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Imai T, Mo M, Hirokawa M, Kurihara N, Shokoku S, Sugiyama S, Shirasugi N, Kusagawa H, Hoshino Y, Yamamoto T, Hyodo E, Furubayashi K, Ogawa T. Mid-term results of cyanoacrylate closure for the treatment of incompetent great and small saphenous veins: Findings from a Japanese prospective consecutive multi-center registry: Mid-term results of cyanoacrylate closure. Phlebology 2024:2683555241273013. [PMID: 39116289 DOI: 10.1177/02683555241273013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate closure (CAC) for endovascular treatment of varicose veins with cyanoacrylate adhesive (VenaSeal® closure system) in Japan. METHODS A multicenter prospective consecutive registry study was conducted at 12 centers in Japan on 125 patients with primary varicose veins who underwent CAC. The patients were evaluated on target vein occlusion, postoperative complications, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (rVCSS), Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ), and EuroQol 5 dimensions 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) for 1-year after the surgery. RESULTS The closure rate was 92.6% at 1 year postoperatively, and 95.0% and 90.2% for GSV and SSV respectively with little difference (p = .491). The mean VAS in the immediate postoperative period was 18.9 ± 23.4. Postoperative complications were observed in 20 patients (16%). Hypersensitivity-type phlebitis occurred in 7 patients (5.6%). Infection of the treated vein resulted in resection of GSV. The rVCSS and AVVQ improved significantly after 90 days and 1 year postoperatively (p < .001), while the EQ-5D-5L have not changed. CONCLUSION Cyanoacrylate Closure was considered generally a safe and minimally invasive treatment with good mid-term outcomes including SSV. However further study is required for some CAC specific complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Imai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nishinokyo Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Makoto Mo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yokohama Minami Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Satoru Sugiyama
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima Teishin Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nozomu Shirasugi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yokohama Asahi Chuo General Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hoshino
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Eiichi Hyodo
- Hyodo Internal Medicine and Eye Clinic, Amagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Fukushima Daiichi Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
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Alhewy MA, Abdo EM, Ghazala EAE, Khamis AA, Gado H, Abd-Elgawad WAA, Abdelhafez AA, El Sayed A, Khedr AM, Mosaed HAM. Outcomes of Cyanoacrylate Closure Versus Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Incompetent Great Saphenous Veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2024; 98:309-316. [PMID: 37802141 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate closure (CAC) for treating incompetent great saphenous veins (GSVs) compared to radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS In this prospective, randomized controlled study, 248 symptomatic subjects with incompetent GSVs were assigned to either CAC or RFA. The primary end point, complete closure of the target GSV, was determined using a duplex ultrasound examination. RESULTS In this study, 248 patients (mean age 33.64 ± 8.06 years including 71% women) were treated with either CAC (n = 128) or RFA (n = 120) between August 2018 to May 2022. As a follow-up, after a 1-month duration, the closure rates were 128/128 at the CAC and 154/158 at the RFA. At month 24, closure rates were 122/128 at CAC and 146/158 at RFA. Apart from phlebitis and pigmentation, the incidences of bruising, skin burn, and paresthesia were lower in the CAC group compared to the RFA group. The mean procedural times were shorter for CAC. The satisfaction level with the treatment was moderately higher among CAC patients than RAF patients. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Cyanoacrylate glue closure of the GSV and RFA are effective techniques for managing primary varicose veins. Cyanoacrylate glue closure of the GSV appears to have a lower rate of complications and higher satisfaction levels, rapid return to normal activities, and improved procedure time without the need for perivenous tumescent anesthesia and postprocedure compression stockings when compared to RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsagheer Alhewy
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ehab M Abdo
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Abd Elmoneim Ghazala
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atef Khamis
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hassan Gado
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Abdullah El Sayed
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alhussein M Khedr
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Athavale A, Monahan D, Fukaya E. A systematic review on ablation techniques for larger saphenous veins in patients with symptomatic superficial venous disease. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2024; 12:101681. [PMID: 37703943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to summarize the existing evidence for the treatment of saphenous veins >10 mm in diameter, to determine whether there were vein size limits for treatment modalities, and to determine if there are specific technical considerations for treatment of large veins. METHODS We searched the literature for reports of treatment methods and outcomes for patients with large-diameter saphenous veins treated with various ablation methods between 1993 and 2023. These studies were evaluated for the size of the vein determined as "large diameter," type of ablation method, study type, outcomes, adverse events, and any technical considerations noted. A systematic review was conducted and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The COVIDENCE software was used for full-text screening and data extraction. Three reviewers reviewed the data, and the content expert served as the tiebreaker. RESULTS Seventy-one records were identified, of which 24 studies were deemed appropriate for extraction. Most of the studies identified reported outcomes of endovenous thermal ablation modalities. There were fewer studies on non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques, and these studies reported an overall lower occlusion rate compared with endovenous thermal ablation techniques. CONCLUSIONS Large head-to-head trials or randomized controlled that compare all the modalities over a long follow-up duration are yet to be performed. In the existing literature, there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of the study size, design, definition of large veins, site of vein measurement, and follow-up periods, making it challenging to make fair comparisons and draw firm conclusions. Currently available evidence supports the use of endothermal ablation techniques for the treatment of veins >10 mm in diameter as they have a more favorable efficacy and safety profile and have a larger body of evidence available compared with non-thermal, non-tumescent techniques or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Athavale
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Eri Fukaya
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
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Pappas JN, Pappas PJ, Lakhanpal S, Kennedy R, Soto T. Natural history and role of anticoagulation in the management of endovenous glue-induced thrombus. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2023; 11:938-945. [PMID: 37353153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The natural history of endovenous glue-induced thrombus (EGIT) resolution and the role of anticoagulation (AC) and/or anti-platelet (AP) agents in their management is currently ill-defined. The goal of this investigation is to determine the clinical behavior of EGITs and whether or not AC or AP affects treatment outcomes. