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Scheeres-Feitsma TM, Schaafsma P, van der Steen JT. A family affair: Repeated interviews with people with dementia and a euthanasia wish and their families. DEATH STUDIES 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39052438 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2376819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the reasons of people with dementia request euthanasia and how these reasons change over time with a special focus on reasons related to family. In addition, it examines how family relates to their loved one's euthanasia wish. Seven people with dementia and a euthanasia wish in the Netherlands were interviewed, and three years later, two of them and five family members were interviewed again. Four themes were identified using thematic analyses: (1) Protecting the relationship from the impact of dementia; (2) Private domain as the primary setting to discuss euthanasia; (3) Implicit expectation to respect and agree with the euthanasia wish; (4) Experienced responsibilities of family regarding the euthanasia wish. Professionals should be aware of the position of family and the interrelatedness of the person's concern for family happiness and families' moral commitment to agree and support the wish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trijntje M Scheeres-Feitsma
- Protestant Theological University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jenny T van der Steen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Balasubramanian I, Chaudhry I, Poco LC, Malhotra C. 'I secretly wish. . .' Caregivers' expression of wish for death of persons with severe dementia. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae103. [PMID: 38798114 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qualitative evidence suggests that caregivers may express a wish for death of persons with severe dementia (PwSD). No study has assessed the extent to which it happens, stability of this wish over time and the factors associated with it. OBJECTIVES We examined caregivers' wish for death of PwSDs overtime and the factors associated with this wish. METHODS 215 caregivers of community dwelling PwSDs were surveyed every 4 months for 2 years. Using the mixed-effects multinomial regression model, we assessed the PwSD and caregiver factors associated with caregivers' wish for PwSDs' death. RESULTS At baseline, 27% caregivers expressed a wish for PwSDs' life to end sooner. Overall, 43% of the caregivers expressed a wish for PwSDs' death at least once during the study period and 11% expressed it consistently. Caregivers' perception of PwSDs' lower quality of life (RRR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10), higher functional dependency (RRR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.21), eating difficulty (RRR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.04) and suffering (RRR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.52) were associated with this wish. Caregivers who were emotionally close to PwSDs were less likely (RRR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.55) while those who understood that dementia is a terminal illness were more likely (RRR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.92) to express this wish. CONCLUSION Caregivers' wish for PwSDs' death changed over time and was primarily driven by their perception of PwSDs' poor well-being and awareness of their illness being terminal, indicating a need for increased support in this challenging caregiving context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isha Chaudhry
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Louisa Camille Poco
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chetna Malhotra
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, 169857, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8, College Road, 169857, Singapore
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Rahimian Z, Rahimian L, Lopez‐Castroman J, Ostovarfar J, Fallahi MJ, Nayeri MA, Vardanjani HM. What medical conditions lead to a request for euthanasia? A rapid scoping review. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1978. [PMID: 38515545 PMCID: PMC10955044 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Euthanasia is a controversial issue related to the right to die. Although euthanasia is mostly requested by terminally sick individuals, even in societies where it is legal, it is unclear what medical conditions lead to euthanasia requests. In this scoping review, we aimed to compile medical conditions for which euthanasia has been requested or performed around the world. Methods The review was preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Retrieved search results were screened and unrelated documents were excluded. Data on reasons for conducting or requesting euthanasia along with the study type, setting, and publication year were extracted from documents. Human development index and euthanasia legality were also extracted. Major medical fields were used to categorize reported reasons. Group discussions were conducted if needed for this categorization. An electronic search was undertaken in MEDLINE through PubMed for published documents covering the years January 2000 to September 2022. Results Out of 3323 records, a total of 197 papers were included. The most common medical conditions in euthanasia requests are cancer in a terminal phase (45.4%), Alzheimer's disease and dementia (19.8%), constant unbearable physical or mental suffering (19.8%), treatment-resistant mood disorders (12.2%), and advanced cardiovascular disorders (12.2%). Conclusion Reasons for euthanasia are mostly linked to chronic or terminal physical conditions. Psychiatric disorders also lead to a substantial proportion of euthanasia requests. This review can help to identify the features shared by conditions that lead to performing or requesting euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahimian
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- MD‐MPH Department, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Leila Rahimian
- School of DentistryShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Jorge Lopez‐Castroman
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Nîmes & IGFCNRS‐INSERMUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- CIBERSAMMadridSpain
| | - Jeyran Ostovarfar
- MD‐MPH Department, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohammad J. Fallahi
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohammad A. Nayeri
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- MD‐MPH Department, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Hossein M. Vardanjani
