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A Brief Review on Challenges in Design and Development of Nanorobots for Medical Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Robotics is a rapidly growing field, and the innovative idea to scale down the size of robots to the nanometer level has paved a new way of treating human health. Nanorobots have become the focus of many researchers aiming to explore their many potential applications in medicine. This paper focuses on manufacturing techniques involved in the fabrication of nanorobots and their associated challenges in terms of design architecture, sensors, actuators, powering, navigation, data transmission, followed by challenges in applications. In addition, an overview of various nanorobotic systems addresses different architectures of a nanorobot. Moreover, multiple medical applications, such as oncology, drug delivery, and surgery, are reviewed and summarized.
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Automated three-dimensional vessel reconstruction based on deep segmentation and bi-plane angiographic projections. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2021; 92:101956. [PMID: 34315034 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2021.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Automated three-dimensional (3D) blood vessel reconstruction to improve vascular diagnosis and therapeutics is a challenging task in which the real-time implementation of automatic segmentation and specific vessel tracking for matching artery sequences is essential. Recently, a deep learning-based segmentation technique has been proposed; however, existing state-of-the-art deep architectures exhibit reduced performance when they are employed using real in-vivo imaging because of serious issues such as low contrast and noise contamination of the X-ray images. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel methodology composed of the de-haze image enhancement technique as pre-processing and multi-level thresholding as post-processing to be applied to the lightweight multi-resolution U-shaped architecture. Specifically, (1) bi-plane two-dimensional (2D) vessel images were extracted simultaneously using the deep architecture, (2) skeletons of the vessels were computed via a morphology operation, (3) the corresponding skeleton structure between image sequences was matched using the shape-context technique, and (4) the 3D centerline was reconstructed using stereo geometry. The method was validated using both in-vivo and in-vitro models. The results show that the proposed technique could improve the segmentation quality, reduce computation time, and reconstruct the 3D skeleton automatically. The algorithm accurately reconstructed the phantom model and the real mouse vessel in 3D in 2 s. Our proposed technique has the potential to allow therapeutic micro-agent navigation in clinical practice, thereby providing the 3D position and orientation of the vessel.
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Ezzat D, Amin S, Shedeed HA, Tolba MF. Directed jaya algorithm for delivering nano-robots to cancer area. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:1306-1316. [PMID: 32720518 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1797698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, it was proposed to deliver drugs using Nano-robots for treating cancer. This paper compares between two recent and efficient algorithms for delivering Nano-robots to cancer area. These algorithms are Jaya algorithm and Directed Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) algorithm. In this paper, we also propose a new hybrid algorithm that combines Jaya and DPSO to speed up the process of Nano-robots delivery. The proposed algorithm is called Directed Jaya (DJaya) algorithm. Experiments have proved that the efficiency of DJaya is higher than both Jaya and DPSO. We show experimentally that DJaya starts delivering Nano-robots earlier than DPSO to facilitate the initiation of the drug release. Also, DJaya finishes delivering Nano-robots earlier than Jaya to complete the drug dose. In addition to this, DJaya groups the Nano-robots together in the target area like DPSO to speed up the drug release process. We finally propose a new strategy for destroying cancer cells efficiently with relatively small number of Nano-robots. This strategy can save 40% of Nano-robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ezzat
- Scientific Computing Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Amin
- Scientific Computing Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Howida A Shedeed
- Scientific Computing Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Tolba
- Scientific Computing Department, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Noury M. [Chapter 6. The concept of personalisation in the context of nanomedicine]. JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DE BIOÉTHIQUE ET D'ÉTHIQUE DES SCIENCES 2019; Vol. 30:133-154. [PMID: 31210524 DOI: 10.3917/jibes.301.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine – the application of nanotechnology to medicine – is considered to be a major breakthrough in medicine. Based on interviews with Canadian researchers in nanomedicine, this article proposes an analysis of their conception of the personalisation of healthcare, which is one of the most important promises of the nanomedicine. Two major elements have been identified : (1) a molecular conception of the individuality of the patient ; (2) a technical conception of the personalisation of healthcare. Those two intertwined elements are at the core of what we call a “techno-molecular” conception of healthcare.
