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Arbogast DM, Crews DE, McGraw WS, Ely JJ. Demography and epidemiology of captive former biomedical research chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 1: Survival and mortality. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23466. [PMID: 36737077 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and up-to-date data on longevity and mortality are essential for describing, analyzing, and managing animal populations in captivity. We assembled a comprehensive demography data set and analyzed survival and mortality patterns in a population of captive former biomedical research chimpanzees. The study synthesized over 51,000 life-years of demographic data collected on 2349 individuals between 1923 and 2014. Our goal was to assess the population's current age-sex composition, estimate rates of survivorship, mortality and life expectancy, and compare findings with other chimpanzee populations of interest. Results indicated an increasingly geriatric contemporary population declining in size. The median life expectancy (MLE) of the entire population was 32.6 years (males 29.1, females 36.1). For chimpanzees who reached 1 year of age, the MLE increased to 34.9 years (males 31.0, females 38.8). Survival probability was influenced by both sex and birth type. Females exhibited greater survivorship than males (β1 = -0.34, z = -5.74, p < 0.001) and wild-born individuals exhibited greater survivorship than captive-born individuals (β2 = -0.55, z = -5.89, p < 0.001). There was also a seasonal trend in mortality, wherein more individuals died during the winter months (December-February) compared with other seasons. Analyses of life expectancy over time showed continual increases in both median age of living individuals and median age at death, suggesting that these chimpanzees have yet to reach their full aging potential in a postresearch environment. As they continue to age, ongoing monitoring and analysis of demographic changes will be necessary for science-based population and program management until extinction occurs some decades in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Arbogast
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas E Crews
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - W Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Ely
- Epidemiology Unit, MAEBIOS, Alamogordo, New Mexico
- Department of Anthropology, Center for Advanced Study in Human Paleoanthropology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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2
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Marshall LJ, Bailey J, Cassotta M, Herrmann K, Pistollato F. Poor Translatability of Biomedical Research Using Animals - A Narrative Review. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:102-135. [PMID: 36883244 DOI: 10.1177/02611929231157756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The failure rate for the translation of drugs from animal testing to human treatments remains at over 92%, where it has been for the past few decades. The majority of these failures are due to unexpected toxicity - that is, safety issues revealed in human trials that were not apparent in animal tests - or lack of efficacy. However, the use of more innovative tools, such as organs-on-chips, in the preclinical pipeline for drug testing, has revealed that these tools are more able to predict unexpected safety events prior to clinical trials and so can be used for this, as well as for efficacy testing. Here, we review several disease areas, and consider how the use of animal models has failed to offer effective new treatments. We also make some suggestions as to how the more human-relevant new approach methodologies might be applied to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Marshall
- Animal Research Issues, 94219The Humane Society of the United States, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jarrod Bailey
- 380235Cruelty Free International, London, UK; 542332Animal Free Research UK, London, UK
| | | | - Kathrin Herrmann
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 457389Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MD, USA; Senate Department for the Environment, Urban Mobility, Consumer Protection and Climate Action, Berlin, Germany
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KIANI AYSHAKARIM, PHEBY DEREK, HENEHAN GARY, BROWN RICHARD, SIEVING PAUL, SYKORA PETER, MARKS ROBERT, FALSINI BENEDETTO, CAPODICASA NATALE, MIERTUS STANISLAV, LORUSSO LORENZO, DONDOSSOLA DANIELE, TARTAGLIA GIANLUCAMARTINO, ERGOREN MAHMUTCERKEZ, DUNDAR MUNIS, MICHELINI SANDRO, MALACARNE DANIELE, BONETTI GABRIELE, DAUTAJ ASTRIT, DONATO KEVIN, MEDORI MARIACHIARA, BECCARI TOMMASO, SAMAJA MICHELE, CONNELLY STEPHENTHADDEUS, MARTIN DONALD, MORRESI ASSUNTA, BACU ARIOLA, HERBST KARENL, KAPUSTIN MYKHAYLO, STUPPIA LIBORIO, LUMER LUDOVICA, FARRONATO GIAMPIETRO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E255-E266. [PMID: 36479489 PMCID: PMC9710398 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees' adoption of the 'four Rs' principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- AYSHA KARIM KIANI
- Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
| | - DEREK PHEBY
- Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, UK
| | - GARY HENEHAN
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - RICHARD BROWN
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - PAUL SIEVING
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - PETER SYKORA
- Department of Philosophy and Applied Philosophy, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - ROBERT MARKS
