day target organ transcriptomic data to identify chemical-induced molecular changes that can serve as markers for preliminary toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Gregory S Travlos
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - J Michael Sanders
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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