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all endovenous ablations utilizing cyanoacrylate glue (CAG) from January 2020 to December 2021 at the Center for Vein Restoration. Patients were divided into two groups: (1) patients who developed an EGIT (EGIT/CAG) and (2) patients treated with CAG and no EGIT development (CAG). Demographics, medical/surgical histories, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (rVCSS), Chronic Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire (CIVIQ), CEAP, EGIT category, type of anticoagulation, resolution time, location of any deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were analyzed, catheter tip distance, treatment length and proximal thigh diameters were all analyzed. EGITs were categorized as follows: EGIT 1: thrombus extension into the deep vein covering less than 25% of the luminal area; EGIT 2: thrombus between 25% and 49%; EGIT 3: thrombus between 50% and 74%; and EGIT 4: total occlusion. Our protocol is to perform post-procedure duplex scans within 3 to 7 days after endovenous ablations to assess for post-intervention DVTs. RESULTS During the study period, 2374 patients received 4321 CAG procedures. EGITs were observed in 133 patients (3.1%): EGIT 1 (n = 57); EGIT 2 (n = 35); EGIT 3 (n = 19); and EGIT 4 (n = 22). All EGITs were identified by surveillance scanning. No patient presented with limb or pulmonary symptoms suggestive of VTE. The average age, rVCSS, and CIVIQ 20 of the entire cohort was 65.3 ± 14.2 years, 8.2 ± 2.8, and 48 ± 18.3, respectively with 89 females and 44 males. For EGIT 1, 56 of 57 (98%) resolved at 4.2 ± 5.1 weeks, with one patient lost to follow-up. AC/AP regimen included two aspirin (ASA), one Eliquis, 5 Xarelto, and nothing in 49 patients (86%). For EGIT 2, 27 of 35 (77%) resolved at 4.4 ± 3.4 weeks, one was unresolved, six regressed to EGIT 1, and one remained an EGIT 2 at the last follow-up examination. AC/AP regimens included seven ASA, three Eliquis, three Xarelto, one Coumadin, and nothing in 21 patients (60%). For EGIT 3, 12 were in the common femoral vein (CFV), three in the popliteal vein (POPV), one in the external iliac vein, and three in the gastrocnemius veins. Nine of nineteen (47%) resolved at 6 ± 5.9 weeks, four regressed, one migrated to the proximal CFV, three became chronic, and two were lost to follow-up. AC/AP regimens included three ASA, three Eliquis, seven Xarelto, and nothing in six patients (32%). AC/AP compared with no AC/AP had no effect on clot resolution (P = .3). Of the 22 EGIT 4, one was in the CFV, two were in the POPV, and 18 (82%) were remote calf vein DVTs (15 gastrocnemius, one peroneal [PV], and three posterior tibial veins [PTVs]). The CFV EGIT became chronic, one POPV resolved, and one was lost to follow-up. For the gastrocnemius clots, five became chronic, eight resolved, and two were lost to follow-up. For the PTV clots, one resolved, one became chronic, and one was lost to follow-up. The PV clot became chronic. AC/AP regimen included four ASA, five Eliquis, six Xarelto, and nothing in seven patients. AC/AP compared with no AC/AP had no effect on clot resolution (P = .9). The average proximal thigh diameter (millimeters, mm), vein length treated (mm), and catheter distance (mm) from the junction were the following: EGIT 1 (5.9 ± 2.4, 37.5 ± 17.6, and 5.2 ± 1), EGIT 2 (5.9 ± 1.7, 38 ± 16.9, 4.79 ± 0.71), EGIT 3 (5.1 ± 2.6, 27.9 ± 16.6, and 5.26 ± 1.4), and EGIT 4 (5 ± 1.7, 29.9 ± 15.8, and 5.39 ± 2.18), respectively. Treatment length alone was significantly shorter in EGIT 3 and 4, compared with EGIT 1 and 2 (P ≤ .05). Catheter distance from the junction was longer in EGIT 1, 3, and 4 patients compared with CAG patients (P ≤ .02). CONCLUSIONS Regardless of EGIT class or severity, the majority of EGITs are not associated with clot extension or migration and tend to resolve or regress. For EGIT class 1 and 2 patients, AC or AP therapy is not necessary, as 86% and 60%, respectively, resolved with observation alone by 4 weeks. For EGIT 3, 68% resolved or regressed regardless of AC or AP use. The majority of EGIT 4 were remote calf vein DVTs. EGIT 3 and 4 associated with the saphenofemoral/popliteal junction are rare. When compared with CAG patients, proximal thigh diameters and treatment lengths were larger and longer in EGIT 1 and 2 patients. Catheter proximity to the junction was not associated with a higher incidence of EGIT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Pappas
- Center for Vein Restoration, Greenbelt, MD; Center for Vascular Medicine, Greenbelt, MD.
| | - Sanjiv Lakhanpal
- Center for Vein Restoration, Greenbelt, MD; Center for Vascular Medicine, Greenbelt, MD
| | | | - Theresa Soto
- Center for Vein Restoration, Greenbelt, MD; Center for Vascular Medicine, Greenbelt, MD
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Falvo N, Latreche A, Chevallier O, Ledan F, Jandot M, Daoud H, Fréchier L, Loffroy R. Cyanoacrylate Glue for Treating Chronic Saphenous Vein Insufficiency: A Retrospective Observational Single-Center Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2313. [PMID: 37510057 PMCID: PMC10377952 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endovenous thermal methods are superseding surgical stripping for treating chronic superficial venous disease but require tumescent anesthesia and can cause heat-related nerve injuries. Endovenous cyanoacrylate ablation is a more recent technique that does not share these drawbacks. A retrospective observational study of consecutive adults managed with endovenous cyanoacrylate was conducted in 2018-2021 at a single university center. The follow-up was 18 months. We identified factors associated with target vein closure at 18 months and measured changes in quality of life using the generic 36-item Short-Form (SF-36) tool and the venous disease-specific VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire. Adverse events were collected. In the 55 study patients with 67 treated veins, the closure rate at 18 months was 94% (95% CI, 85-98%). Target vein diameter ≥9.5 mm had 81% sensitivity and 75% specificity for predicting recanalization. Quality-of-life scores improved significantly (p < 0.001 for both surveys). The only adverse event was a type IV allergic reaction to cyanoacrylate that was resolved with corticosteroid and histamine-antagonist therapy. Endovenous cyanoacrylate ablation was highly effective and is safe in experienced hands. Studies are warranted to determine whether changes in the protocol increase the closure rate in patients with target veins ≥9.5 mm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Falvo
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Amine Latreche
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Chevallier
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Frédérik Ledan
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Maud Jandot
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Héla Daoud
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Léo Fréchier
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Romaric Loffroy
- Image-Guided Therapy Center, ICMUB Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6302, Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, François-Mitterrand University Hospital, 14 Rue Paul Gaffarel, BP 77908, 21079 Dijon, France
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Tang TY, Chan KKW, Yap CJQ, Chan SL, Soon SXY, Khoo V, Wong JCL. Pilot single-arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of endovenous Microwave ablations for treatment of varicose veins in Singapore – one year results of the MAESTRO registry. Phlebology 2022; 37:709-720. [DOI: 10.1177/02683555221129386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Aim was to report a prospective two-centre Singaporean experience using Endovenous Microwave Ablation (EMA) to treat symptomatic primary great saphenous vein reflux. We evaluated 1-year safety, efficacy and patient satisfaction. Methods 50 patients (63 limbs; 29 females; mean age 58.0 ± 12.1 years) were included. Patients were reviewed at 2-weeks, 3-, 6- and 12-months and underwent Duplex ultrasound assessment. Three quality of life (QoL) questionnaires were completed. Results The truncal closure rates at 2-weeks, 3-, 6- and 12-months were 63/63 (100%), 59/59 (100%), 58/58 (100%) and 59/60 (98.3%), respectively. There was 100% technical success and no serious adverse events. There were sustained improvement of QoL questionnaire scores from 2 weeks to 12 months. Conclusion EMA is a safe and efficacious venous ablative technology at 12 months and is associated with a high rate of target vein occlusion and sustained QoL improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjun Yip Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- The Vascular & Endovascular Clinic, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Charyl Jia Qi Yap
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sze Ling Chan
- Health Services Research Centre, SingHealth, Singapore
| | | | - Vanessa Khoo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Julian Chi Leung Wong
- The Vascular & Endovascular Clinic, Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Medical Adhesives and Their Role in Laparoscopic Surgery—A Review of Literature. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155215. [PMID: 35955150 PMCID: PMC9369661 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Laparoscopic surgery is undergoing rapid development. Replacing the traditional method of joining cut tissues with sutures or staples could greatly simplify and speed up laparoscopic procedures. This alternative could undoubtedly be adhesives. For decades, scientists have been working on a material to bond tissues together to create the best possible conditions for tissue regeneration. The results of research on tissue adhesives achieved over the past years show comparable treatment effects to traditional methods. Tissue adhesives are a good alternative to surgical sutures in wound closure. This article is a review of the most important groups of tissue adhesives including their properties and possible applications. Recent reports on the development of biological adhesives are also discussed.
