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Koukalova L, Chmelova M, Amlerova Z, Vargova L. Out of the core: the impact of focal ischemia in regions beyond the penumbra. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336886. [PMID: 38504666 PMCID: PMC10948541 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic injury is not confined to the primarily affected structures and may influence the remote areas as well. Yet many studies fail to probe into the structures beyond the penumbra, and possibly do not even find any significant results due to their short-term design, as secondary damage occurs later. This slower reaction can be perceived as a therapeutic opportunity, in contrast to the ischemic core defined as irreversibly damaged tissue, where the window for salvation is comparatively short. The pathologies in remote structures occur relatively frequently and are clearly linked to the post-stroke neurological outcome. In order to develop efficient therapies, a deeper understanding of what exactly happens in the exo-focal regions is necessary. The mechanisms of glia contribution to the ischemic damage in core/penumbra are relatively well described and include impaired ion homeostasis, excessive cell swelling, glutamate excitotoxic mechanism, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis or damage propagation via astrocytic syncytia. However, little is known about glia involvement in post-ischemic processes in remote areas. In this literature review, we discuss the definitions of the terms "ischemic core", "penumbra" and "remote areas." Furthermore, we present evidence showing the array of structural and functional changes in the more remote regions from the primary site of focal ischemia, with a special focus on glia and the extracellular matrix. The collected information is compared with the processes commonly occurring in the ischemic core or in the penumbra. Moreover, the possible causes of this phenomenon and the approaches for investigation are described, and finally, we evaluate the efficacy of therapies, which have been studied for their anti-ischemic effect in remote areas in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Koukalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Amlerova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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2
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Franx BAA, Lebrun F, Chin Joe Kie L, Deffieux T, Vivien D, Bonnard T, Dijkhuizen RM. Dynamics of cerebral blood volume during and after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats - Comparison between ultrafast ultrasound and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI measurements. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:333-344. [PMID: 38126356 PMCID: PMC10870967 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231220698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Tomographic perfusion imaging techniques are integral to translational stroke research paradigms that advance our understanding of the disease. Functional ultrasound (fUS) is an emerging technique that informs on cerebral blood volume (CBV) through ultrasensitive Doppler and flow velocity (CBFv) through ultrafast localization microscopy. It is not known how experimental results compare with a classical CBV-probing technique such as dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI (DSC-MRI). To that end, we assessed hemodynamics based on uUS (n = 6) or DSC-MRI (n = 7) before, during and up to three hours after 90-minute filament-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Recanalization was followed by a brief hyperperfusion response, after which CBV and CBFv temporarily normalized but progressively declined after one hour in the lesion territory. DSC-MRI data corroborated the incomplete restoration of CBV after recanalization, which may have been caused by the free-breathing anesthetic regimen. During occlusion, MCAO-induced hypoperfusion was more discrepant between either technique, likely attributable to artefactual signal mechanisms related to slow flow, and processing algorithms employed for either technique. In vivo uUS- and DSC-MRI-derived measures of CBV enable serial whole-brain assessment of post-stroke hemodynamics, but readouts from both techniques need to be interpreted cautiously in situations of very low blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart AA Franx
- Translational Neuroimaging Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- ETAP-Lab, STROK@LLIANCE, 13 Rue du bois de la champelle, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Lois Chin Joe Kie
- Translational Neuroimaging Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS UMR 8063, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Department of Clinical Research, CHU Caen, Côte de Nacre, France
| | - Thomas Bonnard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Translational Neuroimaging Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Hood RJ, Sanchez-Bezanilla S, Beard DJ, Rust R, Turner RJ, Stuckey SM, Collins-Praino LE, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Ong LK. Leakage beyond the primary lesion: A temporal analysis of cerebrovascular dysregulation at sites of hippocampal secondary neurodegeneration following cortical photothrombotic stroke. J Neurochem 2023; 167:733-752. [PMID: 38010732 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that a cortical stroke causes persistent impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks concomitant with secondary neurodegenerative processes such as amyloid-β accumulation in the hippocampus, a region remote from the primary infarct. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence suggesting that deposition of amyloid-β around cerebral vessels may lead to cerebrovascular structural changes, neurovascular dysfunction, and disruption of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, there is limited knowledge about the temporal changes of hippocampal cerebrovasculature after cortical stroke. In the current study, we aimed to characterise the spatiotemporal cerebrovascular changes after cortical stroke. This was done using the photothrombotic stroke model targeting the motor and somatosensory cortices of mice. Cerebrovascular morphology as well as the co-localisation of amyloid-β with vasculature and blood-brain barrier integrity were assessed in the cortex and hippocampal regions at 7, 28 and 84 days post-stroke. Our findings showed transient cerebrovascular remodelling in the peri-infarct area up to 28 days post-stroke. Importantly, the cerebrovascular changes were extended beyond the peri-infarct region to the ipsilateral hippocampus and were sustained out to 84 days post-stroke. When investigating vessel diameter, we showed a decrease at 84 days in the peri-infarct and CA1 regions that were exacerbated in vessels with amyloid-β deposition. Lastly, we showed sustained vascular leakage in the peri-infarct and ipsilateral hippocampus, indicative of a compromised blood-brain-barrier. Our findings indicate that hippocampal vasculature may represent an important therapeutic target to mitigate the progression of post-stroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hood