- MD‐MPH Department, School of Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Scheeres‐Feitsma TM, Schaafsma P, van der Steen JT, van Delden JJM. Commentary: Can an effective end-of-life intervention for advanced dementia be viewed as moral? ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12531. [PMID: 38496715 PMCID: PMC10941533 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We comment on Dr. Terman's considerations on the moral justification of ceasing assisted feeding and hydration for people with advanced dementia. The core idea of his paper is that an advance directive can solve future dilemmas regarding assisted feeding. We submit that this static instrument is unfit for the complex and dynamic nature of assessing how to deal with refusals to eat, in particular for people with dementia. It overvalues the past in relation to the present situation and leaves no room for the possibility of changing wishes. Moreover, the perspectives of professional caregivers and families are not addressed because the focus is entirely on individual autonomy in early dementia. Multiple perspectives should be considered in interpreting directives and the actual situation in light of the patient's view of life in order to realistically account for what is morally justifiable in care in advanced dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny T. van der Steen
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community CareRadboud university medical centerNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Radboudumc Alzheimer CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. M. van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health HumanitiesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
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5
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Scheeres-Feitsma TM, van Laarhoven AJJMK, de Vries R, Schaafsma P, van der Steen JT. Family involvement in euthanasia or Physician Assisted Suicide and dementia: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3688-3700. [PMID: 37186445 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how families are involved in situations of euthanasia or physician assisted suicide (PAS) in dementia. DESIGN Systematic review searching literature in nine databases from inception up to October 2021. We included studies on family involvement in euthanasia from the perspective of persons with dementia and family caregivers. Themes were formulated through thematic analysis. The design was registered at Prospero (CRD42022298215). RESULTS We assessed 215 of 4038 studies in full text; 19 met the inclusion criteria of which 13 empirical studies. Themes included for people with dementia: being a burden; stage of dementia, and permissibility of euthanasia/PAS. Themes for family were the burden of care, responsibility toward the euthanasia or PAS wish, permissibility of euthanasia/PAS. CONCLUSION The wish for euthanasia/PAS arises in situations of burdensome care and fear of future deterioration. The family feels entrusted with the responsibility to enact upon the death wish. In shaping this responsibility, four roles of family can be distinguished: carer, advocate, supporter, and performer. Family as in need of support themselves is understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph de Vries
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jenny T van der Steen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Martin T, Freeman S, Lalani N, Banner D. Qualities of the dying experience of persons who access medical assistance in dying: A scoping review. DEATH STUDIES 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36579696 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2022.2160033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Defining a "good death" is complex and grounded in diverse cultural, social, and personal factors. Although there is a significant body of literature exploring the broad concepts of death and dying, there is a dearth in literature that has explored what constitutes a good death for persons undergoing assisted dying such as Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD). In this scoping review of 19 articles, we explore dying experiences and what a good death entails for people accessing MAiD. Understanding personal values and ideas about positive dying experiences can guide patients, care partners, and clinicians in their preparation toward, and facilitation of, a good death experience particularly among persons who access MAiD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shannon Freeman
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
| | - Nasreen Lalani
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Davina Banner
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Canada
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Rajkumar RP. Physician-Assisted Suicide in Dementia: Paradoxes, Pitfalls and the Need for Prudence. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:815233. [PMID: 35004941 PMCID: PMC8727695 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.815233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing drive towards the legalization of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in patients with dementia, particularly in patients with advanced disease and severe cognitive impairment. Advocacy for this position is often based on utilitarian philosophical principles, on appeals to the quality of life of the patient and their caregiver(s), or on economic constraints faced by caregivers as well as healthcare systems. In this paper, two lines of evidence against this position are presented. First, data on attitudes towards euthanasia for twenty-eight countries, obtained from the World Values Survey, is analyzed. An examination of this data shows that, paradoxically, positive attitudes towards this procedure are found in more economically advanced countries, and are strongly associated with specific cultural factors. Second, the literature on existing attitudes towards PAS in cases of dementia, along with ethical arguments for and against the practice, is reviewed and specific hazards for patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals are identified. On the basis of these findings, the author suggests that the practice of PAS in dementia is not one that can be widely or safely endorsed, on both cultural and ethical grounds. Instead, the medical field should work in collaboration with governmental, social welfare and patient advocacy services to ensure optimal physical, emotional and financial support to this group of patients and their caregivers.
