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Chatterjee N, Alfaro-Moreno E. In Vitro Cell Transformation Assays: A Valuable Approach for Carcinogenic Potentiality Assessment of Nanomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098219. [PMID: 37175926 PMCID: PMC10178964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the application of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) as a screening platform to assess the carcinogenic potential of nanomaterials (NMs) resulting from continuously growing industrial production and use. The widespread application of NMs in various fields has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects, necessitating safety evaluations, particularly in long-term continuous exposure scenarios. CTAs present a realistic screening platform for known and emerging NMs by examining their resemblance to the hallmark of malignancy, including high proliferation rates, loss of contact inhibition, the gain of anchorage-independent growth, cellular invasion, dysregulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis resistance, and ability to form tumors in experimental animals. Through the deliberate transformation of cells via chronic NM exposure, researchers can investigate the tumorigenic properties of NMs and the underlying mechanisms of cancer development. This article examines NM-induced cell transformation studies, focusing on identifying existing knowledge gaps. Specifically, it explores the physicochemical properties of NMs, experimental models, assays, dose and time requirements for cell transformation, and the underlying mechanisms of malignancy. Our review aims to advance understanding in this field and identify areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- NanoSafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- NanoSafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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Barguilla I, Maguer-Satta V, Guyot B, Pastor S, Marcos R, Hernández A. In Vitro Approaches to Determine the Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Environmental Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097851. [PMID: 37175558 PMCID: PMC10178670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One important environmental/health challenge is to determine, in a feasible way, the potential carcinogenic risk associated with environmental agents/exposures. Since a significant proportion of tumors have an environmental origin, detecting the potential carcinogenic risk of environmental agents is mandatory, as regulated by national and international agencies. The challenge mainly implies finding a way of how to overcome the inefficiencies of long-term trials with rodents when thousands of agents/exposures need to be tested. To such an end, the use of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) was proposed, but the existing prevalidated CTAs do not cover the complexity associated with carcinogenesis processes and present serious limitations. To overcome such limitations, we propose to use a battery of assays covering most of the hallmarks of the carcinogenesis process. For the first time, we grouped such assays as early, intermediate, or advanced biomarkers which allow for the identification of the cells in the initiation, promotion or aggressive stages of tumorigenesis. Our proposal, as a novelty, points out that using a battery containing assays from all three groups can identify if a certain agent/exposure can pose a carcinogenic risk; furthermore, it can gather mechanistic insights into the mode of the action of a specific carcinogen. This structured battery could be very useful for any type of in vitro study, containing human cell lines aiming to detect the potential carcinogenic risks of environmental agents/exposures. In fact, here, we include examples in which these approaches were successfully applied. Finally, we provide a series of advantages that, we believe, contribute to the suitability of our proposed approach for the evaluation of exposure-induced carcinogenic effects and for the development of an alternative strategy for conducting an exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barguilla
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Boris Guyot
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Susana Pastor
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Chapman KE, Wilde EC, Chapman FM, Verma JR, Shah UK, Stannard LM, Seager AL, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Doherty AT, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. Multiple-endpoint in vitro carcinogenicity test in human cell line TK6 distinguishes carcinogens from non-carcinogens and highlights mechanisms of action. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:321-336. [PMID: 32910239 PMCID: PMC7811515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro genotoxicity tests can produce misleading positive results, indicating an inability to effectively predict a compound's subsequent carcinogenic potential in vivo. Such oversensitivity can incur unnecessary in vivo tests to further investigate positive in vitro results, supporting the need to improve in vitro tests to better inform risk assessment. It is increasingly acknowledged that more informative in vitro tests using multiple endpoints may support the correct identification of carcinogenic potential. The present study, therefore, employed a holistic, multiple-endpoint approach using low doses of selected carcinogens and non-carcinogens (0.001-770 µM) to assess whether these chemicals caused perturbations in molecular and cellular endpoints relating to the Hallmarks of Cancer. Endpoints included micronucleus induction, alterations in gene expression, cell cycle dynamics, cell morphology and bioenergetics in the human lymphoblastoid cell line TK6. Carcinogens ochratoxin A and oestradiol produced greater Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity scores for the combined endpoints than the "misleading" in vitro positive compounds, quercetin, 2,4-dichlorophenol and quinacrine dihydrochloride and toxic non-carcinogens, caffeine, cycloheximide and phenformin HCl. This study provides compelling evidence that carcinogens can successfully be distinguished from non-carcinogens using a holistic in vitro test system. Avoidance of misleading in vitro outcomes could lead to the reduction and replacement of animals in carcinogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Fiona M Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Leanne M Stannard
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Ann T Doherty
- Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca, DSM, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Velandia SA, Quintero E, Stashenko EE, Ocazionez RE. Actividad antiproliferativa de aceites esenciales de plantas cultivadas en Colombia. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v23n2.67394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colombia posee gran diversidad de plantas medicinales, pero pocas han sido objeto de investigación. En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad antiproliferativa de aceites esenciales obtenidos por hidrodestilación asistida por microondas. Se analizaron 15 muestras de 11 especies en ensayos del MTT en células cancerosas MCF-7, HeLa y HepG-2 y se incluyeron células normales humanas (HEK293) y de animales (Vero y BF16F10) para evaluar selectividad. La composición química de muestras activas se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Aceites esenciales de cuatro especies mostraron actividad antiproliferativa (CI50: 50 μg/mL) en células HeLa y/o MCF-7, en el siguiente rango (índice de selectividad en paréntesis): Piper cumanense H.B.K. (4,7) > Piper subflavum var. espejuelanum C.DC (3,9) > Salvia officinalis L. (3,6) > Piper eriopodom (Miq.) C. DC. (3,1). Ninguna muestra fue activa en células HepG-2. El análisis por CG-MS identificó β-cariofileno, α-copaeno, β-pineno, α-pineno y linalol como componentes mayoritarios. Los aceites esenciales activos pueden ser punto de partida para desarrollo de medicamentos herbales para cuidado paliativo del cáncer.