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Sanchez-Bezanilla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Beard
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shannon M Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Rehab Innovations, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences & Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Saceleanu VM, Toader C, Ples H, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Dumitrascu DI, Bordeianu A, Corlatescu AD, Ciurea AV. Integrative Approaches in Acute Ischemic Stroke: From Symptom Recognition to Future Innovations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2617. [PMID: 37892991 PMCID: PMC10604797 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the high prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases nowadays, acute ischemic stroke stands out, representing a significant worldwide health issue with important socio-economic implications. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are important milestones for the management of this multifaceted pathology, making understanding the various stroke-onset symptoms crucial. A key role in acute ischemic stroke management is emphasizing the essential role of a multi-disciplinary team, therefore, increasing the efficiency of recognition and treatment. Neuroimaging and neuroradiology have evolved dramatically over the years, with multiple approaches that provide a higher understanding of the morphological aspects as well as timely recognition of cerebral artery occlusions for effective therapy planning. Regarding the treatment matter, the pharmacological approach, particularly fibrinolytic therapy, has its merits and challenges. Endovascular thrombectomy, a game-changer in stroke management, has witnessed significant advances, with technologies like stent retrievers and aspiration catheters playing pivotal roles. For select patients, combining pharmacological and endovascular strategies offers evidence-backed benefits. The aim of our comprehensive study on acute ischemic stroke is to efficiently compare the current therapies, recognize novel possibilities from the literature, and describe the state of the art in the interdisciplinary approach to acute ischemic stroke. As we aspire for holistic patient management, the emphasis is not just on medical intervention but also on physical therapy, mental health, and community engagement. The future holds promising innovations, with artificial intelligence poised to reshape stroke diagnostics and treatments. Bridging the gap between groundbreaking research and clinical practice remains a challenge, urging continuous collaboration and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicentiu Mircea Saceleanu
- Neurosurgery Department, Sibiu County Emergency Hospital, 550245 Sibiu, Romania;
- Neurosurgery Department, “Lucian Blaga” University of Medicine, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Ples
- Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (NeuroPsy-Cog), “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300736 Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Andrei Bordeianu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (D.-I.D.); (A.B.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Yanev P, van Tilborg GA, van der Toorn A, Kong X, Stowe AM, Dijkhuizen RM. Prolonged release of VEGF and Ang1 from intralesionally implanted hydrogel promotes perilesional vascularization and functional recovery after experimental ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1033-1048. [PMID: 34986707 PMCID: PMC9125493 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211069927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Injectable hydrogels can generate and support pro-repair environments in injured tissue. Here we used a slow-releasing drug carrying in situ-forming hydrogel to promote post-stroke recovery in a rat model. Release kinetics were measured in vitro and in vivo with MRI, using gadolinium-labeled albumin (Galbumin), which demonstrated prolonged release over multiple weeks. Subsequently, this hydrogel was used for long-term delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) (Gel VEGF + Ang1, n = 14), in a photothrombotically induced cortical stroke lesion in rats. Control stroke animals were intralesionally injected with saline (Saline, n = 10), non-loaded gel (Gel, n = 10), or a single bolus of VEGF + Ang1 in saline (Saline VEGF + Ang1, n = 10). MRI was executed to guide hydrogel injection. Functional recovery was assessed with sensorimotor function tests, while tissue status and vascularization were monitored by serial in vivo MRI. Significant recovery from sensorimotor deficits from day 28 onwards was only measured in the Gel VEGF + Ang1 group. This was accompanied by significantly increased vascularization in the perilesional cortex. Histology confirmed (re)vascularization and neuronal sparing in perilesional areas. In conclusion, intralesional injection of in situ-forming hydrogel loaded with pro-angiogenic factors can support prolonged brain tissue regeneration and promote functional recovery in the chronic phase post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Yanev
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Geralda Af van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annette van der Toorn
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Włodarczyk L, Cichon N, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M, Majos A, Miller E. Neuroimaging Techniques as Potential Tools for Assessment of Angiogenesis and Neuroplasticity Processes after Stroke and Their Clinical Implications for Rehabilitation and Stroke Recovery Prognosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092473. [PMID: 35566599 PMCID: PMC9103133 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke as the most frequent cause of disability is a challenge for the healthcare system as well as an important socio-economic issue. Therefore, there are currently a lot of studies dedicated to stroke recovery. Stroke recovery processes include angiogenesis and neuroplasticity and advances in neuroimaging techniques may provide indirect description of this action and become quantifiable indicators of these processes as well as responses to the therapeutical interventions. This means that neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods can be used as biomarkers—to make a prognosis of the course of stroke recovery and define patients with great potential of improvement after treatment. This approach is most likely to lead to novel rehabilitation strategies based on categorizing individuals for personalized treatment. In this review article, we introduce neuroimaging techniques dedicated to stroke recovery analysis with reference to angiogenesis and neuroplasticity processes. The most beneficial for personalized rehabilitation are multimodal panels of stroke recovery biomarkers, including neuroimaging and neurophysiological, genetic-molecular and clinical scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Włodarczyk
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (E.M.); Tel.: +48-(0)4-2666-77461 (E.M.); Fax: +48-(0)4-2676-1785 (E.M.)
