Anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins in psychiatric patients before and after two months of atypical anti-psychotic therapy

Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Activity of Serum Paraoxonase-1 and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The presence of a pro-oxidant state in patients with schizophrenia may account for the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in this group and supports the potential utility of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress for risk stratification and management. We investigated this issue by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between the circulating concentrations of paraoxonase-1, an antioxidant calcium-dependent high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated esterase, with paraoxonase and arylesterase activity in schizophrenia. We searched electronic databases from inception to 31 May 2023 for studies investigating paraoxonase-1 in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls and assessed the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023435442). Thirteen studies were identified for analysis. There were no significant between-group differences in paraoxonase (standard mean difference, SMD = 0.12, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.48, p = 0.50; extremely low certainty of evidence) or arylesterase activity (SMD = -0.08, 95% CI -0.39 to 0.23, p = 0.61; very low certainty of evidence). However, in meta-regression and subgroup analysis we observed significant associations between the SMD of paraoxonase and age (p = 0.003), HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.029), and study country (p = 0.04), and the SMD of arylesterase and age (p = 0.007), body mass index (p = 0.012), HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.002), and pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia (p < 0.001). In the absence of overall between-group differences, our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that alterations in paraoxonase-1 may reflect a pro-oxidant state in specific subgroups of patients with schizophrenia that require further assessment in appropriately designed studies.

Doenças cardiovasculares e uso de antipsicóticos na esquizofrenia: uma revisão

RESUMO Objetivo Realizar uma revisão de escopo a respeito dos efeitos adversos cardiovasculares e metabólicos associados ao uso de antipsicóticos em pessoas com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo utilizando-se da base de dados PubMed, com descritores MeSH relacionados às doenças cardiovasculares e antipsicóticos. Foram encontrados 976 artigos, os quais foram filtrados por títulos, seguidos dos resumos e, na sequência, lidos na íntegra. Ao final, foram selecionados 71 artigos para a análise. Resultados O uso de antipsicóticos típicos e atípicos para tratamento da esquizofrenia associa-se a alterações glicêmicas e lipídicas, síndrome metabólica, hipertensão, ganho de peso e morbidade cardiovascular. Os estudos evidenciaram a existência de subdiagnóstico e subtratamento de doenças crônicas nessa população. A mortalidade por doença cardiovascular demonstrou aumento considerável nos pacientes em tratamento com agentes antipsicóticos, em comparação com a população geral. Conclusão Alguns fatores dos antipsicóticos, ainda não completamente determinados na psicofarmacologia, vêm se mostrando relacionados a maior risco de distúrbios metabólicos, comportamentais e intrínsecos às pessoas diagnosticadas com esquizofrenia, os quais podem agravar o curso clínico de tais doenças. Reconhece-se a necessidade de aprimorar o acompanhamento e o diagnóstico de doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas entre pessoas com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia em tratamento com antipsicóticos típicos e atípicos.

Atypical antipsychotics and oxidative cardiotoxicity: review of literature and future perspectives to prevent sudden cardiac death

Oxidative stress is considered the principal mediator of myocardial injury under pathological conditions. It is well known that reactive oxygen (ROS) or nitrogen species (RNS) are involved in myocardial injury and repair at the same time and that cellular damage is generally due to an unbalance between generation and elimination of the free radicals due to an inadequate mechanism of antioxidant defense or to an increase in ROS and RNS. Major adverse cardiovascular events are often associated with drugs with associated findings such as fibrosis or inflammation of the myocardium. Despite efforts in the preclinical phase of the development of drugs, cardiotoxicity still remains a great concern. Cardiac toxicity due to second-generation antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) has been observed in preclinical studies and described in patients affected with mental disorders. A role of oxidative stress has been hypothesized but more evidence is needed to confirm a causal relationship. A better knowledge of cardiotoxicity mechanisms should address in the future to establish the right dose and length of treatment without impacting the physical health of the patients.