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Wilde EC, Chapman KE, Stannard LM, Seager AL, Brüsehafer K, Shah UK, Tonkin JA, Brown MR, Verma JR, Doherty AT, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. A novel, integrated in vitro carcinogenicity test to identify genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens using human lymphoblastoid cells. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:935-951. [PMID: 29110037 PMCID: PMC5818597 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to carcinogens occurs via a plethora of environmental sources, with 70-90% of cancers caused by extrinsic factors. Aberrant phenotypes induced by such carcinogenic agents may provide universal biomarkers for cancer causation. Both current in vitro genotoxicity tests and the animal-testing paradigm in human cancer risk assessment fail to accurately represent and predict whether a chemical causes human carcinogenesis. The study aimed to establish whether the integrated analysis of multiple cellular endpoints related to the Hallmarks of Cancer could advance in vitro carcinogenicity assessment. Human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6, MCL-5) were treated for either 4 or 23 h with 8 known in vivo carcinogens, with doses up to 50% Relative Population Doubling (maximum 66.6 mM). The adverse effects of carcinogens on wide-ranging aspects of cellular health were quantified using several approaches; these included chromosome damage, cell signalling, cell morphology, cell-cycle dynamics and bioenergetic perturbations. Cell morphology and gene expression alterations proved particularly sensitive for environmental carcinogen identification. Composite scores for the carcinogens' adverse effects revealed that this approach could identify both DNA-reactive and non-DNA reactive carcinogens in vitro. The richer datasets generated proved that the holistic evaluation of integrated phenotypic alterations is valuable for effective in vitro risk assessment, while also supporting animal test replacement. Crucially, the study offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of human carcinogenesis resulting from exposure to chemicals that humans are likely to encounter in their environment. Such an understanding of cancer induction via environmental agents is essential for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Wilde
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Leanne M Stannard
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna L Seager
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Katja Brüsehafer
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - James A Tonkin
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - M Rowan Brown
- College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Jatin R Verma
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ann T Doherty
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Safety, DSM, Darwin Building, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - George E Johnson
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science 1, Singleton Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Xing X, Zeng X, Li D, Chen L, Zhu X, He Z, Zhang S, Ma L, Bai Q, Zhang Z, Liu C, Gao C, Li J, Sun X, Zheng Y, Chen W, Xiao Y. Application of human cell transformation assay on assessment of carcinogenic potential of river organic pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A human cell transformation assay was used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of organic extracts of water pollutants collected from the Jialu River.