| | - Natalia Cichon
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska, 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska, 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska, 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (N.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Agata Majos
- Department of Radiological and Isotopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Poland Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (E.M.); Tel.: +48-(0)4-2666-77461 (E.M.); Fax: +48-(0)4-2676-1785 (E.M.)
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7
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Wadowski PP, Schörgenhofer C, Rieder T, Ertl S, Pultar J, Serles W, Sycha T, Mayer F, Koppensteiner R, Gremmel T, Jilma B. Microvascular rarefaction in patients with cerebrovascular events. Microvasc Res 2021; 140:104300. [PMID: 34953822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary density rarefaction and endothelial dysfunction contribute to chronic hypoperfusion and cerebral small vessel disease. Previous animal experiments revealed spatiotemporal microvascular remodeling directing post-stroke brain reorganization. We hypothesized that microcirculatory changes during acute cerebrovascular events could be reflected systemically and visualized sublingually. In a prospective observational trial in vivo sublingual sidestream darkfield videomicroscopy was performed in twenty-one patients with either acute stroke (n = 13 ischemic, n = 1 ischemic with hemorrhagic transformation and n = 2 hemorrhagic stroke) or transitory ischemic attacks (n = 5) within 24 h after hospital admission and compared to an age- and sex-matched control group. Repetitive measurements were performed on the third day and after one week. Functional and perfused total capillary density was rarefied in the overall patient group (3060 vs 3717 μm/mm2, p = 0.001 and 5263 vs 6550 μm/mm2, p = 0.002, respectively) and in patients with ischemic strokes (2897 vs. 3717 μm/mm2, p < 0.001 and 5263 vs. 6550 μm/mm2, p = 0.006, respectively) when compared to healthy controls. The perfused boundary region (PBR), which was measured as an inverse indicator of glycocalyx thickness, was markedly related to red blood cell (RBC) filling percentage (regarded as an estimate of microvessel perfusion) in the overall patient group (r = -0.843, p < 0.001), in patients with ischemic strokes (r = -0.82, p = 0.001) as well as in healthy volunteers (r = -0.845, p < 0.001). In addition, there were significant associations between platelet count or platelet aggregation values (as measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry) and microvascular parameters in the overall patient collective, as well as in patients with ischemic strokes. In conclusion, cerebrovascular events are associated with altered systemic microvascular perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Wadowski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Rieder
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Ertl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Pultar
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Serles
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Sycha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Angiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Kufner A, Khalil AA, Galinovic I, Kellner E, Mekle R, Rackoll T, Boehm-Sturm P, Fiebach JB, Flöel A, Ebinger M, Endres M, Nave AH. Magnetic resonance imaging-based changes in vascular morphology and cerebral perfusion in subacute ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2617-2627. [PMID: 33866849 PMCID: PMC8504415 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
MRI-based vessel size imaging (VSI) allows for in-vivo assessment of cerebral microvasculature and perfusion. This exploratory analysis of vessel size (VS) and density (Q; both assessed via VSI) in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke involved sixty-two patients from the BAPTISe cohort ('Biomarkers And Perfusion--Training-Induced changes after Stroke') nested within a randomized controlled trial (intervention: 4-week training vs. relaxation). Relative VS, Q, cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and -flow (rCBF) were calculated for: ischemic lesion, perilesional tissue, and region corresponding to ischemic lesion on the contralateral side (mirrored lesion). Linear mixed-models detected significantly increased rVS and decreased rQ within the ischemic lesion compared to the mirrored lesion (coefficient[standard error]: 0.2[0.08] p = 0.03 and -1.0[0.3] p = 0.02, respectively); lesion rCBF and rCBV were also significantly reduced. Mixed-models did not identify time-to-MRI, nor training as modifying factors in terms of rVS or rQ up to two months post-stroke. Larger lesion VS was associated with larger lesion volumes (β 34, 95%CI 6.2-62; p = 0.02) and higher baseline NIHSS (β 3.0, 95%CI 0.49-5.3;p = 0.02), but was not predictive of six-month outcome. In summary, VSI can assess the cerebral microvasculature and tissue perfusion in the subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and may carry relevant prognostic value in terms of lesion volume and stroke severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kufner
