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Shamieh O, Alarjeh G, Hammad R, Payne S, Harding R, Sullivan R, Mansour A. National Palliative Care Strategy in a Conflict Affected Country: A Jordanian Demonstration Project. J Pain Symptom Manage 2024; 67:e473-e485. [PMID: 38159658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Palliative care (PC) integration is vital, as endorsed by the World Health Organization. Yet, Jordan, a Middle Eastern country with limited resources, faces ongoing challenges despite efforts to improve palliative and home care. Establishing a national PC strategic framework, with government and stakeholder consensus, is essential for ensuring universal access to high-quality palliative care. However, processes for achieving this, particularly in the Middle East, are underreported. OBJECTIVES This study delineates the process of developing Jordan's National Palliative and Home Care Strategic Framework, reflecting on its five-year impact. Additionally, it identifies barriers to PC progress in Jordan and offers recommendations to stakeholders. METHODS We conducted a rapid review and analyzed reports, minutes, meetings, and publications. The sequential framework development involved content and situational analysis, expert review, transparent expert consultation, multistage consensus procedures, and high-level advocacy meetings. RESULTS The National Palliative and Home Care Strategic Framework encompasses six domains: 1) policy, 2) finance, 3) service delivery, 4) opioid access, 5) capacity building, and 6) information, research, monitoring, and evaluation. Government endorsement in April 2018 ignited national engagement, driving policy, service delivery, workforce development, education, training, and research progress. Nonetheless, workforce shortages, limited opioid access, and inadequate funding persist as barriers. CONCLUSION Jordan's collaborative development of the inaugural National Palliative and Home Care Strategic Framework, endorsed by the government and stakeholders, provides a comprehensive roadmap for PC advancement. While it promises improved services, effective solutions to workforce and opioid access issues are crucial for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Shamieh
- Department of Palliative Care (O.S.), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict (O.S., G.A., A.M.), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; College of Medicine, Faculty of medicine (O.S.), The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ghadeer Alarjeh
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict (O.S., G.A., A.M.), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Rana Hammad
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict (O.S., G.A., A.M.), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sheila Payne
- International Observatory on End of Life Care (S.P.), Division of Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Harding
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation (R.H.), Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Institute of Cancer Policy & Conflict & Health Research Group (R.S.), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asem Mansour
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict (O.S., G.A., A.M.), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan; Department of Radiology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
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Guo P, Alajarmeh S, Alarjeh G, Alrjoub W, Al-Essa A, Abusalem L, Giusti A, Mansour AH, Sullivan R, Shamieh O, Harding R. Providing person-centered palliative care in conflict-affected populations in the Middle East: What matters to patients with advanced cancer and families including refugees? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1097471. [PMID: 37051537 PMCID: PMC10083486 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1097471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionUniversal health coverage highlights palliative care as an essential component of health services. However, it is unclear what constitutes person-centered care in populations affected by conflict, as they may have specific concerns in the dimensions of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual wellbeing. This study aimed to identify what matters to patients with advanced cancer and family caregivers in Jordan including refugees, to inform appropriate person-centered assessment and palliative care in conflict-affected populations.MethodsCross-sectional face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted at two sites in Amman. Adult patients with advanced cancer and family caregivers were purposively sampled to maximize diversity and representation. Interviews were digitally audio recorded, anonymized, and transcribed verbatim for thematic analysis.FindingsFour themes were generated from 50 patients (22 refugees; 28 Jordanians) and 20 caregivers (7 refugees; 13 Jordanians) (1). Information, communication, and decision-making. Truth-telling and full disclosure from clinicians was valued, and participants expressed concerns that information was not shared in case patients would disengage with treatment. (2) Priorities and concerns for care and support. Participants’ top priority remained cure and recovery (which was viewed as possible). Other priorities included returning to their “normal” life and their “own” country, and to continue contributing to their family. (3) Role of spirituality and Islam. Most participants had strong faith in God and felt that having faith could comfort them. For refugees whose social network was fractured due to being away from home country, prayer and Quran reading became particularly important. (4) Unmet support needs of family caregivers. Family caregivers were affected physically and emotionally by worrying about and caring for the patients. They needed support and training, but often could not access this.DiscussionTruth-telling is highly valued and essential to achieving person-centered care and informed decision-making. This study also reveals specific concerns in conflict-affected populations, reflecting the experience of prior losses and fracturing of existing social networks and support. The role of religion is crucial in supporting refugee communities, and consideration should be paid to the needs of patients and caregivers when caring for a patient at home without access to their communities of origin and the support they accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ping Guo, ; Omar Shamieh,
| | - Sawsan Alajarmeh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghadeer Alarjeh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Waleed Alrjoub
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman Al-Essa
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Lana Abusalem
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Alessandra Giusti