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - BENEDETTO FALSINI
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - STANISLAV MIERTUS
- Department of Biotechnology, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - DANIELE DONDOSSOLA
- Center for Preclincal Research and General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca‘ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - GIANLUCA MARTINO TARTAGLIA
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MAHMUT CERKEZ ERGOREN
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - MUNIS DUNDAR
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - SANDRO MICHELINI
- Vascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, Marino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | - TOMMASO BECCARI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - DONALD MARTIN
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, SyNaBi, Grenoble, France
| | - ASSUNTA MORRESI
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - ARIOLA BACU
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - KAREN L. HERBST
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills California and Tucson Arizona, USA
| | | | - LIBORIO STUPPIA
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - LUDOVICA LUMER
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - GIAMPIETRO FARRONATO
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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Bailey J. Biomedical Research Must Change - But a Shift Toward Human-specific Research Methods Is Only Part of What Is Needed. Altern Lab Anim 2021; 49:69-72. [PMID: 34250842 DOI: 10.1177/02611929211030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Bailey
- Center for Contemporary Sciences, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Bédard P, Gauvin S, Ferland K, Caneparo C, Pellerin È, Chabaud S, Bolduc S. Innovative Human Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered Models as an Alternative to Animal Testing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E115. [PMID: 32957528 PMCID: PMC7552665 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal testing has long been used in science to study complex biological phenomena that cannot be investigated using two-dimensional cell cultures in plastic dishes. With time, it appeared that more differences could exist between animal models and even more when translated to human patients. Innovative models became essential to develop more accurate knowledge. Tissue engineering provides some of those models, but it mostly relies on the use of prefabricated scaffolds on which cells are seeded. The self-assembly protocol has recently produced organ-specific human-derived three-dimensional models without the need for exogenous material. This strategy will help to achieve the 3R principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bédard
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Sara Gauvin
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Karel Ferland
- Faculté de Médecine, Sciences Biomédicales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (P.B.); (S.G.); (K.F.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Christophe Caneparo
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Ève Pellerin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (C.C.); (È.P.); (S.C.)
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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6
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Carvalho C, Gaspar A, Knight A, Vicente L. Ethical and Scientific Pitfalls Concerning Laboratory Research with Non-Human Primates, and Possible Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2018; 9:E12. [PMID: 30597951 PMCID: PMC6356609 DOI: 10.3390/ani9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic and applied laboratory research, whenever intrusive or invasive, presents substantial ethical challenges for ethical committees, be it with human beings or with non-human animals. In this paper we discuss the use of non-human primates (NHPs), mostly as animal models, in laboratory based research. We examine the two ethical frameworks that support current legislation and guidelines: deontology and utilitarianism. While human based research is regulated under deontological principles, guidelines for laboratory animal research rely on utilitarianism. We argue that the utilitarian framework is inadequate for this purpose: on the one hand, it is almost impossible to accurately predict the benefits of a study for all potential stakeholders; and on the other hand, harm inflicted on NHPs (and other animals) used in laboratory research is extensive despite the increasing efforts of ethics committees and the research community to address this. Although deontology and utilitarianism are both valid ethical frameworks, we advocate that a deontological approach is more suitable, since we arguably have moral duties to NHPs. We provide suggestions on how to ensure that research currently conducted in laboratory settings shifts towards approaches that abide by deontological principles. We assert that this would not impede reasonable scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Carvalho
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Augusta Gaspar
- Catolica Research Center for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing (CRC-W), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, Lisboa 1649-023, Portugal.
| | - Andrew Knight
- Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester SO22 4NR, UK.
| | - Luís Vicente
- Centre for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon, Department Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal.