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Khalil
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Plank Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivana Galinovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elias Kellner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Rackoll
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,QUEST Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,ExcellenceCluster NeuroCure, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B Fiebach
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Partner Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,ExcellenceCluster NeuroCure, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander H Nave
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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9
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Chang SK, Kim J, Lee D, Yoo CH, Jin S, Rhee HY, Ryu CW, Lee JK, Cho H, Jahng GH. Mapping of microvascular architecture in the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model using MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4481. [PMID: 33590547 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that alterations in cerebral microvasculature play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the cerebral microvascular architecture of AD transgenic (Tg) mice and compare it with that of non-Tg mice using brain microvascular indices obtained by MRI. Seven non-Tg mice and 10 5xFAD Tg mice were scanned using a 7-T animal MRI system to measure the transverse relaxation rates of R2 and R2* before and after the injection of the monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle contrast agent. After calculating ΔR2* and ΔR2, the vessel size index (VSI), mean vessel diameter (mVD), mean vessel density, mean vessel-weighted image (MvWI) and blood volume fraction (BVf) were mapped. Voxel-based analyses and region of interest (ROI)-based analyses were performed to compare the indices of the non-Tg and Tg groups. Voxel comparisons showed that BVf, mVD, VSI and MvWI were greater in the Tg group than in the non-Tg group. Additionally, the ROI-based analysis showed that ΔR2*, BVf, mVD, MvWI and VSI increased in several brain regions of the Tg group compared with those in the non-Tg group. VSI and mVD increased in Tg mice; these findings indicated microvascular disruption in the brain that could be related to damage to the neurovascular unit in AD caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Ki Chang
- Hallym University Medical Center, Hwasung, Republic of Korea
| | - JeongYeong Kim
- Department of Physics, Undergraduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DongKyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Yoo
- Department of Physics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Young Rhee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Ryu
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Ho Jahng
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Altered circular RNA expression profiles in the non-ischemic thalamus in focal cortical infarction mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13206-13219. [PMID: 32639948 PMCID: PMC7377861 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Focal cerebral infarction leads to secondary changes in non-ischemic areas remote from but connected to the infarct site. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. However, the expression and roles of circRNAs in non-ischemic remote regions after ischemic stroke remain unknown. In this study, adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to establish focal cortical infarction. High-throughput sequencing was used to profile the circRNA expression in the mouse ipsilateral thalamus at 7 and 14 d after MCAO. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to predict the function of the differential expressed circRNAs' host and target genes. Compared with sham group, a total of 2659 circRNAs were significantly altered in the ipsilateral thalamus at 7 or 14 d after MCAO in mice. Among them, 73 circRNAs were significantly altered at both two time points after stroke. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that circRNAs plays important roles in secondary thalamic neurodegeneration and remodeling after focal cortical infarction. This is the first study to profile the circRNA expression in non-ischemic region of ischemic stroke, suggesting that circRNAs may be therapeutic targets for reducing post-stroke secondary remote neurodegeneration.