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Abstract
End-of-life decision-making in patients with dementia is a complex topic. Belgium and the Netherlands have been at the forefront of legislative advancement and progressive societal changes concerning the perspectives toward physician-assisted death (PAD). Careful consideration of clinical and social aspects is essential during the end-of-life decision-making process in patients with dementia. Geriatric assent provides the physician, the patient and his family the opportunity to end life with dignity. Unbearable suffering, decisional competence, and awareness of memory deficits are among the clinical considerations that physicians should incorporate during the end-of-life decision-making process. However, as other societies introduce legislature granting the right of PAD, new social determinants should be considered; Mexico City is an example. Current perspectives regarding advance euthanasia directives (AED) and PAD in patients with dementia are evolving. A new perspective that hinges on the role of the family and geriatric assent should help culturally heterogeneous societies in the transition of their public health care policies regarding end-of-life choices.
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Montreuil M, Séguin M, Gros CP, Racine E. Survey of Mental Health Care Providers’ Perspectives on the Everyday Ethics of Medical-Aid-in-Dying for People with a Mental Illness. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS 2020. [DOI: 10.7202/1070236ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: In most jurisdictions where medical-aid-in-dying (MAiD) is available, this option is reserved for individuals suffering from incurable physical conditions. Currently, in Canada, people who have a mental illness are legally excluded from accessing MAiD. Methods: We developed a questionnaire for mental health care providers to better understand their perspectives related to ethical issues in relation to MAiD in the context of severe and persistent suffering caused by mental illness. We used a mixed-methods survey approach, using a concurrent embedded model with both closed and open-ended questions. Findings: 477 healthcare providers from the province of Québec (Canada) completed the questionnaire. One third of the sample (34.4%) were nurses, one quarter psychologists (24.3%) and one quarter psycho-educators (24%). Nearly half of the respondents (48.4%) considered that people with a severe mental illness should be granted the right to opt for MAiD as a way to end their suffering. Respondents were more likely to feel comfortable listening to the person and participating in discussions related to MAiD for a mental illness than offering care or the means for the person to access MAiD. Most (86.2%) reported that they had not received adequate/sufficient training, education or preparation in order to address ethical questions surrounding MAiD. Conclusions: The findings highlight how extending MAiD to people with a mental illness would affect daily practices for mental healthcare providers who work directly with people who may request MAiD. The survey results also reinforce the need for adequate training and professional education in this complex area of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Montreuil
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal; Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders and Related Disorders, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Monique Séguin
- Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders and Related Disorders, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun; Department of Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine P. Gros
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal; Quebec Network on Suicide, Mood Disorders and Related Disorders, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Racine
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal; Université de Montréal, Montréal; McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Cleemput J, Schoenmakers B. Euthanasia in the case of dementia: a survey among Flemish GPs. BJGP Open 2019; 3:bjgpopen19X101677. [PMID: 31772039 PMCID: PMC6995864 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen19x101677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Belgium law prohibits euthanasia at the end stage of dementia when patients are no longer able to formulate their will. The number of applications for euthanasia based on dementia is low, but patients and their relatives are searching for access to euthanasia. AIM This study assessed the opinions of GPs facing requests for euthanasia in patients with dementia. DESIGN & SETTING A cross-sectional survey was performed in general practice. Flemish GPs were invited by email to participate in the study. METHOD GPs were reached through the regional GP association and the online survey was open for 4 weeks. The data were then anonymised, analysed, and interpreted. The outcome of interest addresses opinions of Flemish GPs regarding euthanasia in patients with dementia. RESULTS A total of 113/308 doctors participated. It was found that 69% agreed that euthanasia in patients without dementia is more acceptable than in patients with dementia. When patients with dementia had concomitant diseases, 59% stated that euthanasia was more acceptable than when patients were 'healthy'. It was also found that 56% agreed the euthanasia law needs adjustments towards patients with dementia. Legal adjustments were supported more by GPs of a younger generation. Non-religious doctors were twice as likely to be in favour of legal adjustments than their religious colleagues; 51% believed that the ability of patients to repeat their will is essential; while 72% of GPs feared pressure from relatives to follow the declaration of will. CONCLUSION The Belgian GP has an open attitude towards euthanasia for patients with dementia. There was a willingness to perform euthanasia as the stage of dementia worsened and in cases of terminal conditions. Debate, education, and experience will influence opinion and the legislation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Cleemput