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Furtado D, Björnmalm M, Ayton S, Bush AI, Kempe K, Caruso F. Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Role of Nanomaterials in Treating Neurological Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801362. [PMID: 30066406 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Therapies directed toward the central nervous system remain difficult to translate into improved clinical outcomes. This is largely due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), arguably the most tightly regulated interface in the human body, which routinely excludes most therapeutics. Advances in the engineering of nanomaterials and their application in biomedicine (i.e., nanomedicine) are enabling new strategies that have the potential to help improve our understanding and treatment of neurological diseases. Herein, the various mechanisms by which therapeutics can be delivered to the brain are examined and key challenges facing translation of this research from benchtop to bedside are highlighted. Following a contextual overview of the BBB anatomy and physiology in both healthy and diseased states, relevant therapeutic strategies for bypassing and crossing the BBB are discussed. The focus here is especially on nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems and the potential of these to overcome the biological challenges imposed by the BBB. Finally, disease-targeting strategies and clearance mechanisms are explored. The objective is to provide the diverse range of researchers active in the field (e.g., material scientists, chemists, engineers, neuroscientists, and clinicians) with an easily accessible guide to the key opportunities and challenges currently facing the nanomaterial-mediated treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denzil Furtado
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and the Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Cooperative Research Center for Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Zhao Q, Li M, Luo J. Relationship among reaction rate, release rate and efficiency of nanomachine-based targeted drug delivery. Technol Health Care 2018; 25:1119-1130. [PMID: 28946602 DOI: 10.3233/thc-171016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nanomachine applications towards targeted drug delivery, drug molecules released by nanomachines propagate and chemically react with tumor cells in aqueous environment. If the nanomachines release drug molecules faster than the tumor cells react, it will result in loss and waste of drug molecules. It is a potential issue associated with the relationship among reaction rate, release rate and efficiency. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to investigate the relationship among reaction rate, release rate and efficiency based on two drug reception models. We expect to pave a way for designing a control method of drug release. METHODS We adopted two analytical methods that one is drug reception process based on collision with tumors and another is based on Michaelis Menten enzymatic kinetics. To evaluate the analytical formulations, we used the well-known simulation framework N3Sim to establish simulations. RESULTS The analytical results of the relationship among reaction rate, release rate and efficiency is obtained, which match well with the numerical simulation results in a 3-D environment. CONCLUSIONS Based upon two drug reception models, the results of this paper would be beneficial for designing a control method of nanomahine-based drug release.
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Understanding the Pathological Basis of Neurological Diseases Through Diagnostic Platforms Based on Innovations in Biomedical Engineering: New Concepts and Theranostics Perspectives. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5010022. [PMID: 29495320 PMCID: PMC5874587 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pace of advancement of genomics and proteomics together with the recent understanding of the molecular basis behind rare diseases could lead in the near future to significant advances in the diagnosing and treating of many pathological conditions. Innovative diagnostic platforms based on biomedical engineering (microdialysis and proteomics, biochip analysis, non-invasive impedance spectroscopy, etc.) are introduced at a rapid speed in clinical practice: this article primarily aims to highlight how such platforms will advance our understanding of the pathological basis of neurological diseases. An overview of the clinical challenges and regulatory hurdles facing the introduction of such platforms in clinical practice, as well as their potential impact on patient management, will complement the discussion on foreseeable theranostic perspectives. Indeed, the techniques outlined in this article are revolutionizing how we (1) identify biomarkers that better define the diagnostic criteria of any given disease, (2) develop research models, and (3) exploit the externalities coming from innovative pharmacological protocols (i.e., those based on monoclonal antibodies, nanodrugs, etc.) meant to tackle the molecular cascade so far identified.
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Kumar A, Tan A, Wong J, Spagnoli JC, Lam J, Blevins BD, G N, Thorne L, Ashkan K, Xie J, Liu H. Nanotechnology for Neuroscience: Promising Approaches for Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Brain Activity Mapping. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2017; 27:1700489. [PMID: 30853878 PMCID: PMC6404766 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201700489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Unlocking the secrets of the brain is a task fraught with complexity and challenge - not least due to the intricacy of the circuits involved. With advancements in the scale and precision of scientific technologies, we are increasingly equipped to explore how these components interact to produce a vast range of outputs that constitute function and disease. Here, an insight is offered into key areas in which the marriage of neuroscience and nanotechnology has revolutionized the industry. The evolution of ever more sophisticated nanomaterials culminates in network-operant functionalized agents. In turn, these materials contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including drug delivery, neuroprotection, neural regeneration, neuroimaging and neurosurgery. Further, the entrance of nanotechnology into future research arenas including optogenetics, molecular/ion sensing and monitoring, and piezoelectric effects is discussed. Finally, considerations in nanoneurotoxicity, the main barrier to clinical translation, are reviewed, and direction for future perspectives is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aaron Tan
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Wong
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London,London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Clayton Spagnoli
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - James Lam
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Brianna Diane Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Natasha G
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Thorne
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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High efficiency motility of bacteria-driven liposome with raft domain binding method. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 14:1027-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Belharet K, Folio D, Ferreira A. Three-Dimensional Controlled Motion of a Microrobot using Magnetic Gradients. Adv Robot 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/016918611x568657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Belharet
- a Laboratoire PRISME, ENSI de Bourges, 88 boulevard Lahitolle, 18020 Bourges, France
| | - David Folio
- b Laboratoire PRISME, ENSI de Bourges, 88 boulevard Lahitolle, 18020 Bourges, France
| | - Antoine Ferreira
- c Laboratoire PRISME, ENSI de Bourges, 88 boulevard Lahitolle, 18020 Bourges, France;,
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Belharet K, Folio D, Ferreira A. MRI-based microrobotic system for the propulsion and navigation of ferromagnetic microcapsules. MINIM INVASIV THER 2010; 19:157-69. [DOI: 10.3109/13645706.2010.481402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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