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11
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Baudat C, Maréchal B, Corredor-Jerez R, Kober T, Meuli R, Hagmann P, Michel P, Maeder P, Dunet V. Automated MRI-based volumetry of basal ganglia and thalamus at the chronic phase of cortical stroke. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:1371-1380. [PMID: 32556424 PMCID: PMC7568697 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed at assessing the potential of automated MR morphometry to assess individual basal ganglia and thalamus volumetric changes at the chronic phase after cortical stroke. Methods Ninety-six patients (mean age: 65 ± 18 years, male 55) with cortical stroke at the chronic phase were retrospectively included. Patients were scanned at 1.5 T or 3 T using a T1-MPRAGE sequence. Resulting 3D images were processed with the MorphoBox prototype software to automatically segment basal ganglia and thalamus structures, and to obtain Z scores considering the confounding effects of age and sex. Stroke volume was estimated by manual delineation on T2-SE imaging. Z scores were compared between ipsi- and contralateral stroke side and according to the vascular territory. Potential relationship between Z scores and stroke volume was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results Basal ganglia and thalamus volume Z scores were lower ipsilaterally to MCA territory stroke (p values < 0.034) while they were not different between ipsi- and contralateral stroke sides in non-MCA territory stroke (p values > 0.37). In MCA territory stroke, ipsilateral caudate nucleus (rho = − 0.34, p = 0.007), putamen (rho = − 0.50, p < 0.001), pallidum (rho = − 0.44, p < 0.001), and thalamus (rho = − 0.48, p < 0.001) volume Z scores negatively correlated with the cortical stroke volume. This relation was not influenced by cardiovascular risk factors or time since stroke. Conclusion Automated MR morphometry demonstrated atrophy of ipsilateral basal ganglia and thalamus at the chronic phase after cortical stroke in the MCA territory. The atrophy was related to stroke volume. These results confirm the potential role for automated MRI morphometry to assess remote changes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Baudat
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Maréchal
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Corredor-Jerez
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kober
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reto Meuli
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Michel
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Maeder
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dunet
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Lin L, Hao X, Li C, Sun C, Wang X, Yin L, Zhang X, Tian J, Yang Y. Impaired glymphatic system in secondary degeneration areas after ischemic stroke in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104828. [PMID: 32404284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathomechanism of secondary degeneration in remote regions after ischemic stroke has not been totally clarified. Contrast-enhanced MRI with injecting Gd-DTPA in cisterna magna (CM) is regarded as an efficient method to measure glymphatic system function in brain. Our research aimed at evaluating glymphatic system changes in secondary degeneration areas by contrast-enhanced MRI. METHODS Ischemic stroke was induced by left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. A total of 12 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group with sham operations (n=4), the group of acute phase (1 day after MCAO) (n=4), and the group of subacute phase (7 days after MCAO) (n=4). Contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in 1days or 7days after operations respectively. All rats received an intrathecal injection of Gd-DTPA (2μl/min, totally 20μl) and high-resolution 3D T1-weighted MRI for 6 h. The time course of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in substantia Nigra (SN) and ventral thalamic nucleus (VTN) was evaluated between two hemispheres in all rats. RESULTS In control group without ischemia, time-to-peak of SNR in SN was earlier than that in VTN. There were no differences of SNR between two hemispheres after intrathecal Gd-DTPA administration. In the group of acute phase, MRI revealed similar time course and time-to-peak of SNR between ipsilateral and contralateral VTN, while a tendency of higher SNR in ipsilateral SN than contralateral SN at 4h, 5h, 6h after Gd-DTPA injection. And time-to-peak of SNR was similar in bilateral SN. In the group of subacute phase, time-to-peak of SNR was similar in bilateral VTN, while longer in ipsilateral SN compared with contralateral side. In addition, SNR in T1WI in ipsilateral was significantly higher than SNR in contralateral SN and VTN at 5h (VTN, P= 0.003; SN, P=0.004) and 6h (VTN, P=0.015; SN, P=0.006) after Gd-DTPA injection. CONCLUSION Glymphatic system was impaired in ipsilateral SN and VTN after ischemic stroke, which may contribute to neural degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Lin
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaozhu Hao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chanchan Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lekang Yin
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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13
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Kang M, Jin S, Lee D, Cho H. MRI Visualization of Whole Brain Macro- and Microvascular Remodeling in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4989. [PMID: 32193454 PMCID: PMC7081185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) as a single contrast agent, we investigated dual contrast cerebrovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for simultaneously monitoring macro- and microvasculature and their association with ischemic edema status (via apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC]) in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat models. High-resolution T1-contrast based ultra-short echo time MR angiography (UTE-MRA) visualized size remodeling of pial arteries and veins whose mutual association with cortical ischemic edema status is rarely reported. ΔR2-ΔR2*-MRI-derived vessel size index (VSI) and density indices (Q and MVD) mapped morphological changes of microvessels occurring in subcortical ischemic edema lesions. In cortical ischemic edema lesions, significantly dilated pial veins (p = 0.0051) and thinned pial arteries (p = 0.0096) of ipsilateral brains compared to those of contralateral brains were observed from UTE-MRAs. In subcortical regions, ischemic edema lesions had a significantly decreased Q and MVD values (p < 0.001), as well as increased VSI values (p < 0.001) than normal subcortical tissues in contralateral brains. This pilot study suggests that MR-based morphological vessel changes, including but not limited to venous blood vessels, are directly related to corresponding tissue edema status in ischemic stroke rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- MungSoo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - SeokHa Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - DongKyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - HyungJoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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14
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Growth Hormone Promotes Motor Function after Experimental Stroke and Enhances Recovery-Promoting Mechanisms within the Peri-Infarct Area. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020606. [PMID: 31963456 PMCID: PMC7013985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor impairment is the most common and widely recognised clinical outcome after stroke. Current clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation focuses mainly on physical therapy, with no pharmacological intervention approved to facilitate functional recovery. Several studies have documented positive effects of growth hormone (GH) on cognitive function after stroke, but surprisingly, the effects on motor function remain unclear. In this study, photothrombotic occlusion targeting the motor and sensory cortex was induced in adult male mice. Two days post-stroke, mice were administered with recombinant human GH or saline, continuing for 28 days, followed by evaluation of motor function. Three days after initiation of the treatment, bromodeoxyuridine was administered for subsequent assessment of cell proliferation. Known neurorestorative processes within the peri-infarct area were evaluated by histological and biochemical analyses at 30 days post-stroke. This study demonstrated that GH treatment improves motor function after stroke by 50%–60%, as assessed using the cylinder and grid walk tests. Furthermore, the observed functional improvements occurred in parallel with a reduction in brain tissue loss, as well as increased cell proliferation, neurogenesis, increased synaptic plasticity and angiogenesis within the peri-infarct area. These findings provide new evidence about the potential therapeutic effects of GH in stroke recovery.