- Master Thesis Student, Academic Centre of General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgitte Schoenmakers
- Professor, Academic Centre of General Practice, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Are Informal Caregivers of Persons With Dementia Open to Extending Medical Aid in Dying to Incompetent Patients? Findings From a Survey Conducted in Quebec, Canada. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 32:247-254. [PMID: 29283927 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Euthanasia is a controversial and complex issue, especially when involving incompetent patients. On December 10, 2015, Quebec became the first Canadian province to give access to medical aid in dying (MAiD) (ie, euthanasia performed by a physician) to competent patients who satisfy strictly defined criteria. Less than 2 years later, Quebec is considering extending MAiD to incompetent patients who made an advance request. With the objective of contributing scientific data to current societal debates, we conducted a survey among 471 informal caregivers of persons with dementia, reached through Alzheimer Societies. We used a series of vignettes featuring a person with Alzheimer disease to investigate respondents' attitudes towards MAiD. The response rate was 69%. Two-thirds [68%; 95% confidence interval, 63%-73%] found it acceptable to extend MAiD to an incompetent patient at an advanced stage of Alzheimer disease who had made a written request while competent, and 91% (95% confidence interval, 87%-94%) found it acceptable at the terminal stage. Self-determination was the most widely endorsed argument in favor of access to MAiD for incompetent patients. Findings suggest strong support among informal caregivers for extending MAiD to incompetent patients, provided they are terminally-ill and had made a written request before losing capacity.
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Loizeau AJ, Cohen SM, Mitchell SL, Theill N, Eicher S, Martin M, Riese F. Physician and Surrogate Agreement with Assisted Dying and Continuous Deep Sedation in Advanced Dementia in Switzerland. NEURODEGENER DIS 2019; 19:4-11. [PMID: 31013507 PMCID: PMC6692213 DOI: 10.1159/000499113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assisted dying and continuous deep sedation (CDS) are controversial practices. Little is known about the perceptions of physicians and surrogates about these practices for patients with advanced dementia. OBJECTIVES To describe and compare physician and surrogate agreement with the use of assisted dying and CDS in advanced dementia. DESIGN, SETTING, SUBJECTS Physicians (n = 64) and surrogates (n = 168) of persons with advanced dementia were recruited as part of a randomized controlled trial in Switzerland that tested decision support tools in this population. METHODS At baseline, the participants were asked about their agreement with assisted dying and CDS in advanced dementia using the following response options: "completely agree," "somewhat agree," "somewhat disagree," "completely disagree," and "do not know." Multivariable logistic regressions compared the likelihood that surrogates versus physicians would completely or somewhat agree (vs. completely or somewhat disagree) with these practices. RESULTS The physicians and surrogates, respectively, had a mean age (SD) of 50.6 years (9.9) and 57.4 years (14.6); 46.9% (n = 30/64) and 68.9% (n = 115/167) were women. A total of 20.3% (n = 13/64) of the physicians and 47.0% (n = 79/168) of the surrogates agreed with assisted dying in advanced dementia. Surrogates were significantly more likely to agree with this practice than physicians (adjusted odds ratio, 3.87; 95% CI: 1.94, 7.69). With regard to CDS, 51.6% (n = 33/64) of the physicians and 41.9% (n = 70/169) of the surrogates agreed with this practice, which did not differ significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS The surrogates were more agreeable to considering assisted dying in the setting of advanced dementia than the physicians, and about half of the participants in both groups reported CDS to be an appropriate option for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jutta Loizeau
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
- Center for Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
- Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Simon M Cohen
- Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan L Mitchell
- Hebrew SeniorLife Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan Theill
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Eicher
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mike Martin
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Gerontology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Riese