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7
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Jena BP, Gatti DL, Arslanturk S, Pernal S, Taatjes DJ. Human skeletal muscle cell atlas: Unraveling cellular secrets utilizing 'muscle-on-a-chip', differential expansion microscopy, mass spectrometry, nanothermometry and machine learning. Micron 2018; 117:55-59. [PMID: 30472499 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 'Human Cell Atlas' project has been launched to obtain a comprehensive understanding of all cell types, the fundamental living units that constitute the human body. This is a global partnership and effort involving experts from many disciplines, from computer science, engineering to medicine, and is supported by several private and public organizations, among them, the Chan Zuckerberg Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and Google, that will greatly benefit humanity. Nearly 37 trillion cells of various shapes, sizes, and composition, are precisely organized to constitute the human body. Humans, like all other living organisms, are dynamic, and therefore a comprehensive understanding of different cells in their various dynamic states is required to provide a reference map for the early diagnosis and various preventive approach to disease, and in the development of precision therapeutics. Skeletal muscles being the most abundant tissue and the largest locomotor and metabolic organ in the human body, requires a global understanding of its structure, composition, and function. The objective of creating a 'Human Skeletal Muscle Cell Atlas', necessitates therefore a comprehensive understanding of the emergent properties of skeletal muscle cell growth, development, structure, function and chemistry, under conditions of activity and inactivity. To achieve this objective would require a very precise yet rapid and cost-effective approach of combined multimodal imaging, including our new and novel 'Differential Expansion Microscopy', our 'Nanoscale Thermometry', combined with 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Motor Protein Motility Assay' and 'Machine Learning' tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Domenico L Gatti
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Suzan Arslanturk
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sebastian Pernal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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8
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Rai J, Kaushik K. Reduction of Animal Sacrifice in Biomedical Science & Research through Alternative Design of Animal Experiments. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:896-902. [PMID: 30202234 PMCID: PMC6128677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Various upcoming techniques can be used in replacement of experiments requiring animal sacrifice or products of animal sacrifice. In many instances these techniques provide more reproducibility and control of parameter, compared to experiments involving animal or animal products. Use of these techniques can avoid the question of the animal sacrifice during experiment and subsequently permission of ethical approval. In silico simulation, informatics, 3D cell culture models, organ-on-chips are some innovative technology which can reduce the number of animals sacrifice. Scientist evolved some innovative culture procedures and production of animal friendly affinity reagents which are free from the product of animal sacrifice. Direct investigation on human body for treatment as well as further research, electronic health record is also helpful in the reduction of animals sacrifice in biomedical investigations. These techniques and strategies of research can be more cost effective as well as more relevant to various issues related to the human health. Some medical blunder has also been reported after the successful testing of drugs on animal’s model. Hence, the reliability of animal experiment in context with human health is questionable. Alternative to animal experiments help to reduce the number of animals required for research up to certain extent but is not able to eliminate the need for animals in research completely. Wisely use of animals in teaching & research is expected and the importance of animal experimentation in futuristic development in life science cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Rai
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Kuldeep Kaushik
- Department of Zoology, Dev Samaj College for Women, Firozpur City, Punjab 152002, India
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9
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Abstract
Nonhuman animal (“animal”) experimentation is typically defended by arguments that it is reliable, that animals provide sufficiently good models of human biology and diseases to yield relevant information, and that, consequently, its use provides major human health benefits. I demonstrate that a growing body of scientific literature critically assessing the validity of animal experimentation generally (and animal modeling specifically) raises important concerns about its reliability and predictive value for human outcomes and for understanding human physiology. The unreliability of animal experimentation across a wide range of areas undermines scientific arguments in favor of the practice. Additionally, I show how animal experimentation often significantly harms humans through misleading safety studies, potential abandonment of effective therapeutics, and direction of resources away from more effective testing methods. The resulting evidence suggests that the collective harms and costs to humans from animal experimentation outweigh potential benefits and that resources would be better invested in developing human-based testing methods.