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15
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Burek M, König A, Lang M, Fiedler J, Oerter S, Roewer N, Bohnert M, Thal SC, Blecharz-Lang KG, Woitzik J, Thum T, Förster CY. Hypoxia-Induced MicroRNA-212/132 Alter Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Through Inhibition of Tight Junction-Associated Proteins in Human and Mouse Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:672-683. [PMID: 30617994 PMCID: PMC6842347 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0683-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is one of the important elements of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been demonstrated to play a role in many CNS disorders such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. MiR-212/132 are highly expressed in the CNS but their role at the BBB has not been characterized yet. Thus, we analyzed the expression of miR-212/132 in hypoxic mouse and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) as well as in posttraumatic mouse and human brain tissue and serum exosomes. MiR-212/132 expression was detected in brain capillaries by in situ hybridization and was increased up to ten times in hypoxic BMEC. Over-expression of pre-miR-212/132 in BMEC decreased barrier properties and reduced migration of BMEC in the wound healing assay. We identified and validated tight junction proteins claudin-1 (Cldn1), junctional adhesion molecule 3 (Jam3), and tight junction-associated protein 1 (Tjap1) as potential miR-212/132 targets. Over-expression of miRs led to a decrease in mRNA and protein expression of Cldn1, Jam3, and Tjap1, which could be rescued by a respective anti-miR. In conclusion, our study identifies miR-212/132 as critical players at the hypoxic BBB. In addition, we propose three new direct miR-212/132 targets to be involved in miR-212/132-mediated effects on BBB properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Anna König
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Lang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Roewer
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bohnert
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kinga G Blecharz-Lang
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Woitzik
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover, Germany
| | - Carola Y Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Li Y, Xie L, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qi B, Wang X, Chen Z, Li P. Aging Neurovascular Unit and Potential Role of DNA Damage and Repair in Combating Vascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:778. [PMID: 31440124 PMCID: PMC6694749 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurological deterioration poses enormous burden on the aging population with ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease patients, such as Alzheimers’ disease and Parkinson’s disease. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the research of neurovascular unit dysfunction, which is emerging as an important pathological feature that underlies these neurological disorders. Dysfunction of the unit allows penetration of blood-derived toxic proteins or leukocytes into the brain and contributes to white matter injury, disturbed neurovascular coupling and neuroinflammation, which all eventually lead to cognitive dysfunction. Recent evidences suggest that aging-related oxidative stress, accumulated DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacities compromises the genome integrity not only in neurons, but also in other cell types of the neurovascular unit, such as endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. Combating DNA damage or enhancing DNA repair capacities in the neurovascular unit represents a promising therapeutic strategy for vascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on aging related mechanisms that underlie DNA damage and repair in the neurovascular unit and introduce several novel strategies that target the genome integrity in the neurovascular unit to combat the vascular and neurodegenerative disorders in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Gandhi R, Tsoumpas C. Preclinical Imaging Biomarkers for Postischaemic Neurovascular Remodelling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3128529. [PMID: 30863220 PMCID: PMC6378027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding the pathological alterations that underlie ischaemic injuries, such as vascular remodelling and reorganisation, there is a need for recognising the capabilities and limitations of in vivo imaging techniques. Thus, this review presents contemporary published research of imaging modalities that have been implemented to study postischaemic neurovascular changes in small animals. A comparison of the technical aspects of the various imaging tools is included to set the framework for identifying the most appropriate methods to observe postischaemic neurovascular remodelling. A systematic search of the PubMed® and Elsevier's Scopus databases identified studies that were conducted between 2008 and 2018 to explore postischaemic neurovascular remodelling in small animal models. Thirty-five relevant in vivo imaging studies are included, of which most made use of magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, whilst various optical modalities were also utilised. Notably, there is an increasing trend of using multimodal imaging to exploit the most beneficial properties of each imaging technique to elucidate different aspects of neurovascular remodelling. Nevertheless, there is still scope for further utilising noninvasive imaging tools such as contrast agents or radiotracers, which will have the ability to monitor neurovascular changes particularly during restorative therapy. This will facilitate more successful utility of the clinical imaging techniques in the interpretation of neurovascular reorganisation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
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18