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Psychiatry Research and Psychogeriatric Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anderson JG, Eppes A, O'Dwyer ST. "Like Death is Near": Expressions of Suicidal and Homicidal Ideation in the Blog Posts of Family Caregivers of People with Dementia. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:bs9030022. [PMID: 30832390 PMCID: PMC6466584 DOI: 10.3390/bs9030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The challenges of providing care for someone with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) have been associated with increased stress, poor mental and physical health, social isolation, and financial distress. More recently, caregiving has been associated with high rates of suicidal and homicidal ideation, but the research on these phenomena is limited. The present study analyzed a sample of blogs written by family caregivers of people with ADRD to explore thoughts of suicide and homicide expressed by these caregivers. Methods: Blogs written by self-identified informal caregivers of people with ADRD were identified using a systematic search method and data were analyzed using a qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Five themes related to thoughts of suicide and homicide by caregivers and people with ADRD were derived from the analysis: (1) end-of-life care; (2) thoughts of death and euthanasia by the person with ADRD; (3) surrogate decision making; (4) thoughts of suicide by the caregiver; and (5) thoughts of homicide and euthanasia by the caregiver. Conclusions: The results capture the reality of suicidal and homicidal thoughts among family caregivers of people with ADRD, supporting calls for more research on these complex topics and highlighting the need for changes to clinical practice to prevent thoughts from becoming behaviors or actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Alexis Eppes
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Siobhan T O'Dwyer
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 1TX, UK.
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14
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Goldberg R, Nissim R, An E, Hales S. Impact of medical assistance in dying (MAiD) on family caregivers. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2019; 11:107-114. [PMID: 30826737 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) is a globally polarising topic which often sparks debate surrounding the ethical and moral dilemmas that arise with a life-ending intervention. To gain a better understanding of this intervention, it is important to explore the experience of those most intimately affected by MAiD. Family caregivers of those with a terminal illness are the backbone of the healthcare and support team, often providing a substantial amount of informal care while at the same time coping with their own distress and anticipatory grief. However, we know the least about how MAiD impacts the psychosocial well-being of these same individuals. The aim of this article is to explore the experience of MAiD from the family caregiver perspective, namely their beliefs and opinions about the intervention, how the process of MAiD impacts them, how the intervention shapes their view of their loved one's quality of death, and the psychosocial outcomes after the passing of their loved one. Beyond the literature, challenges within both the clinical and research realms will be discussed and future directions will be offered. While MAiD is currently legal in only a small number of countries, a better understanding of the impact of MAiD will help inform policy and legislation as they are developed in other jurisdictions. Further, this article aims to inform future research and clinical interventions in order to better understand and support those seeking MAiD and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rinat Nissim
- Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina An
- Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Hales
- Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V, Costafreda SG, Huntley J, Ames D, Ballard C, Banerjee S, Burns A, Cohen-Mansfield J, Cooper C, Fox N, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Larson EB, Ritchie K, Rockwood K, Sampson EL, Samus Q, Schneider LS, Selbæk G, Teri L, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet 2017; 390:2673-2734. [PMID: 28735855 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3454] [Impact Index Per Article: 493.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | | | - Vasiliki Orgeta
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergi G Costafreda
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Huntley
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Kew, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sube Banerjee
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Centre for Dementia Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jiska Cohen-Mansfield
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Heczeg Institute on Aging, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Minerva Center for Interdisciplinary Study of End of Life, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Claudia Cooper
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Laura N Gitlin
- Center for Innovative Care in Aging, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK; Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Helen C Kales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Inserm, Unit 1061, Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, La Colombière Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kenneth Rockwood
- Centre for the Health Care of Elderly People, Geriatric Medicine Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Elizabeth L Sampson
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Quincy Samus
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bayview, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioural Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Old Age Psychiatric Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Linda Teri
- Department Psychosocial and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naaheed Mukadam