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10
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Kim KC, Choi BS, Kim KC, Park KH, Lee HJ, Cho YK, Kim SI, Kim SS, Oh YK, Kim YB. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:194-202. [PMID: 26564392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models derived from immune-deficient mice have been the primary tool for studies of human infectious viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current protocol for constructing humanized mice requires elaborate procedures and complicated techniques, limiting the supply of such mice for viral studies. Here, we report a convenient method for constructing a simple HIV-1 mouse model. Without prior irradiation, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10(7) adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMCs). Four weeks after PBMC inoculation, human CD45(+) cells, and CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were detected in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, whereas human CD19(+) cells were observed in lymph nodes and spleen. To examine the usefulness of hu-PBMC-inoculated NSG (hu-PBMC-NSG) mice as an HIV-1 infection model, we intravenously injected these mice with dual-tropic HIV-1DH12 and X4-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 strains. HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice showed significantly lower human CD4(+) T cell counts and high HIV viral loads in the peripheral blood compared with noninfected hu-PBMC-NSG mice. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and neutralizing antibody treatment, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed in HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice without detectable viremia or CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, the numbers of human T cells were maintained in hu-PBMC-NSG mice for at least 10 weeks. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-PBMC-NSG mice may serve as a relevant HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis model that could facilitate in vivo studies of HIV-1 infection and candidate HIV-1 protective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chang Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Martić-Kehl MI, Wernery J, Folkers G, Schubiger PA. Quality of Animal Experiments in Anti-Angiogenic Cancer Drug Development--A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137235. [PMID: 26421849 PMCID: PMC4589433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation from preclinical animal research to clinical bedside has proven to be difficult to impossible in many fields of research (e.g. acute stroke, ALS and HIV vaccination development) with oncology showing particularly low translation rates (5% vs. 20% for cardiovascular diseases). Several investigations on published preclinical animal research have revealed that apart from plain species differences, translational problems can arise from low study quality (e.g. study design) or non-representative experimental conditions (e.g. treatment schedule). This review assessed the published experimental circumstances and quality of anti-angiogenic cancer drug development in 232 in vivo studies. The quality of study design was often insufficient; at least the information published about the experiments was not satisfactory in most cases. There was no quality improvement over time, with the exception of conflict of interest statements. This increase presumably arose mainly because journal guidelines request such statements more often recently. Visual inspection of data and a cluster analysis confirmed a trend described in literature that low study quality tends to overestimate study outcome. It was also found that experimental outcome was more favorable when a potential drug was investigated as the main focus of a study, compared to drugs that were used as comparison interventions. We assume that this effect arises from the frequent neglect of blinding investigators towards treatment arms and refer to it as hypothesis bias. In conclusion, the reporting and presumably also the experimental performance of animal studies in drug development for oncology suffer from similar shortcomings as other fields of research (such as stroke or ALS). We consider it necessary to enforce experimental quality and reporting that corresponds to the level of clinical studies. It seems that only clear journal guidelines or guidelines from licensing authorities, where failure to fulfill prevents publication or experimental license, can help to improve this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jannis Wernery
- Collegium Helveticum, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Folkers
- Collegium Helveticum, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Giri S, Bader A. A low-cost, high-quality new drug discovery process using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Drug Discov Today 2014; 20:37-49. [PMID: 25448756 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knockout, knock-in and conditional mutant gene-targeted mice are routinely used for disease modeling in the drug discovery process, but the human response is often difficult to predict from these models. It is believed that patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could replace millions of animals currently sacrificed in preclinical testing and provide a route to new safer pharmaceutical products. In this review, we discuss the use of IPSCs in the drug discovery process. We highlight how they can be used to assess the toxicity and clinical efficacy of drug candidates before the latter are moved into costly and lengthy preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibashish Giri
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Bailey J, Capaldo T, Conlee K, Thew M, Pippin J. Experimental use of nonhuman primates is not a simple problem. Nat Med 2008; 14:1011-2; discussion 1012-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nm1008-1011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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