Large tracheobronchial fistula due to esophageal stent migration: Let it be!

A Review of Self-Expanding Esophageal Stents for the Palliation Therapy of Inoperable Esophageal Malignancies

Esophageal cancer is a very deadly disease, killing more than 15,000 people in the United States annually. Almost 400,000 new cases happen in the worldwide every year. More than 50% esophageal cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when they need an esophageal stent to open the blocked esophagus for feeding and drinking. Esophageal stents have evolved in stages over the years. Current clinically used stents commonly include stainless steel or nitinol self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) and self-expandable plastic stent (SEPS). There are many choices of different types of stents and sizes, with fierce competition among manufacturers. However, current stent technology, whether uncovered, partially covered, fully covered SEMS or SEPS, has their own advantages to solve the dysphagia, stricture, and fistula problems, but they also cause some clinical complications. The ideal stent remains elusive. New 3D printing technique may bring new promising potential to manufacturing personalized esophageal stents. Drug-eluting stents could be the new avenue to do more than just pry open a stricture or cover a defect in the esophageal lumen, a possibility of proving local anticancer therapy simultaneously. Additionally, the lack of esophageal cancer animal models also hinders the progress of stent development. This paper reviews these topics for a comprehensive understanding of this field. In a conclusion, the ultimate goal of the future esophageal stent would have multifunction to treat the underlying conditions and restore esophageal function to near normal.

Trans-tracheostomy repair of tracheo-esophageal fistula under endoscopic view in a 75-year-old woman

Tracheo-esophageal fistula is a life-threatening condition for fatal pulmonary complications. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Unfortunately, the most of patients are unfit for surgery and in these cases there is no a standardized management. Herein, we reported a clinical case of a 75-year-old-woman with a tracheoesophageal fistula related to tracheostomy. The fistula was localized 3.5 cm below the vocal folds and extended 3 cm distally. The patient's poor clinical condition contraindicated surgery while the characteristics of fistula prevented any successfully endoscopic repair with standard methods as application of fibrin glue, clipping, or stenting. Thus, we performed a minimally invasive procedure as trans-tracheotomy closure of the fistula under endoscopic view. Under general anesthesia, the patient was intubated with a rigid bronchoscopy. The cannula was removed and a standard needle-holder was inserted through the tracheotomy. The tear was closed from the distal to the proximal ends with interrupted stitch. Following, a Montgomery T tube was inserted to protect the suture and maintain the air-way patency. At the last follow-up (7 months after the procedure), the patient was alive and tolerated a full diet.

The anesthesia of trachea and bronchus surgery

The trachea and bronchus surgery is generally performed due to stenosis, traumatic injury, foreign body and tumors. Preoperative evaluation and anesthesia management are very important issues because of higher mortality and morbidity rates. Patients may be asymptomatic, but airway difficulties, hypoxia, stridor, cough, hemoptysis are common conditions in these patient population. The collaboration between the surgeon and the anesthesiologist is very substantial and necessary. Anesthetic techniques include various applications such as one lung ventilation, fiberoptic intubation, jet ventilation, and apneic oxygenation, general anesthesia with or without neuromuscular blockade. In this review, anesthesia management of the trachea and bronchus surgery is evaluated in the light of new knowledge.

A new technique to repair huge tracheo-gastric fistula following esophagectomy

We reported the management of a life-threatening condition as a large tracheo-gastric fistula involved the carina, the left and the right bronchus that complicated Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy for esophageal cancer. An urgent right thoracotomy was performed and the tracheal defect was covered with a reversed pedicled pericardial patch reinforced with an intercostal muscle flap. Cervical esophagostomy and a feeding jejunostomy completed the operation. Five months later, the continuity of gastrointestinal tract was restored using a transverse colon.