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Ping S, Qiu X, Gonzalez-Toledo ME, Liu X, Zhao LR. Stem Cell Factor in Combination with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor reduces Cerebral Capillary Thrombosis in a Mouse Model of CADASIL. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:637-647. [PMID: 29871518 PMCID: PMC6041883 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718766460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and
leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a cerebral small vascular disease caused by NOTCH3
mutation-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) degeneration, leading to ischemic
stroke and vascular dementia. Our previous study has demonstrated that repeated treatment
with a combination of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(G-CSF) reduces VSMC degeneration and cerebral endothelial cell (EC) damage and improves
cognitive function in a mouse model of CADASIL (TgNotch3R90C). This study aimed to
determine whether cerebral thrombosis occurs in TgNotch3R90C mice and whether repeated
SCF+G-CSF treatment reduces cerebral thrombosis in TgNotch3R90C mice. Using the approaches
of bone marrow transplantation to track bone marrow-derived cells and confocal imaging, we
observed bone marrow-derived blood cell occlusion in cerebral small vessels and
capillaries (thrombosis). Most thrombosis occurred in the cerebral capillaries (93% of
total occluded vessels), and the thrombosis showed an increased frequency in the regions
of capillary bifurcation. Degenerated capillary ECs were seen inside and surrounding the
thrombosis, and the bone marrow-derived ECs were also found next to the thrombosis. IgG
extravasation was seen in and next to the areas of thrombosis. SCF+G-CSF treatment
significantly reduced cerebral capillary thrombosis and IgG extravasation. These data
suggest that the EC damage is associated with thrombosis and blood–brain barrier leakage
in the cerebral capillaries under the CADASIL-like condition, whereas SCF+G-CSF treatment
diminishes these pathological alterations. This study provides new insight into the
involvement of cerebral capillary thrombosis in the development of CADASIL and potential
approaches to reduce the thrombosis, which may restrict the pathological progression of
CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suning Ping
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuecheng Qiu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Gonzalez-Toledo
- 2 Departments of Neurology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- 2 Departments of Neurology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, NY, USA.,2 Departments of Neurology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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19
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Ong LK, Chow WZ, TeBay C, Kluge M, Pietrogrande G, Zalewska K, Crock P, Åberg ND, Bivard A, Johnson SJ, Walker FR, Nilsson M, Isgaard J. Growth Hormone Improves Cognitive Function After Experimental Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1257-1266. [PMID: 29636425 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cognitive impairment is a common outcome for stroke survivors. Growth hormone (GH) could represent a potential therapeutic option as this peptide hormone has been shown to improve cognition in various clinical conditions. In this study, we evaluated the effects of peripheral administration of GH at 48 hours poststroke for 28 days on cognitive function and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Experimental stroke was induced by photothrombotic occlusion in young adult mice. We assessed the associative memory cognitive domain using mouse touchscreen platform for paired-associate learning task. We also evaluated neural tissue loss, neurotrophic factors, and markers of neuroplasticity and cerebrovascular remodeling using biochemical and histology analyses. RESULTS Our results show that GH-treated stroked mice made a significant improvement on the paired-associate learning task relative to non-GH-treated mice at the end of the study. Furthermore, we observed reduction of neural tissue loss in GH-treated stroked mice. We identified that GH treatment resulted in significantly higher levels of neurotrophic factors (IGF-1 [insulin-like growth factor-1] and VEGF [vascular endothelial growth factor]) in both the circulatory and peri-infarct regions. GH treatment in stroked mice not only promoted protein levels and density of presynaptic marker (SYN-1 [synapsin-1]) and marker of myelination (MBP [myelin basic protein]) but also increased the density and area coverage of 2 major vasculature markers (CD31 and collagen-IV), within the peri-infarct region. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide compelling preclinical evidence for the usage of GH as a potential therapeutic tool in the recovery phase of patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kooi Ong
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Wei Zhen Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Clifford TeBay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Murielle Kluge
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Giovanni Pietrogrande
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Zalewska
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Patricia Crock
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Priority Research Centre Grow Up Well, John Hunter Children's Hospital (P.C.)
| | - N David Åberg
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (N.D.A.)
| | - Andrew Bivard
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital (A.B.), University of Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Sarah J Johnson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (S.J.J.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.)
| | - Frederick R Walker
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Michael Nilsson
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.).,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia (L.K.O., A.B., F.R.W., M.N., W.Z.C., C.T., M.K., G.P., K.Z., S.J.J.).,National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia (F.R.W., M.N., L.K.O.)