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Chan YC, Cheung GC, Ting AC, Cheng SW. Modification of protocol with one extra drop of endovascular cyanoacrylate improved closure rates in incompetent great saphenous veins. Phlebology 2022; 37:425-431. [DOI: 10.1177/02683555221082358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Great saphenous vein diameter (GSV) of >8 mm was predictor of recanalization following Venaseal cyanoacrylate treatment. The aim of this study was to report our modified protocol with a single extra-drop for treatment for GSV>8 mm, and comparative duplex results in closure rates. Methods Patients in our single-centre registry treated with Venaseal were followed up by serial duplex examinations at week 1 and month(s)- 1, 6, 12, 18, 24, and then annually. The primary endpoint was successful obliteration of the GSV, secondary endpoints were closure distance from Saphenofemoral junction (SFJ), presence of endovenous glue-induced thrombosis (EGIT) or deep vein thrombosis. Results A total of 243 legs in 123 consecutive patients with duplex-proven SFJ/GSV incompetence were included in this study between September 2014 and October 2020. The median duplex follow-up period of this cohort of patients was 24 (range 0.2–58) months. Comparing closure rates in GSV diameter ≥8 mm treated with normal protocol, the ‘extra-drop protocol’ significantly improved closure rates ( p = .034). However, the closure rates of ≥8 mm GSV treated with ‘extra-drop protocol’ was still not as good as GSV <8 mm ( p < .001). There were no statistically significant differences in the stump distance between the three groups and no difference in the occurrence of EGIT. There were no deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion Our experience showed that VenaSeal cyanoacrylate worked best in GSV<8 mm diameter. Even in GSV diameter of ≥8 mm which has a higher recanalization rate on follow-up duplex, our modified extra-drop protocol significantly improved the closure rates, and did not predispose to development of EGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Che Chan
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace C Cheung
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Albert C Ting
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen W Cheng
- Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Hong Kong, China
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Pannier F, Noppeney T, Alm J, Breu FX, Bruning G, Flessenkämper I, Gerlach H, Hartmann K, Kahle B, Kluess H, Mendoza E, Mühlberger D, Mumme A, Nüllen H, Rass K, Reich-Schupke S, Stenger D, Stücker M, Schmedt CG, Schwarz T, Tesmann J, Teßarek J, Werth S, Valesky E. S2k guidelines: diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins. DER HAUTARZT 2022; 73:1-44. [PMID: 35438355 PMCID: PMC9358954 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Pannier
- Praxis für Dermatologie und Phlebologie, Helmholtzstr. 4-6, 53123, Bonn, Germany.
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De Maeseneer MG, Kakkos SK, Aherne T, Baekgaard N, Black S, Blomgren L, Giannoukas A, Gohel M, de Graaf R, Hamel-Desnos C, Jawien A, Jaworucka-Kaczorowska A, Lattimer CR, Mosti G, Noppeney T, van Rijn MJ, Stansby G, Esvs Guidelines Committee, Kolh P, Bastos Goncalves F, Chakfé N, Coscas R, de Borst GJ, Dias NV, Hinchliffe RJ, Koncar IB, Lindholt JS, Trimarchi S, Tulamo R, Twine CP, Vermassen F, Wanhainen A, Document Reviewers, Björck M, Labropoulos N, Lurie F, Mansilha A, Nyamekye IK, Ramirez Ortega M, Ulloa JH, Urbanek T, van Rij AM, Vuylsteke ME. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2022 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Venous Disease of the Lower Limbs. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2022; 63:184-267. [PMID: 35027279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kubat E, Kadan M, Akyol FB, Doğancı S. Large Diameter Is Associated With High Recanalization Rate During Cyanoacrylate Closure Treatment of Great Saphenous Vein Insufficiency. Dermatol Surg 2022; 48:263. [PMID: 34923535 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000003294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Kubat
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen O, Hajian H, Varcoe RL, Thomas SD. Infective thrombophlebitis after great saphenous vein cyanoacrylate embolization. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY CASES INNOVATIONS AND TECHNIQUES 2021; 7:577-580. [PMID: 34485781 PMCID: PMC8408552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvscit.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of cyanoacrylate embolization has increased in interest as a safe, effective, and minimally invasive method to treat symptomatic saphenous reflux. The procedure is generally well tolerated by patients, and complications such as phlebitis are minor and usually self-limiting. Postprocedural infections have been described but occur infrequently and usually in the early postoperative course. In the present case report, we have described a late-onset infective thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein after cyanoacrylate embolization, requiring surgical excision of the treated vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Chen
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamid Hajian
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramon L Varcoe
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shannon D Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tang TY, Yap CJ, Soon SX, Chan SL, Choke ET, Chong TT. One-year outcome using cyanoacrylate glue to ablate truncal vein incompetence: A Singapore VenaSeal™ real-world post-market evaluation study (ASVS). Phlebology 2021; 36:609-619. [PMID: 33977804 DOI: 10.1177/02683555211013678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present 12 months efficacy data from A Singapore VenaSeal™ real-world post-market evaluation Study (ASVS), a prospective single-arm Asian population registry aimed to evaluate cyanoacrylate glue (CAG) closure of refluxing truncal veins. METHODS Duplex ultrasound was used to assess truncal vein closure. The revised Venous Clinical Severity Score (rVCSS) and three quality of life (QoL) questionnaires were completed to assess improvement in venous disease symptoms. RESULTS 90/100 (90%) patients (136 legs; 140 truncal veins) completed evaluation at 6- and 12 months. The truncal closure rates at 6 and 12 months were 139/140 (99.3%) and 137/140 (97.9%), respectively. rVCSS and QoL questionnaires scores were sustained from the 3 to 12 months visits, although there were no futher significant improvement. No serious adverse events were reported between 3 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS CAG remains a safe and efficacious venous ablative technology at 12 months and is associated with a high rate of target vein occlusion and sustained QoL improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjun Y Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Charyl Jq Yap
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Shereen Xy Soon
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sze L Chan
- Health Services Research Center, SingHealth, Singapore
| | - Edward Tc Choke
- Department of General Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tze T Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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14
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Chan SSJ, Chan YC, Walsh SR, Chong TT, Choke ETC, Tiwari A, Tang TY. Endovenous cyanoacrylate ablation for chronic venous insufficiency and
varicose veins among Asians. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2021. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Endovenous cyanoacrylate glue (CAG) ablation for the treatment of chronic venous
insufficiency (CVI) and varicose veins has shown non-inferior outcomes with an excellent safety profile,
high patient satisfaction rate, and excellent efficacy when compared to the gold standard of endothermal
ablation. A review of the current literature for CAG use in CVI showed that most studies and longer-term
data are from Caucasian-based populations, which are subject to different anatomical venous variations
and socio-economical contexts. This review aimed to gather the current evidence for CAG use in Asian
CVI patients.
