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Langheit S, Poulin F. Links Between Best-Friendship Quality and Well-Being From Early Emerging Adulthood to Early Established Adulthood. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2024; 12:539-552. [PMID: 38934010 PMCID: PMC11196206 DOI: 10.1177/21676968241248877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether the links between features of best-friendship quality (intimacy, reliable alliance, conflict) and well-being indicators (self-esteem, loneliness) change from early emerging adulthood to early established adulthood. The moderating effect of gender and investment in romantic life on these links was examined as well. For the purpose, 346 individuals (58% women) completed questionnaires at age 20 and again at age 30. Multilevel analysis were performed for each well-being indicators separately. The results showed reliable alliance to be associated with both well-being indicators, and intimacy to be associated with loneliness. Age moderated the effect of intimacy on self-esteem, whereas investment in romantic life moderated the effect of reliable alliance. Finally, triple interactions emerged between conflict, gender and age in their associations with self-esteem and loneliness, underscoring particularities for men. These results underscore the most influential features of friendship quality for well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Langheit
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - François Poulin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Leite Ã, Silva B, Vilela B, Rodrigues I, Fernandes J, Romão J, Ribeiro AM. Measurement Invariance of the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale and Quality of Relationships Inventory (Friend). Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:44. [PMID: 38247696 PMCID: PMC10812790 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to measure the invariance of the Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (MJS) and of the Quality of Relationships Inventory (Friend) (QRI-F) across gender, age, education, and being in a romantic relationship in a Portuguese sample (N = 662). A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the fit of different potential factor structures. The results pointed out that both MJS and QRI-F were most suitable if represented by three first-order factors correlated between them. Results from multi-group analyses suggested there was factorial invariance for these structures across groups, suggesting that the MJS and the QRI-F provide, respectively, an assessment of romantic jealousy and quality of relationship that are equivalent across gender, age, education, and being in a romantic relationship. The study established the strong psychometric properties of its instruments, validating reliability and convergent and discriminant validity, thereby bolstering the research's overall credibility. Additionally, cognitive jealousy is primarily influenced by heightened conflict values, with education, relationship status, and gender moderating the associations between QRI-F dimensions and MJS behavioral and cognitive jealousy. The research offered in-depth perspectives on jealousy, underscoring its diverse manifestations across demographic variables and illuminating the complexities within the dynamics of friendships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ãngela Leite
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Camões, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Beatriz Silva
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados–Folhadela, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.S.); (B.V.); (I.R.); (J.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Beatriz Vilela
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados–Folhadela, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.S.); (B.V.); (I.R.); (J.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Inês Rodrigues
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados–Folhadela, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.S.); (B.V.); (I.R.); (J.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados–Folhadela, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.S.); (B.V.); (I.R.); (J.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Romão
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Escola de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados–Folhadela, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.S.); (B.V.); (I.R.); (J.F.); (J.R.)
| | - Ana Margarida Ribeiro
- Centre for Philosophical and Humanistic Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Camões, 4710-362 Braga, Portugal;
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Vaillancourt T, Brittain H, Eriksson M, Krygsman A, Farrell AH, Davis AC, Volk AA, Arnocky S. Social Media Friendship Jealousy. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 22:14747049231225738. [PMID: 38213116 PMCID: PMC10787535 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231225738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A new measure to assess friendship jealousy in the context of social media was developed. This one-factor, seven-item measure was psychometrically sound, showing evidence of validity and reliability in three samples of North American adults (Study 1, n = 491; Study 2, n = 494; Study 3, n = 415) and one-, two-, and three-year stability (Study 3). Women reported more social media friendship jealousy than men (Studies 2 and 3) and younger women had the highest levels of social media friendship jealousy (compared with younger men and older men and women; Study 2). Social media friendship jealousy was associated with lower friendship quality (Study 1) and higher social media use and trait jealousy (Study 2). The relation between social media friendship jealousy and internalizing symptoms indicated positive within time associations and longitudinal bidirectional relations (Study 3). Specifically, social media friendship jealousy predicted increases in internalizing problems, and internalizing problems predicted greater social media friendship jealousy accounting for gender and trait levels of social media friendship jealousy and internalizing problems. Anxious and depressed adults may be predisposed to monitor threats to their friendships via social media and experience negative consequences because of this behavior. Although social media interactions can be associated with positive well-being and social connectedness, our results highlight that they can also undermine friendships and mental health due to jealousy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Brittain
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mollie Eriksson
- Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Krygsman
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ann H. Farrell
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Adam C. Davis
- Department of Social Science, Canadore College, North Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony A. Volk
