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Yang C, Zheng C, Zhuang Y, Xu S, Li J, Hu C. Synaptic Vesicle-Related Proteins and Ubiquilin 2 in Cortical Synaptosomes Mediate Cognitive Impairment in Vascular Dementia Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04327-w. [PMID: 38990251 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is considered the best neuropathological correlate of cognitive decline in vascular dementia (VaD). However, the alterations of synaptic proteins at the synaptosomal level in VaD remain unclear. In this study, a VaD model was established in male rats using bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO). We performed a novel object recognition task to evaluate cognitive impairment. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of neuron-specific nuclear binding protein (NeuN). Brain synaptosomes were isolated and subjected to label-free proteomic analysis to quantify and identify the synaptic features of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Synaptic and hub protein expression was detected in synaptosomes using western blotting. We found that male rats with VaD presented impaired memory and decreased NeuN protein expression in the cortex. Synaptosome proteomic analysis revealed 604 DEPs, with 493 and 111 markedly downregulated and upregulated proteins, respectively. KEGG analysis and SynGO annotation revealed that the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle may be a key signaling pathway in VaD. Hub protein analysis of the main nodes in the protein network identified UBQLN2 and SV-related proteins, including CLTC, SNAP91, AP2S1, CLTA, VAMP2, EPN1, UBQLN2, AP2B1, AP2A2, and AP2M1. Western blotting showed that the levels of SV2A, CLTC, AP2S1, and VAMP2 decreased in the synaptosomes of 2VO rats, while UBQLN2 expression significantly increased. Our results suggest that the disruption in the presynaptic SV cycle is a key event in male rats with VaD, which could be characterized by the aberrant SV2A expression. SV-related proteins and UBQLN2 may be essential in synaptopathy. Thus, targeting the specific molecular markers in synaptosomes may be critical for the development of mechanism-directed therapies against VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Yang
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Cengceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chaoying Hu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital of Capital Medical University, No. 8 East Jingshun Road, Beijing, 100015, China.
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Nelson DW, Funnell JL, Cheung CH, Quinones GB, Mendoza CS, Bentley M, Gilbert RJ. In vitro assessment of protamine toxicity with neural cells, its therapeutic potential to counter chondroitin sulfate mediated neuron inhibition, and its effects on reactive astrocytes. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2024; 7:2300242. [PMID: 39071184 PMCID: PMC11281232 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Multiple therapies have been studied to ameliorate the neuroinhibitory cues present after traumatic injury to the central nervous system. Two previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the FDA-approved cardiovascular therapeutic, protamine (PRM), to overcome neuroinhibitory cues presented by chondroitin sulfates; however, the effect of a wide range of PRM concentrations on neuronal and glial cells has not been evaluated. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PRM with primary cortical neurons, hippocampal neurons, mixed glial cultures, and astrocyte cultures. We show the threshold for PRM toxicity to be at or above 10 μg/ml depending on the cell population, that 10 μg/ml PRM enables neurons to overcome the inhibitory cues presented by chondroitin sulfate type A, and that soluble PRM allows neurons to more effectively overcome inhibition compared to a PRM coating. We also assessed changes in gene expression of reactive astrocytes with soluble PRM and determined that PRM does not increase their neurotoxic phenotype and that PRM may reduce brevican production and serpin transcription in cortical and spinal cord astrocytes. This is the first study to thoroughly assess the toxicity threshold of PRM with neural cells and study astrocyte response after acute exposure to PRM in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Nelson
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Jessica L Funnell
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Conrad H Cheung
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Geraldine B Quinones
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Christina S Mendoza
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1623 15 St. Troy, New York 12180, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St. Troy, NY, 12180, United States; Albany Stratton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, 113 Holland Ave. Albany, New York 12208, United States
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Mu J, Hao P, Duan H, Zhao W, Wang Z, Yang Z, Li X. Non-human primate models of focal cortical ischemia for neuronal replacement therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1456-1474. [PMID: 37254891 PMCID: PMC10414004 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231179544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence, stroke remains incurable due to the limited regeneration capacity in the central nervous system. Neuronal replacement strategies are highly diverse biomedical fields that attempt to replace lost neurons by utilizing exogenous stem cell transplants, biomaterials, and direct neuronal reprogramming. Although these approaches have achieved encouraging outcomes mostly in the rodent stroke model, further preclinical validation in non-human primates (NHP) is still needed prior to clinical trials. In this paper, we briefly review the recent progress of promising neuronal replacement