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Navallas M, Tolend M, Otobo TM, Panwar J, Clemente EJI, Hemke R, van Rossum MA, Doria AS. Developing standards for MRI evaluation of joints in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis utilizing the temporomandibular joint as a model. Jpn J Radiol 2024; 42:56-68. [PMID: 37626169 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of a patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is best monitored with standardized and validated tools to measure joint changes over time. Treatment approaches are best indicated if the clinicians are aware of the structural status of the joint at a given time, especially in anatomically deep joints for which clinical assessment is limited. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of utmost importance for assessment of deep joints and extra-articular soft tissue of the entire body for which ultrasound may be suboptimal. Because the distinction between pathologic and physiologic joint changes on MRI is key for proper diagnosis and treatment of patients with arthropathies, a comprehensive standardized approach is needed to effectively measure outcomes of growing joints of children with JIA. Such an approach is essential for both clinical assessment and to conduct clinical trials in patients with JIA treated in different centers around the world. To meet this need, several international imaging collaborative research groups have been developing MRI scales over the past years, including the MRI in JIA (JAMRI) special interest group within the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) research network. This manuscript reviews the efforts of the OMERACT JAMRI working group to generate and validate pediatric MRI scoring systems for different joints in children with JIA that can have ubiquitous utilization anywhere in the world. In particular, it describes the different steps of development and validation of an MRI scale using the TMJ as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Navallas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging. Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirkamal Tolend
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Tarimobo M Otobo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jyoti Panwar
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Tweed Hospital, Lumus Imaging, Tweed Heads, NSW, Australia
| | - Emilio J Inarejos Clemente
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging. Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Children Hospital, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion A van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Centers and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center | Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Stoustrup P, Resnick CM, Abramowicz S, Pedersen TK, Michelotti A, Küseler A, Koos B, Verna C, Nordal EB, Granquist EJ, Halbig JM, Kristensen KD, Kaban LB, Arvidsson LZ, Spiegel L, Stoll ML, Lerman MA, Glerup M, Defabianis P, Frid P, Alstergren P, Cron RQ, Ringold S, Nørholt SE, Peltomaki T, Larheim TA, Herlin T, Peacock ZS, Kellenberger CJ, Twilt M. Management of Orofacial Manifestations of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Interdisciplinary Consensus-Based Recommendations. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:4-14. [PMID: 36041065 PMCID: PMC10100353 DOI: 10.1002/art.42338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is common in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). TMJ arthritis can lead to orofacial symptoms, orofacial dysfunction, and dentofacial deformity with negative impact on quality of life. Management involves interdisciplinary collaboration. No current recommendations exist to guide clinical management. We undertook this study to develop consensus-based interdisciplinary recommendations for management of orofacial manifestations of JIA, and to create a future research agenda related to management of TMJ arthritis in children with JIA. Recommendations were developed using online surveying of relevant stakeholders, systematic literature review, evidence-informed generation of recommendations during 2 consensus meetings, and Delphi study iterations involving external experts. The process included disciplines involved in the care of orofacial manifestations of JIA: pediatric rheumatology, radiology, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, orofacial pain specialists, and pediatric dentistry. Recommendations were accepted if agreement was >80% during a final Delphi study. Three overarching management principles and 12 recommendations for interdisciplinary management of orofacial manifestations of JIA were outlined. The 12 recommendations pertained to diagnosis (n = 4), treatment of TMJ arthritis (active TMJ inflammation) (n = 2), treatment of TMJ dysfunction and symptoms (n = 3), treatment of arthritis-related dentofacial deformity (n = 2), and other aspects related to JIA (n = 1). Additionally, a future interdisciplinary research agenda was developed. These are the first interdisciplinary recommendations to guide clinical management of TMJ JIA. The 3 overarching principles and 12 recommendations fill an important gap in current clinical practice. They emphasize the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management of orofacial manifestations of JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cory M. Resnick
- Department of Plastic and Oral SurgeryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Shelly Abramowicz