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
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Macdonald EP, Khullar TH, Vezina EL, Santucci K, Lydon JE, Rose AJ, Dirks MA. Say you'll be there: Associations between observed verbal responses, friendship quality, and perceptions of support in young adult friendships. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2023; 40:4001-4022. [PMID: 38058533 PMCID: PMC10695744 DOI: 10.1177/02654075231195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Friendships are a primary source of social support during young adulthood; however, little is known about the factors associated with young adults feeling greater support during interactions with friends. We examined how micro-level verbal responses and macro-level judgments of friendship quality were associated with perceptions of support following an interaction between friends. Same-gender friend dyads (N = 132; 66.2% female; 18-24 years, M age = 19.63) took turns speaking about a problem, then participants rated their perceptions of support given and received following the task. We coded each participant's verbal responses while in the listening role. Actor Partner Interdependence Models (APIMs) revealed significant partner effects for negative engagement responses, such that greater negative engagement responses were linked with the partner perceiving poorer support both given and received. Models revealed significant actor effects for supportive responses, such that greater supportive responses predicted the actor perceiving better support both given and received. Additionally, models revealed significant actor effects of friendship quality predicting actors' perceiving better support both given and received. Finally, exploratory models revealed minimal interactions between a few types of verbal responses and positive friendship quality. Taken together, results suggest that (a) negative verbal responding styles may be more meaningfully associated with partners' perceptions of support in the moment than are supportive behaviours, whereas (b) supportive verbal responding styles may be more meaningfully associated with actors' perceptions of support in the moment, and (c) actors' judgments of friendship quality are strongly associated with their overall perceptions of support, and a critical factor to consider in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ella L. Vezina
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Katya Santucci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John E. Lydon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda J. Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Melanie A. Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Dryburgh NSJ, Martin-Storey A, Craig WM, Dirks MA. The Development and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Victimization within the Friendships of Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2023; 40:2204-2226. [PMID: 37441632 PMCID: PMC10333973 DOI: 10.1177/02654075221142631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
For emerging adults, high-quality friendships can be an important source of companionship and support. The most commonly studied negative interaction between friends is conflict, yet work with youth suggests more serious victimization also occurs in friendship. In the current study, we developed and obtained preliminary psychometric evidence for the Friendship Victimization Scale, a measure that assesses physical, sexual, relational, and verbal forms of victimization in the friendships of emerging adults, as well as coercive and controlling behaviors. Emerging adults (N = 316, Mage = 21.27 years, SD = 1.47; 60.4% women, 37.0% men; 59.2% White) completed the Friendship Victimization Scale along with measures to examine construct validity. The majority of the sample reported experiencing at least one act of victimization by a friend, and men reported more victimization than did women. Results supported a 2-factor structure, with relational and verbal victimization loading on one factor and physical and sexual victimization and controlling behaviors loading on the other. Cronbach's alphas exceeded .90 for the total score and both subscales. Greater friendship victimization was predicted by negative features in each of a best and a challenging friendship, even after accounting for negative features in a dating relationship, and was unrelated to positive features in any of these relationships. Overall, results indicate that victimization is common in emerging adults' friendships. The findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the Friendship Victimization Scale as a measure of this understudied source of risk in the interpersonal lives of emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa Martin-Storey
- Department of Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy M Craig
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie A Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Xiang S, Liu Y, Sun X. The longitudinal associations between perceived maternal parenting practices, mother-adolescent relationship quality, and friendship quality. J Adolesc 2023; 95:70-81. [PMID: 36207785 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As adolescents begin to expand their social networks beyond their family, they turn increasingly to their peers for support. Parenting practices present in the parent-child dyad are likely to extend to peer dyads. However, when considering the process involved in the transmission from parenting practices to friendships, the mediating role of parent-child relationships remains unclear. The current study explored the mediating effect of mother-adolescent relationship quality in the association between perceived maternal parenting practices (i.e., autonomy support and psychological control) and friendship quality using a three-wave longitudinal design, and also examined whether adolescents' gender moderates these associations. METHODS A sample of 344 Chinese adolescents (12.01 to 15-year-old at Wave 1, M = 13.08, SD = 0.39; 153 boys and 191 girls) filled out questionnaires on perceived maternal parenting practices, mother-adolescent relationship quality, and friendship quality, separately in three waves. RESULTS Perceived maternal autonomy support was associated with positive friendship quality through positive mother-adolescent relationship quality. However, perceived maternal psychological control was not associated with negative friendship quality. Moreover, marginal gender differences were only found in the associations between autonomy support and positive mother-adolescent relationship quality. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the spillover effects existed only between autonomy support and positive friendship quality, and highlight the importance of positive mother-adolescent relationship quality when promoting positive friendship quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Xiang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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