Methods: Asian studies for the use of CAG in CVI were included in this review. Successful ablation
rates, quality of life improvement and novel complications such as glue hypersensitivity reactions are
described, along with anatomical descriptions of superficial venous anatomy in study patients. Use of
CAG in Singapore and Asia was addressed.
Results: CAG has been gaining traction as an option for CVI treatment in Asians. In Singapore, it has
been adopted with comparable low complication rates and significant improvement of quality of life
after treatment. As we increase our understanding of the variations in venous anatomy in the Asian
population, new techniques such as retrograde deployment of the device and use of CAG ablation for
venous leg ulcers have been developed.
Conclusion: Further robust evidence in terms of large randomised control trials along with costeffectiveness
studies are needed to determine the true value of CAG ablation in the Asian setting.
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15
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Cho S, Gibson K, Lee SH, Kim SY, Joh JH. Incidence, classification, and risk factors of endovenous glue-induced thrombosis after cyanoacrylate closure of the incompetent saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 8:991-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Proebstle T, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, Davies AH. Three-year follow-up results of the prospective European Multicenter Cohort Study on Cyanoacrylate Embolization for treatment of refluxing great saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 9:329-334. [PMID: 32599306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyanoacrylate closure of refluxing saphenous veins has demonstrated excellent safety and effectiveness results in feasibility and pivotal studies. This article provides the 36-month follow-up results of a prospective, multicenter, nonrandomized cohort study. METHODS A total of 70 patients were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter study conducted at seven centers in four European countries and underwent treatment of a solitary refluxing great saphenous vein with endovenous cyanoacrylate embolization without the use of tumescent anesthesia or postprocedure compression stockings. The primary effectiveness end point was freedom from recanalization (closure rate) of the great saphenous vein at 6 months. Safety was assessed by occurrence of adverse events after the procedure and during the 6-month follow-up period. Quality of life and clinical improvement parameters were measured before and after the procedure and through a 12-month follow-up period. Anatomic success and clinical improvement were assessed through 36 months after the procedure. RESULTS Of 70 treated patients, 64 (91%) were available for the 3-year follow-up. The closure rates by Kaplan-Meier life table methods at 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month time points were 91.4%, 90.0%, 88.5%, and 88.5%, respectively. Through 36 months, the improvement in change of the mean venous clinical severity score over time was statistically significant by dropping from 4.3 at baseline to 0.9 at the 36-month follow-up (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The 3-year follow-up results of the prospective, multicenter eSCOPE study demonstrated the continued anatomic and clinical effectiveness of cyanoacrylate embolization over an extended follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Alm
- Dermatologikum, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Cho S, Park HS, Lee T, Byun SJ, Yun WS, Yang SS, Kim H, Kim WS, Joh JH, Jung IM. CASS (CyanoAcrylate closure versus Surgical Stripping for incompetent saphenous veins) study: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical outcomes after cyanoacrylate closure and surgical stripping for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. Trials 2020; 21:460. [PMID: 32493398 PMCID: PMC7268719 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several modalities are used for the treatment of varicose veins. Open surgical treatment with ligation and stripping of the saphenous vein has been the standard of care for many years. Endovenous thermal ablation has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative with high, long-term, target-vein closure rates. Despite this, there is the possibility of thermal injury to surrounding structures. The recently introduced cyanoacrylate closure is also considered to be a good alternative and the risk of injury to surrounding structures is minimal. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the non-inferiority of cyanoacrylate closure with the VenaSeal™ closure system compared to surgical stripping in terms of clinical outcomes for the treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins. METHODS/DESIGN This is an open-label, multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial evaluating the non-inferior clinical outcomes of cyanoacrylate closure compared to surgical stripping for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. After baseline measurements, participants will be randomly allocated into either the cyanoacrylate closure group or the surgical-stripping group. The primary endpoint of the study is the complete closure rate of the target vein in the cyanoacrylate closure group, and the absence of venous reflux or residual venous tissue after surgical stripping in the surgical-stripping group. These endpoints will be measured by Doppler ultrasound performed by qualified vascular technologists or investigators at 3 months after treatment. Secondary outcomes include perioperative pain, postoperative ecchymosis, clinical assessment (including general and disease-specific quality of life evaluations), complete closure rate, and absence of venous reflux or residual venous tissue at the 12- and 24-month follow-ups, as well as all adverse event rates during the 24-month follow-up period. DISCUSSION This multicenter randomized controlled trial is designed to show non-inferiority in terms of complete closure rate of cyanoacrylate compared to surgical stripping for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), ID: KCT0003203. Registered on 20 September 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsin Cho
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Byun
- Department of Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Yun
- Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin-Seok Yang
- Department of Surgery, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyangkyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang School of Medicine, Dongjak-gu, South Korea
| | - Woo-Shik Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Joh
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Mok Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 07061 20 Boramae-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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18
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Comparison of stripping/ligation and embolization with cyanoacrylate in venous insufficiency treatment. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.732821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Lee TS, Chan SL, Rathnaweera HP, Hong S, Chong TT, Tang TY. Predictive factors for changes in remnant stump length during and after the treatment of incompetent truncal saphenous veins using cyanoacrylate. Phlebology 2020; 35:605-613. [PMID: 32375604 DOI: 10.1177/0268355520922783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The VenaSeal™ Closure System is a non-thermal, non-tumescent venous closure device that employs a cyanoacrylate adhesive to occlude incompetent veins for superficial truncal reflux. The aim was to examine patient, Duplex-defined venous characteristics and treatment-related factors that may predict variances in remnant stump length at the sapheno-femoral and sapheno-popliteal junctions in the peri-procedural period. METHODS A total of 73 patients (87 legs; 85 great saphenous veins; 11 small saphenous veins) of median age 63 years (range 26-86 years) underwent VenaSeal™ Closure System ablation. 44/85 (52%) great saphenous veins were treated with a modified instructions-for-use technique of using double-dose injection of glue (0.3 cc) at initial deposition for great saphenous veins diameters >6 mm. Median great saphenous veins and small saphenous veins lengths ablated were 48.0 cm (range 13-69 cm) and 32.0 cm (range 19-40 cm), respectively. A total of 62/87 (71.3%) legs had CEAP classification 4-6. A completion Duplex scan was performed immediately and 1 week post-procedure to measure remnant stump lengths at the sapheno-femoral and sapheno-popliteal junctions. Multivariate regression modelling was used to look for predictors of remnant stump length. RESULTS Mean sapheno-femoral and sapheno-popliteal junctions stump lengths immediately post procedure were 33.0 mm (range 0-58 mm) and 27 mm (range 5-33 mm), -17.0 mm and -23.0 mm less than the expected 50-mm baseline length, respectively. At 1 week post-procedure, mean sapheno-femoral and sapheno-popliteal junctions stump lengths were 25.0 mm and 25.0 mm, respectively, the former found to be shorter compared to immediately post-procedure (25 mm vs 33 mm; p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis found larger upper thigh great saphenous veins diameter at sapheno-femoral junction to be predictive of shorter remnant stump lengths immediately post-procedure (<30 mm stump distance). Larger sapheno-femoral junction diameters and pre-existing ischemic heart disease for the sapheno-femoral junction and larger small saphenous veins diameters and age for the sapheno-popliteal junction were predictive of interval shortening of the measured remnant lengths found at the completion of the procedure and 1 week later. Initial double-dosing application of glue was not found to be predictive of shorter stump lengths. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing VenaSeal™ Closure System ablation for superficial truncal reflux, larger upper thigh great saphenous veins diameters predicted shorter remnant sapheno-femoral junction stump lengths immediately post-procedure. Comparing stump lengths at one week to immediately after procedure, larger sapheno-femoral junctions and ischemic heart disease predicted shorter stump lengths at the sapheno-femoral junction, while larger small saphenous vein diameters predicted shorter stump lengths at the sapheno-popliteal junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Sq Lee
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sze L Chan
- Health Services Research Center, SingHealth, Singapore
| | | | - Situ Hong
- Vascular Studies Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tze T Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tjun Y Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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20
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Tang TY, Yap CJQ, Chan SL, Soon SXY, Yap HY, Lee SQW, Choke ETC, Chong TT. Early results of an Asian prospective multicenter VenaSeal real-world postmarket evaluation to investigate the efficacy and safety of cyanoacrylate endovenous ablation for varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 9:335-345.e2. [PMID: 32387378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of A Singapore VenaSeal Real-World Post-Market Evaluation Study (ASVS) was to evaluate the performance of cyanoacrylate closure (CAC) for varicose veins in a prospective multiracial Singaporean Asian cohort. We report early clinical and patient satisfaction outcomes at 3 months after intervention. METHODS There were 100 patients (151 legs; 156 truncal veins) who underwent CAC between April and December 2018. Of the 151 legs, 49 (32.5%) were treated for great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence, 96 (63.6%) for bilateral GSV incompetence, 1 (0.7%) for small saphenous vein (SSV) incompetence, and 5 (3.3%) for combined unilateral GSV and SSV reflux. At baseline, 68 legs (45.0%) had C4 to C6 disease, and 67 legs (44.4%) had concomitant multiple stab avulsions. Patients were reviewed at 2 and 12 weeks by duplex ultrasound to check for venous recanalization (defined as ≥5 cm in length), pain score, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score, EuroQol-5 Dimension questionnaire score, Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score, 14-item Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire (CIVIQ-14) for quality of life measures, and patient satisfaction. Time to return to work and normal activities were also recorded. RESULTS There were 59 female patients, and mean age was 60.1 ± 12.7 years. There was 100% technical success. Patients tolerated the procedure well and reported low periprocedural pain (mean pain score, 2.9 [range, 0-9]). Patient surveys at the 3-month interval showed high satisfaction rates, with 72 of 91 (79.1%) being extremely or very satisfied. By day 10, of 100 patients, 93 (93%) resumed daily activities, whereas 36 (36%) had returned to work. At 2 weeks, GSV and SSV were completely occluded in 150 of 150 (100%) and 6 of 6 (100%) veins, respectively. At 3 months, GSV and SSV occlusion rates were 140 of 141 (99.3%) and 6 of 6 (100%), respectively. Transient superficial phlebitis was reported in 27 of 151 (18 %) legs, which was self-limited. At 3 months, revised Venous Clinical Severity Score improved from 5.00 (range, 1.00-18.00) to 1.00 (0.00-10.00; P < .001); EuroQol-5 Dimension score, from 0.686 (-0.382 to 1.00) to 1.00 (0.12-1.00; P < .001); Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score, from 17.14 (1.29-61.15) to 4.83 (0.00-57.12; P < .001); and 14-item Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire, from 19.64 (1.79-73.21) to 7.14 (0.00-51.79; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS CAC has a high safety profile and is an effective way to block refluxing truncal veins in Asian patients at early follow-up. Patients are highly satisfied and report low postoperative pain. There is significant continued quality of life improvement at 3 months. Early results are encouraging, but we await further prospective long-term follow-up from the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjun Yip Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Charyl Jia Qi Yap
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Sze Ling Chan
- Health Services Research Center, SingHealth, Singapore
| | | | - Hao Yun Yap
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Tze Tec Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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21
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Dimech AP, Cassar K. Efficacy of Cyanoacrylate Glue Ablation of Primary Truncal Varicose Veins Compared to Existing Endovenous Techniques: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Surg J (N Y) 2020; 6:e77-e86. [PMID: 32577526 PMCID: PMC7305022 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction One-third of adults in the United States and United Kingdom suffer from varicose veins. n -butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue is a novel endovascular, nontumescent, nonthermal ablation technique for treatment of this condition. It has proved effective in multiple studies since its first use in 2013. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of NBCA in ablating primary truncal varicose veins and eliminating reflux compared with existing endovascular techniques. Secondary outcomes include complications and quality of life. Methods PRISMA was used as a guide and studies were screened for risk of bias and methodological quality. Subjects had to be ≥18 years of age and followed-up posttreatment with color Duplex ultrasound (DUS). Eligibility criteria included saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) or saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) incompetence with reflux down truncal veins lasting >0.5 seconds on DUS interrogation and a Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, and Pathophysiological classification of venous disorders ranging between C1 and C6. Results Out of 2,910 patients (3,220 veins) in 17 studies, 1,981 were administered NBCA, 445 radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and 484 endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) with mean procedure times of 25.7, 23.2, and 28.7 minutes, respectively. Mean recruitment period was 9 months (1-36 months) and followed-up for an average of 12.3 months (1-36 months). The majority were C2 to C3. Two-year occlusion rates were 93.7, 90.9, and 91.5% for NBCA, RFA, and EVLA, respectively. NBCA-treated patients experienced the least complications, with bruising, phlebitis, and pain being the most prevalent. Quality of life improved equally in all three modalities. Conclusion NBCA is simple to administer, safe, and effective even without compression stockings. Further studies are required to assess longer-term benefit and the effect of anticoagulation on vein obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Cassar
- Vascular Unit, Department of Surgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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22
