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Seo JE, Le Y, Revollo J, Miranda-Colon J, Xu H, McKinzie P, Mei N, Chen T, Heflich RH, Zhou T, Robison T, Bonzo JA, Guo X. Evaluating the mutagenicity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in 2D and 3D HepaRG cell cultures using error-corrected next generation sequencing. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1919-1935. [PMID: 38584193 PMCID: PMC11106104 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations. NDMA-induced DNA damage, chromosomal damage, and mutagenesis were determined using the comet assay, MN assay, and ecNGS, respectively. The 72-h treatment with NDMA resulted in concentration-dependent increases in cytotoxicity, DNA damage, MN formation, and mutation frequency in both 2D and 3D cultures, with greater responses observed in the 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. The mutational spectrum analysis showed that NDMA induced predominantly A:T → G:C transitions, along with a lower frequency of G:C → A:T transitions, and exhibited a different trinucleotide signature relative to the negative control. These results demonstrate that the HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroid models can be used for mutagenesis assessment using both DS and HiFi Sequencing, with the caveat that severe cytotoxic concentrations should be avoided when conducting DS. With further validation, the HepaRG 2D/3D system may become a powerful human-based metabolically competent platform for genotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Javier Revollo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Hannah Xu
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Page McKinzie
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Liu J, Yu L, Castro L, Yan Y, Bushel P, Scappini E, Dixon D. Induction of fibrosis following exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in 3D human uterine leiomyoma cultures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134772. [PMID: 38901254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (BPAF, BPS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants used as plastic additives in various daily life products, with many concerns on their role as environmental estrogens. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are highly prevalent gynecologic tumors with progressive fibrosis. Fibroids are hormone-responsive and may be the target of environmental estrogens. However, the effects of BPA, BPAF, and BPS exposure on uterine fibrosis are largely unknown. Here, we evaluated fibrosis and the crucial role of TGF-beta signaling in human fibroid tumors, the profibrotic effects of BPA, BPAF or BPS in a human 3D uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM) in vitro model, and the long-term outcomes of BPAF exposure in rat uterus. In 3D ht-UtLM spheroids, BPA, BPAF, and BPS all promoted cell proliferation and fibrosis by increasing the production of extracellular matrices. Further mechanistic analysis showed the profibrotic effects were induced by TGF-beta signaling activation mainly through SMAD2/3 pathway and crosstalk with multiple non-SMAD pathways. Furthermore, the profibrotic effects of BPAF were supported by observation of uterine fibrosis in vivo in rats following long-term BPAF exposure. Overall, the 3D ht-UtLM spheroid can be an important model for investigating environment-induced fibrosis in uterine fibroids. BPA and its analogues can induce fibrosis via TGF-beta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Linda Yu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yitang Yan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Pierre Bushel
- BlueRock Therapeutics, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Erica Scappini
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, DIR, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Marozin S, Simon-Nobbe B, Huth A, Beyerer E, Weber L, Nüssler A, Lepperdinger G. Aggregation of human osteoblasts unlocks self-reliant differentiation and constitutes a microenvironment for 3D-co-cultivation with other bone marrow cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10345. [PMID: 38710795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal bone function relies on both cells and cellular niches, which, when combined, provide guiding cues for the control of differentiation and remodeling processes. Here, we propose an in vitro 3D model based on human fetal osteoblasts, which eases the study of osteocyte commitment in vitro and thus provides a means to examine the influences of biomaterials, substances or cells on the regulation of these processes. Aggregates were formed from human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB1.19) and cultivated under proliferative, adipo- and osteoinductive conditions. When cultivated under osteoinductive conditions, the vitality of the aggregates was compromised, the expression levels of the mineralization-related gene DMP1 and the amount of calcification and matrix deposition were lower, and the growth of the spheroids stalled. However, within spheres under growth conditions without specific supplements, self-organization processes occur, which promote extracellular calcium deposition, and osteocyte-like cells develop. Long-term cultivated hFOB aggregates were free of necrotic areas. Moreover, hFOB aggregates cultivated under standard proliferative conditions supported the co-cultivation of human monocytes, microvascular endothelial cells and stromal cells. Overall, the model presented here comprises a self-organizing and easily accessible 3D osteoblast model for studying bone marrow formation and in vitro remodeling and thus provides a means to test druggable molecular pathways with the potential to promote life-long bone formation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Marozin