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Departments of Surgery and PediatricsEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgia
| | - Thomas K. Pedersen
- Section of Orthodontics and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Annelise Küseler
- Section of Orthodontics and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Bernd Koos
- Department of OrthodonticsUniversity Hospital TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Carlalberta Verna
- Department of Pediatric Oral Health and OrthodonticsUZB University Center for Dentistry Basel, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Ellen B. Nordal
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway and the Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical MedicineUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Eric J. Granquist
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia
| | - Josefine Mareile Halbig
- The Public Dental Health Competence Centre of North Norway, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | | | - Leonard B. Kaban
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBostonMassachusetts
| | - Linda Z. Arvidsson
- Department of Maxillofacial RadiologyInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Lynn Spiegel
- The Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Melissa A. Lerman
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Mia Glerup
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Paula Frid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Public Dental Service Competence Centre of North Norway, and Department of Clinical DentistryUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Per Alstergren
- Faculty of Odontology, Orofacial Pain UnitMalmö UniversityMalmöSweden
| | | | | | - Sven Erik Nørholt
- Section of Orthodontics and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Timo Peltomaki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, and Department of Ear and Oral Diseases, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, and Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Tore A. Larheim
- Department of Maxillofacial RadiologyInstitute of Clinical Dentistry, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Troels Herlin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Zachary S. Peacock
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental MedicineBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Marinka Twilt
- Alberta Children's Hospital and University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Tominna M, Vega-Fernandez P, McLaurin W, Meyers AB. Imaging of the Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint. Semin Roentgenol 2021; 56:307-324. [PMID: 34281682 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tominna
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Wallace McLaurin
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Arthur B Meyers
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
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Hemke R, Herregods N, Jaremko JL, Åström G, Avenarius D, Becce F, Bielecki DK, Boesen M, Dalili D, Giraudo C, Hermann KG, Humphries P, Isaac A, Jurik AG, Klauser AS, Kvist O, Laloo F, Maas M, Mester A, Oei E, Offiah AC, Omoumi P, Papakonstantinou O, Plagou A, Shelmerdine S, Simoni P, Sudoł-Szopińska I, Tanturri de Horatio L, Teh J, Jans L, Rosendahl K. Imaging assessment of children presenting with suspected or known juvenile idiopathic arthritis: ESSR-ESPR points to consider. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:5237-5249. [PMID: 32399709 PMCID: PMC7476913 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common paediatric rheumatic disease. It represents a group of heterogenous inflammatory disorders with unknown origin and is a diagnosis of exclusion in which imaging plays an important role. JIA is defined as arthritis of one or more joints that begins before the age of 16 years, persists for more than 6 weeks and is of unknown aetiology and pathophysiology. The clinical goal is early suppression of inflammation to prevent irreversible joint damage which has shifted the emphasis from detecting established joint damage to proactively detecting inflammatory change. This drives the need for imaging techniques that are more sensitive than conventional radiography in the evaluation of inflammatory processes as well as early osteochondral change. Physical examination has limited reliability, even if performed by an experienced clinician, emphasising the importance of imaging to aid in clinical decision-making. On behalf of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) arthritis subcommittee and the European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR) musculoskeletal imaging taskforce, based on literature review and/or expert opinion, we discuss paediatric-specific imaging characteristics of the most commonly involved, in literature best documented and clinically important joints in JIA, namely the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), spine, sacroiliac (SI) joints, wrists, hips and knees, followed by a clinically applicable point to consider for each joint. We will also touch upon controversies in the current literature that remain to be resolved with ongoing research. KEY POINTS: • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic paediatric rheumatic disease and, in JIA imaging, is increasingly important to aid in clinical decision-making. • Conventional radiographs have a lower sensitivity and specificity for detection of disease activity and early destructive change, as compared to MRI or ultrasound. Nonetheless, radiography remains important, particularly in narrowing the differential diagnosis and evaluating growth disturbances. • Mainly in peripheral joints, ultrasound can be helpful for assessment of inflammation and guiding joint injections. In JIA, MRI is the most validated technique. MRI should be considered as the modality of choice to assess the axial skeleton or where the clinical presentation overlaps with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hemke