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García-Carpintero E, Carmona M, Chalco-Orrego JP, González-Enríquez J, Imaz-Iglesia I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of endovenous cyanoacrylate adhesive ablation for incompetent saphenous veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2020; 8:287-296. [PMID: 31917181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness, safety, and quality of care afforded by cyanoacrylate ablation (CA) vs existing options in treating great saphenous vein incompetence. METHODS We conducted a systematic review; used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework; assessed the quality of randomized clinical trials using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; and performed a meta-analysis on the available comparative measurements. RESULTS Three comparative studies, two randomized controlled trials and one observational study comprising 1057 participants, were included for effectiveness assessment purposes. The safety assessment also included 10 case series. Available evidence allowed comparison of CA with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) but not with other treatments. The comparative effectiveness analysis showed that whereas all three treatments reduced disease severity, none was significantly better than any other in terms of effectiveness. In terms of safety, however, CA devices gave rise to fewer adverse events and less severity at 12 months of follow-up than did EVLA or RFA. Other important advantages of CA over EVLA or RFA were linked to quality of care; patients reported less pain during intervention with CA than with RFA or EVLA devices and registered shorter intervention and recovery times. Furthermore, tumescent anesthesia and compression bandages were not necessary, making this technique more comfortable for the patients than endothermal techniques. CONCLUSIONS Compared with EVLA and RFA, CA treatments yield comparable effectiveness outcomes and lead to less frequent and fewer mild adverse events, without difference in major adverse events. Furthermore, CA devices have advantages in terms of quality of care indicators, such as pain during intervention, treatment and recovery times, lower use of anesthesia, and zero use of compression bandages after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther García-Carpintero
- Health Technology Assessment Agency (Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias/AETS), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Carmona
- Health Technology Assessment Agency (Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias/AETS), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Chalco-Orrego
- Health Technology Assessment Agency (Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias/AETS), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús González-Enríquez
- Health Technology Assessment Agency (Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias/AETS), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñaki Imaz-Iglesia
- Health Technology Assessment Agency (Agencia de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias/AETS), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Hassanin A, Aherne TM, Greene G, Boyle E, Egan B, Tierney S, Walsh SR, McHugh S, Aly S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies comparing nonthermal versus thermal endovenous ablation in superficial venous incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019; 7:902-913.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Parsi K, Roberts S, Kang M, Benson S, Baker L, Berman I, Bester LJ, Connor DE, Dinnen P, Grace J, Stirling A, Ibrahim N, Lekich C, Lim A, Matar L, Nadkarni S, Paraskevas P, Rogan C, Thibault PK, Thibault S, van Rij A, Yang A. Cyanoacrylate closure for peripheral veins: Consensus document of the Australasian College of Phlebology. Phlebology 2019; 35:153-175. [PMID: 31368408 DOI: 10.1177/0268355519864755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Cyanoacrylates are fast-acting adhesives used in procedural medicine including closure of superficial wounds, embolization of truncal vessels pre-operatively, vascular anomalies, visceral false aneurysms, endoleaks, gastrointestinal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding. More recently, catheter-directed cyanoacrylate adhesive closure was introduced as an alternative to endovenous thermal ablation (ETA) to occlude superficial veins of the lower limbs. Objectives To formulate policies for the safe and effective delivery of cyanoacrylate adhesive closure procedures in Australasia, based on current experience and evidence. Methods A panel of phlebologists including vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, dermatologists and research scientists systematically reviewed the available data on cyanoacrylate products used in medicine and shared personal experience with the procedure. The reviewed material included bibliographic and biomedical data, material safety data sheets and data requested and received from manufacturers. Results and recommendations: Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure appears to be an effective treatment for saphenous reflux with occlusion rates at 36 months of 90–95%. We recommend a maximum dose of 10 mL of cyanoacrylate per treatment session. Serious complications are rare, but significant. Hypersensitivity to acrylates is reported in 2.4% of the population and is an important absolute contraindication to cyanoacrylate adhesive closure. 1 Post-procedural inflammatory reactions, including hypersensitivity-type phlebitis, occur in 10–20% of patients. 2 In the long term, cyanoacrylate adhesive closure results in foreign-body granuloma formation within 2–12 months of the procedure. We recommend against the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive closure in patients with uncontrolled inflammatory, autoimmune or granulomatous disorders (e.g. sarcoidosis). Caution should be exercised in patients with significant active systemic disease or infection and alternative therapies such as thermal ablation and foam sclerotherapy should be considered. Conclusions Cyanoacrylate adhesive closure appears to be an effective endovenous procedure, with short-term closure rates comparable to ETA and therefore greater efficacy than traditional surgery for treating superficial veins of the lower limbs. Ongoing data collection is required to establish the long-term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Parsi
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales.,Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Mina Kang
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales.,Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Luke Baker
- Department of Medical Imaging, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - David E Connor
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales.,Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Dinnen
- Gold Coast Vascular Centre, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | | | - Nabeel Ibrahim
- Sydney Centre for Venous Disease, Sydney, Australia.,Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Lim
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Rogan
- Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Imaging, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul K Thibault
- Central Vein and Cosmetic Medical Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Simon Thibault
- Central Vein and Cosmetic Medical Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Andre van Rij
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anes Yang
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales.,Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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Kim J, Joh JH, Park HC. Effect of saphenous vein diameter and reflux time on stump length after cyanoacrylate closure. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1845-1849. [PMID: 31410146 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoacrylate closure (CAC) has recently been introduced for the treatment of incompetent saphenous veins. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the correlation of the saphenous vein diameter and reflux time (RT) with the stump length after CAC. A retrospective review was performed using prospectively collected data of CAC patients. The pre-operative saphenous vein diameter and RT were measured. The stump length was measured immediately after the procedure and at 1 week. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to determine the correlation between the saphenous vein diameter or RT and stump length. A total of 32 saphenous veins were closed in 21 patients, 15 of whom were female. The mean age was 56.9±12.6 years (range, 31-73 years). Complete closure was achieved in all patients. The pre-operative mean diameter was 7.0±2.2 mm. The mean stump lengths were 26.1±10.2 and 28.1±13.6 mm on post-operative days 0 and 7, respectively (P=0.002). The Pearson coefficients for the correlation between the saphenous vein diameter and stump length on post-operative days 0 and 7 were 0.528 (P=0.005) and 0.177 (P=0.430), respectively. Furthermore, the Pearson coefficients for the correlation between the RT and stump length on post-operative days 0 and 7 were -0.215 (P=0.282) and 0.019 (P=0.938), respectively. In conclusion, CAC is effective modality for the treatment of saphenous vein insufficiency. The stump length increased with the diameter of the saphenous veins, while the RT had no marked effect on the stump length. Therefore, the glue injection should be initiated from the instructed position to avoid glue extension into deep veins and to prevent elongating the stump length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Joh
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Park
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