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- From the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury (L.K.O., F.R.W., M.N., J.I.) .,Centre for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine (J.I.)
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20
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Popa-Wagner A, Glavan DG, Olaru A, Olaru DG, Margaritescu O, Tica O, Surugiu R, Sandu RE. Present Status and Future Challenges of New Therapeutic Targets in Preclinical Models of Stroke in Aged Animals with/without Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020356. [PMID: 29370078 PMCID: PMC5855578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process, comorbidities, and age-associated diseases are closely dependent on each other. Cerebral ischemia impacts a wide range of systems in an age-dependent manner. However, the aging process has many facets which are influenced by the genetic background and epigenetic or environmental factors, which can explain why some people age differently than others. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify age-related changes in body functions or structures that increase the risk for stroke and which are associated with a poor outcome. Multimodal imaging, electrophysiology, cell biology, proteomics, and transcriptomics, offer a useful approach to link structural and functional changes in the aging brain, with or without comorbidities, to post-stroke rehabilitation. This can help us to improve our knowledge about senescence firstly, and in this context, aids in elucidating the pathophysiology of age-related diseases that allows us to develop therapeutic strategies or prevent diseases. These processes, including potential therapeutical interventions, need to be studied first in relevant preclinical models using aged animals, with and without comorbidities. Therefore, preclinical research on ischemic stroke should consider age as the most important risk factor for cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the identification of effective therapeutic strategies, corroborated with successful translational studies, will have a dramatic impact on the lives of millions of people with cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Gabriela Glavan
- Psychiatry Clinic Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Petru Rares Street 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Andrei Olaru
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - Otilia Margaritescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Oana Tica
- Department of "Mother and Child", University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Roxana Surugiu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
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21
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Zhao Z, Ong LK, Johnson S, Nilsson M, Walker FR. Chronic stress induced disruption of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit following experimentally induced photothrombotic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3709-3724. [PMID: 28304184 PMCID: PMC5718325 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17696100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How stress influences brain repair is an issue of considerable importance, as patients recovering from stroke are known to experience high and often unremitting levels of stress post-event. In the current study, we investigated how chronic stress modified the key cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Using an experimental model of focal cortical ischemia in male C57BL/6 mice, we examined how exposure to a persistently aversive environment, induced by the application of chronic restraint stress, altered the cortical remodeling post-stroke. We focused on systematically investigating changes in the key components of the neurovascular unit (i.e. neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and blood vessels) within the peri-infarct territories using both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The results from our study indicated that exposure to chronic stress exerted a significant suppressive effect on each of the key cellular components involved in neurovascular remodeling. Co-incident with these cellular changes, we observed that chronic stress was associated with an exacerbation of motor impairment 42 days post-event. Collectively, these results highlight the vulnerability of the peri-infarct neurovascular unit to the negative effects of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Zhao
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Sarah Johnson
- 4 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Nilsson
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- 1 School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,2 Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,3 NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Australia
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22
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Oxidative stress and DNA damage after cerebral ischemia: Potential therapeutic targets to repair the genome and improve stroke recovery. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:208-217. [PMID: 29128308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in oxidative stress research, particularly in the context of ischemic brain injury. Oxidative stress in ischemic tissues compromises the integrity of the genome, resulting in DNA lesions, cell death in neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, and impairments in neurological recovery after stroke. As DNA is particularly vulnerable to oxidative attack, cells have evolved the ability to induce multiple DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER) and non-homogenous endpoint jointing (NHEJ). Defective DNA repair is tightly correlated with worse neurological outcomes after stroke, whereas upregulation of DNA repair enzymes, such as APE1, OGG1, and XRCC1, improves long-term functional recovery following stroke. Indeed, DNA damage and repair are now known to play critical roles in fundamental aspects of stroke recovery, such as neurogenesis, white matter recovery, and neurovascular unit remodeling. Several DNA repair enzymes are essential for comprehensive neural repair mechanisms after stroke, including Polβ and NEIL3 for neurogenesis, APE1 for white matter repair, Gadd45b for axonal regeneration, and DNA-PKs for neurovascular remodeling. This review discusses the emerging role of DNA damage and repair in functional recovery after stroke and highlights the contribution of DNA repair to regenerative elements after stroke. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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