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nele Herregods
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob L Jaremko
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gunnar Åström
- Department of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derk Avenarius
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fabio Becce
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dennis K Bielecki
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mikael Boesen
- Department of Radiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danoob Dalili
- Department of Radiology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Radiology Institute, Department of Medicine - DIMED, Padova University, Padua, Italy
| | - Kay-Geert Hermann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Humphries
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Amanda Isaac
- Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Anne Grethe Jurik
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea S Klauser
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ola Kvist
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frederiek Laloo
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Maas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mester
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edwin Oei
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Patrick Omoumi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Simoni
- Department of Radiology, Reine Fabiola Children's University Hospital of Bruxelles, University of Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Imaging, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - James Teh
- Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Imaging of the Temporomandibular Joint in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: How Does Quantitative Compare to Semiquantitative MRI Scoring? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 77:951-958. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rongo R, Alstergren P, Ammendola L, Bucci R, Alessio M, D'Antò V, Michelotti A. Temporomandibular joint damage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Diagnostic validity of diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:450-459. [PMID: 30664807 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic criteria reported in the expanded taxonomy for temporomandibular disorders include a standardised clinical examination and diagnosis (DC/TMD 3.B) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) damage in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA); however, their validity is unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the validity of DC/TMD 3.B for the identification of TMJ damage in JIA-patients, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as gold standard, and to investigate the relation between clinical findings and TMJ damage. METHODS Fifty consecutive JIA patients (9-16 years) were recruited. DC/TMD 3.B were compared with TMJs MRI (100 TMJs) performed maximum at 1 month from the visit. The severity of TMJ damage was scored in four grades. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), logistic regression models with odds ratio of DC/TMD 3.B and clinical findings respect to MRI were calculated. RESULTS The DC/TMD 3.B were inadequate in the identification of TMJ damage (sensitivity = 0.15, specificity = 0.92, PPV = 0.85, NPV = 0.28, P = 0.350). Chin deviation and TMJ crepitus were associated with worse TMJ damage (P = 0.006; P = 0.034). Reduced mouth opening (OR = 3.91, P = 0.039) and chin deviation (OR = 13.7, P = 0.014) were associated with the presence of TMJ damage. Combining "pain" (history of pain, TMJ pain, pain during movements) and "function" (TMJ crepitus, reduced mouth opening, chin deviation) clinical findings, the sensitivity and the specificity were 0.88 and 0.54. CONCLUSION DC/TMD 3.B present a low sensitivity to diagnose TMJ damage. Chin deviation, reduced mouth opening and TMJ crepitus are associated with TMJ damage. We suggest combining "pain" and "function" findings for the evaluation of TMJ damage in JIA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rongo
- School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Per Alstergren
- Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.,Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Malmö, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital, Specialized Pain Rehabilitation, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lucia Ammendola
- School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bucci
- School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Alessio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo D'Antò
- School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ambra Michelotti