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Nasser H, Ivanics T, Shakaroun D, Lin J. Severe phlebitis-like abnormal reaction following great saphenous vein cyanoacrylate closure. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019; 7:578-582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hwang JH, Park SW, Kim KH, Yang WY, Hwang JJ, Lee SA, Kim JS, Park JB, Chee HK, Yun IJ. Regression of varicose veins after cyanoacrylate closure of incompetent great saphenous veins without a localized concomitant procedure. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2019; 7:375-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee QWS, Gibson K, Chan SL, Rathnaweera HP, Chong TT, Tang TY. A comparison between Caucasian and Asian superficial venous anatomy and reflux patterns – Implications for potential precision endovenous ablation therapy. Phlebology 2019; 35:39-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0268355519845984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are differences between predominantly Caucasians and Asians from two disparate cohorts around the globe, with regard to their pre-operative venous reflux patterns and truncal vein characteristics, which could potentially help clinicians tailor venous treatment for chronic venous insufficiency on a more individualised basis in different parts of the world. Methods A total of 200 lower limb chronic venous insufficiency duplex studies (127 Singaporean (predominantly Asian) patients) and 200 lower limb chronic venous insufficiency duplex scans (137 Americans predominantly Caucasians) were analysed and compared for differences in venous anatomy and reflux characteristics. Results Asian patients from Singapore presented with higher CEAP scores compared to the predominantly Caucasian cohort from the US (30% CEAP 4a or greater vs. 17.5%; p < 0.01). Singaporeans had more great saphenous vein reflux starting at the sapheno-femoral junction (86% vs. 73%; p < 0.01) and ending at the ankle (93% vs. 46%; p < 0.01). Vein diameters were generally larger in the US cohort of patients (median 5.7 mm vs. 2.9 mm; p < 0.01). Conclusions The predominantly Asian cohort from Singapore had smaller diameter truncal veins, longer segments of truncal vein reflux and present later with more advanced chronic venous insufficiency compared to their American counterparts. This information could help tailor endovenous ablation on a more individualised basis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- QWS Lee
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Gibson
- Lake Washington Vascular Surgeons, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | - SL Chan
- Health Services Research Center, SingHealth, Singapore, Singapore
| | - HP Rathnaweera
- Department of General Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - TT Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - TY Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Clinical Features and Management of “Phlebitis-like Abnormal Reaction” After Cyanoacrylate Closure for the Treatment of Incompetent Saphenous Veins. Ann Vasc Surg 2019; 55:239-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tang TY, Rathnaweera HP, Kam JW, Chong TT, Choke EC, Tan YK. Endovenous cyanoacrylate glue to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency—Experience gained from our first 100+ truncal venous ablations in a multi-ethnic Asian population using the Medtronic VenaSeal™ Closure System. Phlebology 2019; 34:543-551. [DOI: 10.1177/0268355519826008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this prospective single-centre study is to assess the effectiveness and patient experience of the VenaSeal™ Closure System, a novel non-thermal, non-tumescent catheter technique, which uses cyanoacrylate glue to occlude the refluxing truncal superficial veins to treat varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency, in a multi-ethnic Asian population from Singapore. Methods Seventy-seven patients (93 legs; 103 procedures) underwent VenaSeal™ Closure System ablation. Forty-nine (63.6%) for great saphenous vein incompetence, 16 (20.8%) bilateral great saphenous vein, 2 (2.6%) small saphenous vein and 10 (13.0%) combined unilateral great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein/anterior thigh vein reflux. In addition, 65/93 legs (69.9%) had C4–C6 disease. Patients were reviewed at 2 weeks, 3, 6 and 12 months post-procedure. Results There was 100% technical success. 28/77 (36.4%) underwent concomitant phlebectomies. All procedures were well tolerated with a mean post-operative pain score of 3.0 (range: 0–5). After three months, median patient satisfaction was 9.0 (interquartile range: 7.0–10.0). At two-week follow-up, the great saphenous vein was completely occluded in 88/88 (100%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 11/11 (100%) veins. At three-month follow-up, the great saphenous vein was occluded in 51/53 (96.2%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 5/5 (100%) veins. At six-month follow-up, the great saphenous vein was completely occluded in 42/45 (93.3%) veins and small saphenous vein completely closed in 5/7 (71.4%) veins. At one year, great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein occlusion rates were 54/59 (91.5%) and 5/8 (62.5%), respectively. There was one deep vein thrombosis. Transient superficial phlebitis was reported in 10/93 (10.8%) legs, which were all self-limiting. There were 9/103 (8.7%) anatomical recurrences, but no patients required re-intervention as they were asymptomatic. Conclusions Cyanoacrylate glue is a safe and efficacious modality to ablate refluxing saphenous veins in Asian patients in the short term. There is a high satisfaction rate and peri-procedural pain is low. Early results are promising but further evaluation and longer term follow-up are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjun Y Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Jia W Kam
- Clinical Trials & Research Unit, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tze T Chong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Edward C Choke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yih K Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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Park I. Successful use of VenaSeal system for the treatment of large great saphenous vein of 2.84-cm diameter. Ann Surg Treat Res 2018; 94:219-221. [PMID: 29629358 PMCID: PMC5880981 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2018.94.4.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanoacrylate closure, VenaSeal system, for the treatment of incompetent saphenous vein is a new technique. We report a successful case with a large great saphenous vein of 2.84 cm in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Park
- Department of Varicose Vein Clinic, Charm Vein Center, Seoul, Korea
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Lam YL, De Maeseneer M, Lawson J, De Borst GJ, Boersma D. Expert review on the VenaSeal® system for endovenous cyano-acrylate adhesive ablation of incompetent saphenous trunks in patients with varicose veins. Expert Rev Med Devices 2018; 14:755-762. [PMID: 28892412 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2017.1378093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of incompetent truncal veins has been innovated by the introduction of minimally invasive non-thermal non-tumescent (NTNT) techniques. One of these consists of the use of cyanoacrylate glue to occlude the vein lumen by means of the VenaSeal device. Areas covered: This expert-review aims to evaluate NTNT ablation of incompetent saphenous trunks using the VenaSeal device. Expert commentary: Cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization of incompetent truncal veins using the VenaSeal device is a safe and efficacious innovative technique. Further studies are needed to evaluate anatomical and clinical outcomes at long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lai Lam
- a Department of Dermatology , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - James Lawson
- b Skin and Vein Clinic Oosterwal , Alkmaar , The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan De Borst
- c Department of Vascular Surgery , University Medical Center , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Doeke Boersma
- d Department of Surgery , Jeroen Bosch Hospital , 's-Hertogenbosch , The Netherlands
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Abstract
SummaryEndovenous treatment of varicose veins, especially thermal procedures using laser and radio frequencies, has become established as an effective alternative to surgery by stripping and high ligation. Although these methods are very sparing and patient-friendly, they also entail risks and side effects. The risk of damage to peripheral and motor nerves is certainly lower than with open surgery, however it still exists as a result of heat application and tumescent anaesthesia.Several non-thermal procedures which do not require the use of tumescent anaesthesia are coming onto the market. They carry a significantly lower risk of nerve lesions while remaining highly effective. The present work analyses the current state of knowledge on the latest to be developed, cyanoacrylate adhesion of incompetent saphenous veins.