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Garcia-Canton C, Errington G, Anadon A, Meredith C. Characterisation of an aerosol exposure system to evaluate the genotoxicity of whole mainstream cigarette smoke using the in vitro γH2AX assay by high content screening. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 15:41. [PMID: 25056295 PMCID: PMC4122049 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-15-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genotoxic effect of cigarette smoke is routinely measured by treating cells with cigarette Particulate Matter (PM) at different dose levels in submerged cell cultures. However, PM exposure cannot be considered as a complete exposure as it does not contain the gas phase component of the cigarette smoke. The in vitro γH2AX assay by High Content Screening (HCS) has been suggested as a complementary tool to the standard battery of genotoxicity assays as it detects DNA double strand breaks in a high-throughput fashion. The aim of this study was to further optimise the in vitro γH2AX assay by HCS to enable aerosol exposure of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI). METHODS Whole mainstream cigarette smoke (WMCS) from two reference cigarettes (3R4F and M4A) were assessed for their genotoxic potential. During the study, a further characterisation of the Borgwaldt RM20S® aerosol exposure system to include single dilution assessment with a reference gas was also carried out. RESULTS The results of the optimisation showed that both reference cigarettes produced a positive genotoxic response at all dilutions tested. However, the correlation between dose and response was low for both 3R4F and M4A (Pearson coefficient, r = -0.53 and -0.44 respectively). During the additional characterisation of the exposure system, it was observed that several pre-programmed dilutions did not perform as expected. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the in vitro γH2AX assay by HCS could be used to evaluate WMCS in cell cultures at the ALI. Additionally, the extended characterisation of the exposure system indicates that assessing the performance of the dilutions could improve the existing routine QC checks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garcia-Canton
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Arturo Anadon
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Zwolak I. Vanadium carcinogenic, immunotoxic and neurotoxic effects: a review ofin vitrostudies. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 24:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2013.843110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Garcia-Canton C, Anadón A, Meredith C. γH2AX as a novel endpoint to detect DNA damage: applications for the assessment of the in vitro genotoxicity of cigarette smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1075-86. [PMID: 22735693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated to become γH2AX after exposure to DNA-damaging agents that cause double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). γH2AX can be detected and quantified by numerous methods, giving a direct correlation with the number of DSBs. This relationship has made γH2AX an increasingly utilised endpoint in multiple scientific fields since its discovery in 1998. Applications include its use in pre-clinical drug assessment, as a biomarker of DNA damage and in in vitro mechanistic studies. Here, we review current in vitro regulatory and non-regulatory genotoxicity assays proposing the γH2AX assay as a potential complement to the current test battery. Additionally, we evaluate the use of the γH2AX assay to measure DSBs in vitro in tobacco product testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garcia-Canton
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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Doktorova TY, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, van Delft J, Kleinjans J, Ahr HJ, Rogiers V. Comparison of hepatocarcinogen-induced gene expression profiles in conventional primary rat hepatocytes with in vivo rat liver. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1399-411. [PMID: 22484513 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, substantial efforts are focused on the development of in vitro assays coupled with "omics" technologies for the identification of carcinogenic substances as an alternative to the classical 2-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassay. A prerequisite for the eventual regulatory acceptance of such assays, however, is the in vivo relevance of the observed in vitro findings. In the current study, hepatocarcinogen-induced gene expression profiles generated after the exposure of conventional cultures of primary rat hepatocytes to three non-genotoxic carcinogens (methapyrilene hydrochloride, piperonyl butoxide, and Wy-14643), three genotoxic carcinogens (aflatoxin B1, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and 2-nitrofluorene), and two non-carcinogens (nifedipine and clonidine) are compared with previously obtained in vivo data after oral administration for up to 14 days of the same hepatocarcinogens to rats. In addition to the comparison of deregulated genes and functions per compound between in vivo and in vitro models, the major discriminating cellular pathways found in vivo in livers of exposed rats were examined for deregulation in vitro. Further, in vivo-derived gene signatures for the identification of genotoxic versus non-genotoxic carcinogens are used to classify in vitro-tested hepatocarcinogens and non-carcinogens. In the primary hepatocyte cultures, two out of the three tested genotoxic carcinogens mimicked the in vivo-relevant DNA damage response and were correctly assessed. Exposure to the non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, however, triggered a relatively weak response in the in vitro system, with no clear similarities to in vivo. This study contributes to the further optimization of toxicogenomics predictive tools when applied in in vitro settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Doktorova
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Li X, Shang P, Peng B, Nie C, Zhao L, Liu H, Xie J. Effects of smoking regimens and test material format on the cytotoxicity of mainstream cigarette smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:545-51. [PMID: 22198610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of test material format and smoking regimens on comparative toxicity testing of cigarette smoke. Total particulate matter (TPM) or whole smoke (WS) generated from three test cigarettes under International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or Health Canada Intensive (HCI) regimens were assessed for cytotoxicity using the neutral red uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity assay. Under both ISO and HCI regimens, the relative differences of cytotoxicity among the test cigarettes indicated by the EC50 values in WS were significantly higher than those in TPM. For TPM testing, cytotoxicity was decreased going from ISO regimen to HCI regimen, consistent with the reported reductions of toxicant output on a per unit of TPM basis under the HCI regimen. For WS, cytotoxicity increased for the two lower TPM cigarettes, and decreased for the higher TPM cigarette going from HCI regimen to ISO regimen. Results from this study demonstrated WS should be the preferable test material format for smoke toxicity testing whenever possible. Intensive smoking regimens, such as HCI, are less likely to underestimate smoke toxicant intakes by smokers, and should be included in the comparative toxicological testing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, China.
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