- School of Orthodontics, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Oral Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Brecher E, Stark TR, Christensen JR, Sheats RD, Fields H. Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning for General and Orthodontic Problems. Pediatr Dent 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-60826-8.00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Klenke D, Quast A, Prelog M, Holl-Wieden A, Riekert M, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A, Meyer-Marcotty P. TMJ pathomorphology in patients with JIA-radiographic parameters for early diagnosis. Head Face Med 2018; 14:15. [PMID: 30223858 PMCID: PMC6142390 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-018-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is often accompanied by pathomorphological changes to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). By analyzing orthodontical orthopantomograms of JIA patients the aims of the study were a) classification of condyle changes, b) quantification of bony asymmetries of condylar destruction and c) detection of relationships between disease duration and TMJ-involvement. PATIENTS/METHODS 46 caucasian JIA-patients (28 female; 18 male; < 16.0 years) were enrolled, each joint (n = 92) was morphologically assessed by means of orthopantomogram, quantitatively analysed and compared with duration of general disease. Condyle morphology was assessed using the Billiau scale for severity of destruction [1]. The quantitative analysis was based on ratios of condyle, ramus and mandible height. RESULTS Patients were divided into groups (Group I - slightly affected, n = 36; Billiau severity 0-2; condyle findings: X-ray normal, condyle erosions, condylar flattening; Group II - severely affected, N = 10; Billiau severity 3-4; condyle findings: condylar flattenings and erosions, unilateral/bilateral complete loss of condyles), based on morphological analysis of condylar destruction. Duration of disease was significantly longer in Group II (8.9 ± 5.2 years) than in Group I (4.6 ± 4.7 years). Asymmetries of condyle, ramus and mandible height, quantitatively analysed by contralateral comparison, were significantly more marked in patients of Group II than of Group I. CONCLUSIONS Orthopantomogram imaging can be used in orthodontics clinical routine to detect TMJ-pathologies and is an important reference for monitoring progression of JIA. Classification into severe and slightly affected TMJ is possible by analysis of condylar pathomorphology. An association between degree of destruction, extent of lower jaw asymmetry and disease duration is suggested by the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Klenke
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie Robert-Koch-Str. 40 D-, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie Robert-Koch-Str. 40 D-, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Paediatric Department, Paediatric Rheumatology, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Holl-Wieden
- Paediatric Department, Paediatric Rheumatology, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Riekert
- Department of Orthodontics, Würzburg University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie Robert-Koch-Str. 40 D-, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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Junhasavasdikul T, Abadeh A, Tolend M, Doria AS. Developing a reference MRI database for temporomandibular joints in healthy children and adolescents. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:1113-1122. [PMID: 29789889 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognition of normal temporomandibular joints (TMJs) is essential to assess arthropathic changes. Few, if any, prior studies have evaluated the morphological appearance of growing TMJs by magnetic resonance (MR) examinations in the pediatric population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine normative osseous appearance of growing TMJs according to age and gender, both qualitatively and quantitatively, concerning structural and bone marrow changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 1,036 MR scans screened, one joint was included from each of 157 patients (76% female; 2-18 years) presenting with at least one normal-appearing TMJ was included. Quantitatively, mandibular condyle was characterized by measuring the following: (i) head-neck angle, (ii) anteversion angle, (iii) condylar dimensions (mediolateral, craniocaudal and anteroposterior [AP]) and (iv) condylar volume. Furthermore, qualitative categorization of condylar shape, into one of three types, and condylar bone marrow type was performed. RESULTS The head-neck angle significantly correlated with age (bivariable regression β =0.60, P<0.001), indicating an increase of 1.6 degrees per year. Except for AP diameter of condyles, all other mandibular dimensions and condylar volume increased with age (β =0.20-0.59, P≤0.001-0.004). Significant age difference was observed among the different condylar shapes (P<0.001), indicating a change from rounded head without anterior tilt to rectangular head with anterior tilt. Lastly, mandibular condylar size, measured by volume and by AP and mediolateral dimensions, appeared larger in males. CONCLUSION The morphology of the mandibular condyles changes with age. During development, the shape of the condyles changes from round to rectangular in contour with the development of the anterior condylar tilt, as measured by the head-neck angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Junhasavasdikul
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., 2nd floor, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aryan Abadeh
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., 2nd floor, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Mirkamal Tolend