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Haruta N. Recent Progress of Varicose Vein Treatment Especially about Endovascular Heat Ablation, SEPS and Foam Sclerotherapy. Ann Vasc Dis 2018; 11:66-71. [PMID: 29682109 PMCID: PMC5882360 DOI: 10.3400/avd.ra.18-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There were three epoch making events in therapy of varicose veins. The first one is that the endovascular heat ablation (EVHA) using diode laser was authorized by the Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare in January 2011. The second one is that Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery (SEPS) was also authorized in April 2014. All of the therapies which were covered by the national insurance system had been the procedures for superficial veins but the SEPS is procedure for the perforating veins. The third one is that the foam usage of Polidocasklerol was listed formally at the medical package insert in September 2016. Moreover stub avulsion was introduced as figure-related improvement method with a smaller operation wound instead of conventional varicectomy and the other existing therapies are progressing every day. Therefore, by this education seminar, I lecture mainly on the EVHA, SEPS and foam sclerotherapy in varicose vein treatment. Finally I show one case which you should remember. (This is a translation of Jpn J Vasc Surg 2017; 26: 225–230.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Haruta
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Endoscopic Surgery, Takanobashi Central Hospital, Jinyoukai Medical Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan
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Bellam Premnath KP, Joy B, Raghavendra VA, Toms A, Sleeba T. Cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization and sclerotherapy for primary varicose veins. Phlebology 2017; 33:547-557. [PMID: 28956692 DOI: 10.1177/0268355517733339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various treatment methods are available for the treatment of varicose veins, and there has been a recent surge in the usage of cyanoacrylate glue for treating varicose veins. Purpose To investigate the technical possibility, efficiency and safety of cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization and sclerotherapy using commonly available n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue for the treatment of primary varicose veins due to great saphenous vein reflux with or without incompetent perforators. Materials and Methods One hundred forty-five limbs of 124 patients with varicose veins due to great saphenous vein reflux were subjected to cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization and sclerotherapy - adhesive embolization of great saphenous vein in the thigh and perforators using cyanoacrylate followed by sclerotherapy of any residual varicose veins in the leg. Procedural success, venous closure rates and clinical improvement were assessed. Follow-up for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months was obtained. Results Technical success rate was 100%. Saphenous vein closure rate was 96.5% at one year. There was no femoral venous extension of cyanoacrylate in any of the patients. Posterior tibial vein extension of cyanoacrylate was seen in three patients (2.6%) without untoward clinical effect.Significant improvement was found in venous clinical severity score (VCSS) from a baseline mean of 7.98 ± 4.42 to 4.74 ± 3, 1.36 ± 1.65 and 0.79 ± 1.19 at 1, 6 and 12 months' follow-up. Ulcer healing rate was 100%. Conclusion Cyanoacrylate adhesive embolization and sclerotherapy for the treatment of primary varicose veins is efficacious and can be performed as an outpatient procedure, but has a guarded safety profile due to its propensity to cause deep venous occlusion if not handled carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Binu Joy
- Department of Radiology, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ajith Toms
- Department of Radiology, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Teena Sleeba
- Department of Radiology, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala, India
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Vos CG, Ünlü Ç, Bosma J, van Vlijmen CJ, de Nie AJ, Schreve MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of two novel techniques of nonthermal endovenous ablation of the great saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2017; 5:880-896. [PMID: 29037363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothermal treatment of the great saphenous vein (GSV) has become the first-line treatment for superficial venous reflux. Nonthermal ablation has potential benefits for acceptability by patients and decreased risk of nerve injury. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of mechanochemical endovenous ablation (MOCA) and cyanoacrylate vein ablation (CAVA) for GSV incompetence. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane databases were searched for papers published between January 1966 and December 2016. Eligible articles were prospective studies that included patients treated for GSV incompetence and described the primary outcome. Exclusion criteria were full text not available, case reports, retrospective studies, small series (n < 10), reviews, abstracts, animal studies, studies of small saphenous vein incompetence, and recurrent GSV incompetence. Primary outcome was anatomic success. Secondary outcomes were initial technical success, Venous Clinical Severity Score, Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score, and complications. RESULTS Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Pooled anatomic success for MOCA and CAVA was 94.7% and 94.8% at 6 months and 94.1% and 89.0% at 1 year, respectively. Venous Clinical Severity Score and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire score significantly improved after treatment with MOCA and CAVA. CONCLUSIONS These results are promising for these novel techniques that could serve as alternatives for thermal ablation techniques. However, to determine their exact role in clinical practice, high-quality randomized controlled trials comparing these novel modalities with well-established techniques are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis G Vos
- Department of Surgery, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
| | - Çağdaş Ünlü
- Department of Surgery, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bosma
- Department of Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chan YC, Law Y, Cheung GC, Cheng SW. Predictors of Recanalization for Incompetent Great Saphenous Veins Treated with Cyanoacrylate Glue. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 28:665-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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