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asem H. Mansour
- Chief Executive Office, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Institute of Cancer Policy, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Shamieh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative Care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Ping Guo, ; Omar Shamieh,
| | - Richard Harding
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mitwalli S, Hammoudeh W, Giacaman R, Harding R. Access to advanced cancer care services in the West Bank-occupied Palestinian territory. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1120783. [PMID: 37007067 PMCID: PMC10062449 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionUniversal Health Coverage (UHC) identifies the provision of palliative care for people with advanced disease as an essential health service. Palliative care is also stipulated as a human right under existing covenants. Oncology services provided by the Palestinian Authority under Israeli military occupation are limited to surgery and chemotherapy treatment. Our study aimed to describe the experiences of patients with advanced-stage cancer in the West Bank in accessing oncology services and meeting their health care needs.MethodologyWe conducted a qualitative study among adult patients diagnosed with advanced lung, colon, or breast cancer in three Palestinian governmental hospitals, and with oncologists. Thematic analysis was conducted on the verbatim interview transcripts.ResultsThe sample consisted of 22 Palestinian patients (10 men and 12 women) and 3 practicing oncologists. The findings reveal that cancer care is fragmented, with limited access to the services needed. Patients face referral delays in accessing treatment which worsen their health condition in some cases. Some patients reported difficulties in getting Israeli permits to access radiotherapy treatment in East-Jerusalem, and others experienced interruptions of their chemotherapy treatment sessions due to the unavailability of chemotherapy medications caused by Israeli-side delays. Other reported problems were related to the Palestinian health system and service delivery and quality, including fragmentation of services, infrastructure issues, and unavailability of medications. Advanced diagnostic services and palliative care are almost absent at Palestinian governmental hospitals, and patients need to seek these services in the private sector.ConclusionThe data demonstrate specific access restrictions to cancer care in the West Bank due to Israeli military occupation of Palestinian land. This affects all stages of the care pathway, from restricted diagnosis services, to limited treatment and then poor availability of palliative care. Cancer patients will continue to suffer if the root causes of these structural constraints are not addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Mitwalli
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
- *Correspondence: Suzan Mitwalli,
| | - Weeam Hammoudeh
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Rita Giacaman
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Richard Harding
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Boufkhed S, Yurduşen S, Alarjeh G, Ahmed F, Alrjoub W, Guo P, Alajarmeh S, Şengelen M, Cemaloğlu M, Aydın B, Alnassan A, Al-Awady S, Kutluk T, Shamieh O, Harding R. Concerns and priority outcomes for children with advanced cancer and their families in the Middle East: A cross-national qualitative study. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1120990. [PMID: 36998436 PMCID: PMC10043430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPalliative care access is limited in the Middle-East, with few specialist centers and forcibly displaced migrants facing additional struggles to access care. Little is known about the specificities of providing palliative care to children and young people (CYP) with cancer. They are rarely asked directly their concerns and needs, which limits the provision of quality patient-centered care. Our study aims to identify the concerns and needs of CYP with advanced cancer and their families, in Jordan and Turkey.MethodA qualitative cross-national study in Jordan and Turkey with framework analysis was conducted two pediatric cancer centers in Jordan and Turkey. In each country, 25 CYP, 15 caregivers and 12 healthcare professionals participated (N=104). Most caregivers (70%) and healthcare professionals (75%) were women.ResultsWe identified five areas of concern: (1) Physical pain and other symptoms (e.g. mobility, fatigue); (2) Psychological concerns and needs (e.g. anger, psychological changes); (3) Spirituality, uncertainty over the future and use of “Tawakkul” (e.g. use of religion as a coping mechanism); (4) Negative impact on social life (e.g. social isolation, loss of support); (5) Burden on caregiver and their families (e.g. financial issues, siblings left behind). Psychological concerns were a priority for both CYPs and caregivers (particularly for refugee and displaced families) but often overlooked during routine care. CYP were able to share their own concerns and care priorities.ConclusionsAdvanced cancer care must ensure assessment and management of concerns across the concerns identified. Developing child- and family-centered outcomes would ensure monitoring the quality of care. Spirituality had a more important role compared to similar investigation in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Boufkhed
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sabah Boufkhed,
| | - Sema Yurduşen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
- Ankara Bilim Üniversitesi, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ghadeer Alarjeh
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Waleed Alrjoub
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ping Guo
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sawsan Alajarmeh
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Meltem Şengelen
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Cemaloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Burça Aydın
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Anwar Alnassan
- Paediatric Palliative Care, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shireen Al-Awady
- Paediatric Palliative Care, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tezer Kutluk
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Omar Shamieh
- Center for Palliative and Cancer Care in Conflict, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative Care, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Richard Harding