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Birgit Simon-Nobbe
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Astrid Huth
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evelyn Beyerer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laurenz Weber
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institut (SWI) | BG Klinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Nikonorova VG, Chrishtop VV, Mironov VA, Prilepskii AY. Advantages and Potential Benefits of Using Organoids in Nanotoxicology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040610. [PMID: 36831277 PMCID: PMC9954166 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are microtissues that recapitulate the complex structural organization and functions of tissues and organs. Nanoparticles have several specific properties that must be considered when replacing animal models with in vitro studies, such as the formation of a protein corona, accumulation, ability to overcome tissue barriers, and different severities of toxic effects in different cell types. An increase in the number of articles on toxicology research using organoid models is related to an increase in publications on organoids in general but is not related to toxicology-based publications. We demonstrate how the quantitative assessment of toxic changes in the structure of organoids and the state of their cell collections provide more valuable results for toxicological research and provide examples of research methods. The impact of the tested materials on organoids and their differences are also discussed. In conclusion, we highlight the main challenges, the solution of which will allow researchers to approach the replacement of in vivo research with in vitro research: biobanking and standardization of the structural characterization of organoids, and the development of effective screening imaging techniques for 3D organoid cell organization.
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Targeting Periostin Expression Makes Pancreatic Cancer Spheroids More Vulnerable to Natural Killer Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020270. [PMID: 36830807 PMCID: PMC9952976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) characteristically has a dense tumor microenvironment, which results in poor patient prognosis. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the most abundant cells in the PaCa microenvironment and the principal source of collagen. Periostin, a matricellular protein, is produced specifically by PSCs and promotes the aggressiveness of PaCa cells by facilitating extracellular collagen assembly. Here, we aimed to decrease extracellular collagen assembly by suppressing periostin, thereby increasing the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Periostin expression was suppressed in PSCs (called PSC-P) using CRISPR-Cas9. PaCa cells (BxPC-3) were co-cultured with PSC and PSC-P cells in a 3D environment to form tumor spheroids mimicking the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular collagen production of spheroids was evaluated by Masson's trichrome staining. The cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy via CD107a staining. Cell death in BxPC-3 cells was evaluated by measuring Annexin-V and PI positivity using flow cytometry. As a result, periostin suppression decreased extracellular collagen and increased the infiltration of NK-92 cells into spheroids, and induced cell death in PaCa cells. In conclusion, we suggest that periostin might be a therapeutic target for PaCa and further analysis is warranted using in vivo models for proof-of-concept.
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Abstract
Spheroids enable the study of tumors and tumor hypoxia using a more representative model of the physiological environment compared to 2D cell culture. Spheroids can be grown in a cell suspension or when adhered to a solid scaffold. The spheroid formation method used is dependent on cell type. Here we describe the most common spheroid formation methods, including hanging drop, low adhesion plates, hydrogel, micropatterned plates, and microfluidics. After spheroids are formed, they can be used for drug treatment trials and analyzed using Western Blots, qPCR, and microscopy. Microscopy can then be used to measure the invasiveness of cells when a basement membrane is added to spheroids and for monitoring changes in the proliferation, quiescent, and necrotic zones of spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kirsh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sydney A Pascetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - James Uniacke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Liu J, Yu L, Castro L, Yan Y, Clayton NP, Bushel P, Flagler ND, Scappini E, Dixon D. Short-term tetrabromobisphenol A exposure promotes fibrosis of human uterine fibroid cells in a 3D culture system through TGF-beta signaling. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22101. [PMID: 35032343 PMCID: PMC8852695 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101262r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a derivative of BPA, is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant with weak estrogenic properties. In women, uterine fibroids are highly prevalent estrogen‐responsive tumors often with excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and may be the target of environmental estrogens. We have found that BPA has profibrotic effects in vitro, in addition to previous reports of the in vivo fibrotic effects of BPA in mouse uterus. However, the role of TBBPA in fibrosis is unclear. To investigate the effects of TBBPA on uterine fibrosis, we developed a 3D human uterine leiomyoma (ht‐UtLM) spheroid culture model. Cell proliferation was evaluated in 3D ht‐UtLM spheroids following TBBPA (10−6–200 µM) administration at 48 h. Fibrosis was assessed using a Masson's Trichrome stain and light microscopy at 7 days of TBBPA (10−3 µM) treatment. Differential expression of ECM and fibrosis genes were determined using RT² Profiler™ PCR arrays. Network and pathway analyses were conducted using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The activation of pathway proteins was analyzed by a transforming growth factor‐beta (TGFB) protein array. We found that TBBPA increased cell proliferation and promoted fibrosis in 3D ht‐UtLM spheroids with increased deposition of collagens. TBBPA upregulated the expression of profibrotic genes and corresponding proteins associated with the TGFB pathway. TBBPA activated TGFB signaling through phosphorylation of TGFBR1 and downstream effectors—small mothers against decapentaplegic ‐2 and ‐3 proteins (SMAD2 and SMAD3). The 3D ht‐UtLM spheroid model is an effective system for studying environmental agents on human uterine fibrosis. TBBPA can promote fibrosis in uterine fibroid through TGFB/SMAD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Yu
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yitang Yan
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha P Clayton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, DNTP NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre Bushel
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norris D Flagler
- Cellular & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, DNTP NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica Scappini
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, DIR, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch (MTB), Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Nautiyal M, Qasem RJ, Fallon JK, Wolf KK, Liu J, Dixon D, Smith PC, Mosedale M. Characterization of primary mouse hepatocyte spheroids as a model system to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105010. [PMID: 33022361 PMCID: PMC7736539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from genetically defined and/or diverse lines and disease models are a valuable resource for studying the impact of genetic and environmental factors on drug response and disease. However, standard monolayer cultures result in a rapid decline in mouse hepatocyte viability and functionality. Therefore, we evaluated 3D spheroid methodology for long-term culture of primary mouse hepatocytes, initially to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Primary hepatocytes isolated from male and female C57BL/6J mice were used to generate spheroids by spontaneous self-aggregation in ultra-low attachment plates. Spheroids with well-defined perimeters were observed within 5 days after seeding and retained morphology, ATP, and albumin levels for an additional 2 weeks in culture. Global microarray profiling and quantitative targeted proteomics assessing 10 important drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters demonstrated maintenance of mRNA and protein levels in spheroids over time. Activities for 5 major P450 enzymes were also stable and comparable to activities previously reported for human hepatocyte spheroids. Time- and concentration-dependent decreases in ATP and albumin were observed in response to the DILI-causing drugs acetaminophen, fialuridine, AMG-009, and tolvaptan. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful long-term culture of mouse hepatocytes as spheroids and their utility to support investigations of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nautiyal
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Rani J Qasem
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America; College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John K Fallon
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Kristina K Wolf
- LifeNet Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Jingli Liu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Philip C Smith
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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Galzi JL. L’édition de gènes dans la découverte du médicament et l’innovation thérapeutique. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:309-315. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On lit régulièrement dans la presse que les méthodes thérapeutiques récentes vont supplanter celles plus traditionnelles de la pharmacopée. Le biomédicament et les thérapies géniques connaissent un essor considérable, mais on s’aperçoit que chaque approche thérapeutique a ses contraintes et ses limites et que les champs thérapeutiques les plus pertinents sont le plus souvent complémentaires de ceux du médicament traditionnel, plutôt que concurrents, et bien souvent synergiques. Cette revue met en perspective les méthodes de l’édition de génomes avec celle de la découverte du médicament, dans le domaine de l’innovation thérapeutique.
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Khot MI, Levenstein M, Kapur N, Jayne D. A Review on the Recent Advancement in “Tumour Spheroids-on-a-Chip”. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrp.jcrp_23_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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