therapy in NHP stroke studies. Moreover, we summarize the key characteristics of the NHP as highly valuable translational tools and discuss (1) NHP species and their advantages in terms of genetics, physiology, neuroanatomy, immunology, and behavior; (2) various methods for establishing NHP focal ischemic models to study the regenerative and plastic changes associated with motor functional recovery; and (3) a comprehensive analysis of experimentally and clinically accessible outcomes and a potential adaptive mechanism. Our review specifically aims to facilitate the selection of the appropriate NHP cortical ischemic models and efficient prognostic evaluation methods in preclinical stroke research design of neuronal replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kharel S, Nepal G, Joshi PR, Yadav JK, Shrestha TM. Safety and efficacy of low-cost alternative urokinase in acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 106:103-109. [PMID: 36274296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) varies greatly between countries, ranging from 10% to 15% in high-income countries to less than 2% in low- and middle income countries (LMICs). This is because alteplase is expensive and has been cited as one of the most common barriers to IVT in LMICs. Urokinase (UK) is a thrombolytic agent which is almost 50 times cheaper with easier production and purification than alteplase. UK may become a cost-effective option for IVT in LMICs if it is found to be safe and effective. We conducted this study to assess the existing evidence on the safety and efficacy of UK vs alteplase for IVT in AIS. METHODS The study was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses) guideline. Systematic literature search was done in PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for English literature published from 2010 to 2021. RESULTS A total of 4061 participants in the alteplase and 2062 participants in the UK group were included in the final statistical analysis. After IVT, a good functional outcome at last follow-up was found among 80.57 % of patients in the alteplase group compared to 73.79 % of patients in the UK group (OR: 1.11; 95 % CI: 0.95- 1.31; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.18). Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage (sICH) was found among 1.77 % of patients in the alteplase group compared to 2.83 % of patients in the UK group (OR: 0.84; 95 % CI: 0.56- 1.26; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.41). Similarly, mortality was found among 5.03 % of patients in the alteplase group compared to 5.42 % of patients in the UK group (OR: 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.66-1.14; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.30). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis found that intravenous UK is not inferior to alteplase in terms of safety and efficacy and can be a viable alternative for IVT in AIS patients in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kharel
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Gaurav Nepal
- Rani Primary Health Care Centre, Biratnagar, Nepal.
| | - Padam Raj Joshi
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jayant Kumar Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Tirtha Man Shrestha
- Department of General Practice, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Diaz A, Martin-Jimenez C, Woo Y, Merino P, Torre E, Yepes M. Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Triggers Wingless/Int1-Independent Phosphorylation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-6 in Cerebral Cortical Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:877-891. [PMID: 35964187 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine proteinase found in excitatory synapses located in the II/III and V cortical layers. The synaptic release of uPA promotes the formation of synaptic contacts and the repair of synapses damaged by various forms of injury, and its abundance is decreased in the synapse of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Inactivation of the Wingless/Int1 (Wnt)-β-catenin pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) prevents the phosphorylation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6), and the resultant inactivation of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway prompts the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and causes synaptic loss. OBJECTIVE To study the role of neuronal uPA in the pathogenesis of AD. METHODS We used in vitro cultures of murine cerebral cortical neurons, a murine neuroblastoma cell line transfected with the APP-695 Swedish mutation (N2asw), and mice deficient on either plasminogen, or uPA, or its receptor (uPAR). RESULTS We show that uPA activates the Wnt-β-catenin pathway in cerebral cortical neurons by triggering the phosphorylation of LRP6 via a plasmin-independent mechanism that does not require binding of Wnt ligands (Wnts). Our data indicate that uPA-induced activation of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway protects the synapse from the harmful effects of soluble Aβ and prevents the amyloidogenic processing of AβPP by inhibiting the expression of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and the ensuing generation of Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 peptides. CONCLUSION uPA protects the synapse and antagonizes the inhibitory effect of soluble Aβ on the Wnt-β-catenin pathway by providing an alternative pathway for LRP6 phosphorylation and β-catenin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Diaz
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jimenez
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yena Woo
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paola Merino
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Enrique Torre
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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