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Alarjeh G, Boufkhed S, Alrjoub W, Guo P, Yurduşen S, Ahmed F, Abdal-Rahman M, Alajarmeh S, Alnassan A, Al-Awady S, Kutluk T, Harding R, Shamieh O. Communication and information sharing with pediatric patients including refugees with advanced cancer, their caregivers, and health care professionals in Jordan: a qualitative study. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1118992. [PMID: 37182158 PMCID: PMC10172987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Effective communication in pediatric palliative cancer care is an important aspect of practice to enhance patient- and family-centered care, and to optimize decision-making. However, little is known about communication preferences practices from the perspectives of children, caregivers and their health care professionals (HCPs) in the Middle Eastern region. Furthermore, involving children in research is crucial but limited. This study aimed to describe the communication and information-sharing preferences and practices of children with advanced cancer, their caregivers, and health care professionals in Jordan. Methods A qualitative cross-sectional study was conducted using semi-structured face to face interviews with three groups of stakeholders (children, caregivers and HCPs). Purposive sampling recruited a diverse sample from inpatient and outpatient settings at a tertiary cancer center in Jordan. Procedures were in line with the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) reporting guidelines. Verbatim transcripts were thematically analyzed. Findings Fifty-two stakeholders participated: 43 Jordanian and 9 refugees (25 children, 15 caregivers and 12 HCPs). Four major themes emerged: 1) Hiding information between the three stakeholders which includes parents who hide the information from their sick children and ask the HCPs to do so to protect the child from distressful emotions and children who hide their suffering from their parents to protect them from being sad; 2) Communication and sharing of clinical versus non-clinical information; 3) Preferred communication styles such as use of a companionate approach by acknowledging patients and caregivers' suffering, building a trustful relationship, proactive information sharing, considering child age and medical status, parents as facilitators in communication, and patients' and caregivers' health literacy; 4) Communication and information sharing with refugees where they had dialect issues, which hindered effective communication. Some refugees had unrealistically high expectations regarding their child's care and prognosis, which posed challenges to communication with staff. Discussion The novel findings of this study should inform better child-centered practices and better engage them in their care decisions. This study has demonstrated children's ability to engage in primary research and to express preferences, and parents' ability to share views on this sensitive topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Alarjeh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Ghadeer Alarjeh, ; Omar Shamieh,
| | - Sabah Boufkhed
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Waleed Alrjoub
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Ping Guo
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sema Yurduşen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Psychology, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mousa Abdal-Rahman
- Department of Palliative care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Sawsan Alajarmeh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Anwar Alnassan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Shireen Al-Awady
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tezer Kutluk
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine and Cancer Institute, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Richard Harding
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Shamieh
- Center for Palliative & Cancer Care in Conflict (CPCCC), King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- Department of Palliative care, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
- College of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- *Correspondence: Ghadeer Alarjeh, ; Omar Shamieh,
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Meng X, An Z, Xu Y, Du J, Tan L, Yu H, Yu L. Living experiences of people with advance cancer with low socioeconomic status: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Palliat Med 2022; 37:444-459. [PMID: 36411513 DOI: 10.1177/02692163221137106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients with advanced cancer is rapidly increasing, and the subgroup of this population with low socioeconomic status has suffered more disease burden than others. However, there is no recent qualitative synthesis of primary research studies into advanced cancer patients with low socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVE To synthesise qualitative research findings into advanced cancer patients' experiences with low socioeconomic status, and then to help provide targeted and effective strategies to improve their quality of life. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence (PROSPERO: CRD42021250423). DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection (ISI Web of Science), Cochrane Library, Embase, OVID LWW, CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO) and MEDLINE (ISI Web of Science), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WangFang, and Vip databases were systematically searched from their original dates to July 2022. Qualitative data were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) qualitative assessment. FINDINGS The findings were synthesised into the following three analytical themes: (1) multi-dimensional disease distresses; (2) barriers in coping with disease distresses; and (3) strategies for dealing with disease distresses. CONCLUSIONS Patients with advanced cancer with low socioeconomic status experienced complicated and interactional distresses, unique life barriers, and a wide range of adaptation strategies. These findings will provide a comprehensive perspective to promote individual-centred health care systems and services to help these vulnerable people deal with the challenges of disease and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Meng
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zifen An
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayi Du
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanhui Tan
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huidan Yu
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Yu
- Center for Nurturing Care Research, School of Nursing, Wuhan University, No. 115 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Coghlan R, Shamieh O, Bloomer MJ. Inequities of palliative care availability and access to opioids in low- and middle-income countries. Palliat Med 2022; 36:NP1-NP2. [PMID: 34310882 DOI: 10.1177/02692163211034083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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