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Patel BJ, Asher CM, Bystrzonowski N, Healy C. Safeguarding Skin Grafts: An Evidence-Based Summary of Fixation Techniques. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 87:e180-e188. [PMID: 34117134 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective skin graft fixation is vital in preventing sheering forces, seroma, and hematoma from compromising graft take. Yet, selecting the ideal technique for securing skin grafts remains a contentious subject, with significant variation in practice existing between surgeons. There is, therefore, benefit to be derived from assessing the literature for evidence-based recommendations to guide the decision-making process. METHODS A search of Medline and Embase was performed using appropriate key terms, yielding 419 articles. Reference lists were analyzed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were composed. Level I to III studies, as defined by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, that compared skin graft fixation methods were analyzed. Rayyan QCRI was used for abstract and title screening. After full text screening, 41 studies were included for qualitative analysis. All included randomized control trials (RCTs) were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2 (ROB2) tool. RESULTS We identified 4 groups of fixation technique: "tie-over bolster" (TOB), "no TOB," "adhesive glues," and "negative pressure wound therapy" (NPWT). Twelve studies compared TOB with no TOB, with no difference in graft take demonstrated. Sixteen studies compared adhesive glues with traditional methods, with no difference in graft take demonstrated. Thirteen studies compared NPWT with traditional methods, with enhanced graft take demonstrated. Risk of bias was deemed low in 1 of 13 RCTs. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, only NPWT is associated with enhanced graft take. However, there is a scarcity of robust level I evidence comparing different fixation techniques, meaning that strong recommendations cannot be made. We propose examples of hypothesis-driven RCTs, in predetermined clinical settings, based on the theoretical benefits of the techniques that would add value to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Patel
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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To Glue or Not to Glue? Analysis of Fibrin Glue for Split-thickness Skin Graft Fixation. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2187. [PMID: 31333930 PMCID: PMC6571290 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background: Split-thickness skin grafting (STSG) is a commonly used tool in the plastic surgeon’s reconstructive armamentarium. Fibrin glue (FG) consists of a combination of clotting factors and thrombin whose key properties include adherence and hemostasis. This preliminary study aimed to assess clinical outcomes and cost of FG for STSG fixation in a general wound reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted in all patients undergoing STSG placement by a single surgeon (JPF) from January 2016 to March 2018. Twenty patients were identified and matched by wound location and wound size. Patients were then divided into 2 groups based on the method of STSG fixation: FG (n = 10) or suture only (SO) (n = 10). Results: In patients with FG fixation, we observed trends of decreased adjusted operative times (34.9 versus 49.4 minutes, P = 0.612), a similar length of stay (2.8 versus 3.5 days, P = 0.306), and liberation from the use of negative pressure wound therapy (0 versus 10 wounds, P < 0.0001). There were no observed differences between the 2 groups in terms of graft-related complications at 180 days (1 complication FG versus 0 complications SO). Time to 100% graft take was also not different (20.2 versus 29.4 days, P = 0.405). Additionally, total direct cost ($16,542 FG versus $24,266 SO; P = 0.545) and total charges ($120,336 FG versus $183,750 SO; P = 0.496) were not statistically different between the FG and SO groups. Conclusions: In this preliminary comparative assessment, FG for STSG fixation has shown no difference in clinical outcomes to SO fixation, trends of decreased operative time, and afforded complete liberation from negative pressure wound therapy dressings.
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Hakimi N, Cheng R, Leng L, Sotoudehfar M, Ba PQ, Bakhtyar N, Amini-Nik S, Jeschke MG, Günther A. Handheld skin printer: in situ formation of planar biomaterials and tissues. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1440-1451. [PMID: 29662977 PMCID: PMC5965293 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present a handheld skin printer that enables the in situ formation of biomaterial and skin tissue sheets of different homogeneous and architected compositions. When manually positioned above a target surface, the compact instrument (weight <0.8 kg) conformally deposits a biomaterial or tissue sheet from a microfluidic cartridge. Consistent sheet formation is achieved by coordinating the flow rates at which bioink and cross-linker solution are delivered, with the speed at which a pair of rollers actively translate the cartridge along the surface. We demonstrate compatibility with dermal and epidermal cells embedded in ionically cross-linkable biomaterials (e.g., alginate), and enzymatically cross-linkable proteins (e.g., fibrin), as well as their mixtures with collagen type I and hyaluronic acid. Upon rapid crosslinking, biomaterial and skin cell-laden sheets of consistent thickness, width and composition were obtained. Sheets deposited onto horizontal, agarose-coated surfaces were used for physical and in vitro characterization. Proof-of-principle demonstrations for the in situ formation of biomaterial sheets in murine and porcine excisional wound models illustrate the capacity of depositing onto inclined and compliant wound surfaces that are subject to respiratory motion. We expect the presented work will enable the in situ delivery of a wide range of different cells, biomaterials, and tissue adhesives, as well as the in situ fabrication of spatially organized biomaterials, tissues, and biohybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Hakimi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Richard Cheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Lian Leng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Sotoudehfar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Phoenix Qing Ba
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Nazihah Bakhtyar
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Room D704, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Saeid Amini-Nik
- Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, Division of Plastic Surgery and General Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc G. Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Room D704, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, Division of Plastic Surgery and General Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Axel Günther
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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