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., 2nd floor, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Ave., 2nd floor, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada. .,Research Institute, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Malattia C, Rinaldi M, Martini A. The role of imaging in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:681-694. [PMID: 29972659 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1496019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prognosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has changed dramatically due to the availability of novel drugs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent permanent joint damage. As a result, methods to improve JIA diagnosis and prognosis are of high priority to tailor treatment strategies and maximize their efficacy. Musculoskeletal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are more sensitive than clinical examination and radiography in the detection of joint involvement and might play a substantial role to optimize the management of JIA. Areas covered: This review compiles an inventory of potential uses of imaging studies in the modern practice of pediatric rheumatology, together with a critical analysis of the major challenges that are still to be addressed. Imaging appearance of normal growth-related changes of the musculoskeletal system will be discussed. Expert commentary: Knowledge of the evolving patterns of skeletal maturity is paramount to define pathological findings and avoid misinterpretations. Establishing a novel radiological algorithm for a rational use of imaging in JIA is of high priority to allow a speedier integration of imaging into the clinical workflow and decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Malattia
- a Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy.,b Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili , Università degli studi di Genova , Italy
| | - Mariangela Rinaldi
- a Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia , Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova , Italy
| | - Alberto Martini
- c Direzione Scientifica Istituto Giannina Gaslini , Genova Italy
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Miller E, Inarejos Clemente EJ, Tzaribachev N, Guleria S, Tolend M, Meyers AB, von Kalle T, Stimec J, Koos B, Appenzeller S, Arvidsson LZ, Kirkhus E, Doria AS, Kellenberger CJ, Larheim TA. Imaging of temporomandibular joint abnormalities in juvenile idiopathic arthritis with a focus on developing a magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:792-800. [PMID: 29766249 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-4005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and damage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) often develop without clinical symptoms but can lead to severe facial growth abnormalities and impaired health-related quality of life, making early diagnosis of TMJ changes crucial to identify. Inflammatory and osteochondral changes detectable through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) occur in TMJs of approximately 40% of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and no other imaging modality or physical method of examination can reliably detect these changes. Therefore contrast-enhanced MRI is the diagnostic standard for diagnosis and interval monitoring of JIA. However the specific usage of MRI for TMJ arthritis is not standardized at present. There is a recognized need for a consensus effort toward standardization of an imaging protocol with required and optional sequences to improve detection of pathological changes and shorten study time. Such a consensus imaging protocol is important for providing maximum information with minimally necessary sequences in a way that allows inter-site comparison of results of clinical trials and improved clinical management. In this paper we describe the challenges of TMJ imaging and present expert-panel consensus suggestions for a standardized TMJ MRI protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka Miller
- Department of Medical Imaging, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mirkamal Tolend
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 08.9840-L4, Toronto, ON, M5G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Arthur B Meyers
- Department of Radiology, Nemours Children's Health System, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Thekla von Kalle
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Radiologisches Institut, Olgahospital Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jennifer Stimec
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernd Koos
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Linda Z Arvidsson
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Kirkhus
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tore A Larheim
- Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Stoll ML, Kau CH, Waite PD, Cron RQ. Temporomandibular joint arthritis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, now what? Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2018; 16:32. [PMID: 29695255 PMCID: PMC5918758 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) complicates 40 - 96% of cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), potentially leading to devastating changes to form and function. Optimal evaluation and management of this joint remains a matter of ongoing discussion. METHODS We performed a PubMed search for all articles with keywords "temporomandibular" and "arthritis", covering the dates 2002 through February 28, 2018. A separate PubMed search was performed for all articles with keywords "temporomandibular joint", "arthritis", and "treatment" covering the same dates. FINDINGS The TMJ is a particularly challenging joint to assess, both clinically and with imaging studies. Clinical assessment of the TMJ is hampered by the low sensitivity of joint pain as well as the absence of physical exam findings early in the disease process. As with all joints, plain radiography and computed tomography only detect arthritic sequelae. Additionally, there is mixed data on the sensitivity of ultrasound, leaving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the optimal diagnostic modality. However, several recent studies have shown that non-arthritic children can have subtle findings on MRI consistent with TMJ arthritis, such as joint effusion and contrast enhancement. Consequently, there has been an intense effort to identify features that can be used to differentiate mild TMJ arthritis from normal TMJs, such as the ratio of the enhancement within the TMJ itself compared to the enhancement in surrounding musculature. With respect to treatment of TMJ arthritis, there is minimal prospective data on medical therapy of this complicated joint. Retrospective studies have suggested that the response to medical therapy of the TMJ may lag behind that of other joints, prompting use of intraarticular (IA) therapy. Although most studies have shown short-term effectiveness of corticosteroids, the long-term safety of this therapy on local growth as well as on the development of IA heterotopic bone have prompted recommendations to limit use of IA corticosteroids. Severe TMJ disease from JIA can also be managed non-operatively with splints in a growing child, as well as with surgery. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize literature on the diagnosis and management of TMJ arthritis in JIA and suggest a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for children with refractory TMJ arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Stoll
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1600 7th Avenue South, Children’s Park Place North Suite G10, Birmingham, 35233 AL USA
| | - Chung H. Kau
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Orthodontics, UAB, 1720 2nd Avenue South, School of Dentistry Building 305, Birmingham, 35294 AL USA
| | - Peter D. Waite
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, UAB, 1720 2nd Avenue South, School of Dentistry Building 419, Birmingham, 35294 AL USA
| | - Randy Q. Cron
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1600 7th Avenue South, Children’s Park Place North Suite G10, Birmingham, 35233 AL USA
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13
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Tolend MA, Twilt M, Cron RQ, Tzaribachev N, Guleria S, von Kalle T, Koos B, Miller E, Stimec J, Vaid Y, Larheim TA, Herlin T, Spiegel L, Inarejos Clemente EJ, Moineddin R, van Rossum MA, Saurenmann RK, Doria AS, Kellenberger CJ. Toward Establishing a Standardized Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring System for Temporomandibular Joints in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2018; 70:758-767. [PMID: 28805021 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The temporomandibular joints (TMJs) are frequently affected in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Early detection is challenging, as major variation is present in scoring TMJ pathology on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Consensus-driven development and validation of an MRI scoring system for TMJs has important clinical utility in timely improvement of diagnosis and serving as an outcome measure. We report on a multi-institutional collaboration toward developing a TMJ MRI scoring system for JIA. METHODS Seven readers independently assessed MRI scans from 21 patients (42 TMJs, from patients ages 6-16 years) using 3 existing MRI scoring systems from American, German, and Swiss institutions. Reliability scores, scoring system definitions, and items were discussed among 10 JIA experts through 2 rounds of Delphi surveys, nominal group voting, and subsequent consensus meetings to create a novel TMJ MRI scoring system. RESULTS Average-measure absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients (avICCs) for the total scores of all 3 scoring systems were highly reliable at 0.96 each. Osteochondral items showed higher reliability than inflammatory items. An additive system was deemed preferable for assessing minor joint changes over time. Eight items were considered sufficiently reliable and/or important for integration into the consensus scoring system: bone marrow edema and enhancement (avICC 0.57-0.61, smallest detectable difference [SDD] ± 45-63% prior to redefining), condylar flattening (avICC 0.95-0.96, SDD ± 23-28%), effusions (avICC 0.85-0.88, SDD ± 25-26%), erosions (avICC 0.94, SDD ± 20%), synovial enhancement and thickening (previously combined, avICC 0.90-0.91, SDD ± 33%), and disk abnormalities (avICC 0.90, SDD ± 19%). CONCLUSION A novel TMJ MRI scoring system was developed by consensus. Further iterative refinements and reliability testing are warranted in upcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marinka Twilt
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Koos
- University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elka Miller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Lynn Spiegel
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Marion A van Rossum
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea S Doria