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Braverman DW, Marcus BS, Wakim PG, Mercurio MR, Kopf GS. Health Care Professionals' Attitudes About Physician-Assisted Death: An Analysis of Their Justifications and the Roles of Terminology and Patient Competency. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:538-545.e3. [PMID: 28716621 PMCID: PMC5632116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Health care professionals (HCPs) are crucial to physician-assisted death (PAD) provision. OBJECTIVES To quantitatively assess the favorability of justifications for or against PAD legalization among HCPs, the effect of the terms "suicide" and "euthanasia" on their views and their support for three forms of PAD. METHODS Our questionnaire presented three cases: physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia for a competent patient, and euthanasia for an incompetent patient with an advance directive for euthanasia. Respondents judged whether each case was ethical and should be legal and selected their justifications from commonly cited reasons. The sample included physician clinicians, researchers, nonphysician clinicians, and other nonclinical staff at a major academic medical center. RESULTS Of 221 HCPs, the majority thought that each case was ethical and should be legal. In order of declining favorability, justifications supporting PAD legalization were relief of suffering, right to die, mercy, acceptance of death, nonabandonment, and saving money for the health care system; opposing justifications were the slippery slope argument, unnecessary due to palliative care, killing patients is wrong, religious views, and suicide is wrong. The use of suicide and euthanasia terminology did not affect responses. Participants preferred physician-assisted suicide to euthanasia for a competent patient (P < 0.0001) and euthanasia for an incompetent patient to euthanasia for a competent patient (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS HCPs endorsed patient-centered justifications over other reasons, including role-specific duties. Suicide and euthanasia language did not bias HCPs against PAD, challenging claims that such value-laden terms hinder dialogue. More research is required to understand the significance of competency in shaping attitudes toward PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Braverman
- Department of Bioethics, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | - Paul G Wakim
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Gary S Kopf
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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17
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Terkamo-Moisio A, Pietilä AM, Lehto JT, Ryynänen OP. Attitudes of Nurses and the General Public Towards Euthanasia on Individuals with Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. DEMENTIA 2017; 18:1466-1478. [DOI: 10.1177/1471301217717063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Despite the increasing prevalence of dementia, little is known about individuals’ attitudes towards euthanasia on patients with dementia or cognitive impairment. Methods Nurses (n = 1003) and representatives of the general public (n = 2796), recruited via social media and the Finnish Nurses Association, completed an electronic questionnaire in 2014. Results Euthanasia due to severe dementia was approved by 54.6% of nurses and 64.4% of the general public. Depending on the age of the patient, between 50.0% and 54.7% of nurses and between 58.3% and 60.9% of the general public supported euthanasia on patients with severe cognitive impairment. Discussion The attitudes towards euthanasia due to dementia or cognitive impairment are slightly more accepting among the general public than among nurses. Apart from religiosity, none of the background factors were found to be reliable predictors of individuals’ attitudes. Additional research is needed to describe the underlying reasons for the attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Terkamo-Moisio
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Social and Health Care Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho T Lehto
- Department of Oncology, Palliative Care Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli-Pekka Ryynänen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; General Practice Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Primary Health Care, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to describe physicians' perceptions of the suffering of their patients who are dying with dementia, many of whom are incompetent with regard to decision making and have difficulty with communicating about the source of their distress and with identifying related factors. METHOD We analyzed data from the nationally representative observational Dutch End-of-Life in Dementia (DEOLD) cohort study (2007-2011), which involved 34 long-term care facilities. A total of 103 physicians completed questionnaires about 330 patients with dementia who had died in a participating facility. Suffering during the last six hours of life was defined as "a patient being disturbed by or aware of symptoms," "suffering until the end or death was a struggle"-all related to objective indicators of lack of comfort. We employed generalized estimating equation models to assess associations of suffering with the characteristics of physicians and patients, the patient's death, and the decision-making process. RESULTS In 13.8% of cases, the physician felt that the patient had suffered. An unexpected death and death with pneumonia were strongly (an odds ratios close to 6) associated with suffering, and suffering was also independently associated with the physician's perception of worse quality of end-of-life care, death with cardiovascular disease, a less experienced physician, no palliative sedation, and a younger patient. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Most patients with dementia did not suffer during their final hours of life, according to their physicians. There are a number of factors associated with suffering, among them death with pneumonia and unexpected death. We may not be able to have much influence on death from pneumonia, but quality of care and an unexpected death are reasonable targets for intervention. Earlier identification of the beginning of the dying process would allow time to better prepare for approaching death, which would provide a source of comfort.
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