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Conventional radiography in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Joint recommendations from the French societies for rheumatology, radiology and paediatric rheumatology. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:3963-3976. [PMID: 29582130 PMCID: PMC6096609 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can cause structural damage. However, data on conventional radiography (CR) in JIA are scant. OBJECTIVE To provide pragmatic guidelines on CR in each non-systemic JIA subtype. METHODS A multidisciplinary task force of 16 French experts (rheumatologists, paediatricians, radiologists and one patient representative) formulated research questions on CR assessments in each non-systemic JIA subtype. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies providing detailed information on structural joint damage. Recommendations, based on the evidence found, were evaluated using two Delphi rounds and a review by an independent committee. RESULTS 74 original articles were included. The task force developed four principles and 31 recommendations with grades ranging from B to D. The experts felt strongly that patients should be selected for CR based on the risk of structural damage, with routine CR of the hands and feet in rheumatoid factor-positive polyarticular JIA but not in oligoarticular non-extensive JIA. CONCLUSION These first pragmatic recommendations on CR in JIA rely chiefly on expert opinion, given the dearth of scientific evidence. CR deserves to be viewed as a valuable tool in many situations in patients with JIA. KEY POINTS • CR is a valuable imaging technique in selected indications. • CR is routinely recommended for peripheral joints, when damage risk is high. • CR is recommended according to the damage risk, depending on JIA subtype. • CR is not the first-line technique for imaging of the axial skeleton.
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15
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Angenete OW, Augdal TA, Jellestad S, Rygg M, Rosendahl K. Normal magnetic resonance appearances of the temporomandibular joints in children and young adults aged 2-18 years. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:341-349. [PMID: 29234850 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-4048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of normal appearances of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is paramount when assessing the joint for disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Reliable features defining normal TMJs in children are limited. OBJECTIVE To establish reliable normal standards for the TMJ at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included children and young adults aged 2-18 years undergoing a head MRI for reasons not believed to affect the TMJs. We assessed TMJ anatomy and contrast enhancement using a high-resolution 3-D T1-weighted sequence. We noted joint fluid and bone marrow oedema based on a T2-weighted sequence. Three experienced radiologists read all examinations twice in consensus and defined intraobserver consensus agreement. RESULTS We evaluated the TMJs in 101 children and young adults (45 female), mean age 10.7 years (range 2-18 years). The intraobserver consensus agreement for the assessment of anterior condylar inclination in the sagittal/oblique plane was moderate to good (Cohen κ=0.7 for the right side). Cohen κ for intraobserver consensus agreement for condylar shape in the coronal plane on a 0-2 scale was 0.4 for the right and 0.6 for the left. Intraobserver agreement for measurement of joint space height and assessment of bone marrow oedema was poor. There was a statistically significant increase in anterior inclination by age in the sagittal plane on a 0-2 scale (P<0.0001). Eighty percent of the condyles showed a rounded shape in the coronal plane while 20% showed mild flattening. Thirty-five of 36 right TMJs showed contrast enhancement (mild enhancement in 32 joints, moderate in 3 joints). CONCLUSION Subjective assessment of the anterior condylar inclination in the sagittal/oblique plane and condylar flattening in the coronal plane can be considered precise features for describing TMJ anatomy in healthy children. There is an increasing anterior inclination by age. Mild contrast enhancement of the TMJs should be considered a normal finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar W Angenete
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,St Olav Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Postboks 3250, Sluppen, 7006, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Circulation and Medical imaging,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Thomas A Augdal
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stig Jellestad
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marite Rygg
- Department of Circulation and Medical imaging,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kellenberger CJ, Junhasavasdikul T, Tolend M, Doria AS. Temporomandibular joint atlas for detection and grading of juvenile idiopathic arthritis involvement by magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2018; 48:411-426. [PMID: 29134239 PMCID: PMC5823950 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-4000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the diagnostic standard for identifying involvement of the temporomandibular joint by juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Early or active arthritis is shown as bone marrow oedema, joint effusion, synovial thickening and increased joint enhancement. Subsequent joint damage includes characteristic deformity of the mandibular condyle, bone erosion, disk abnormalities and short mandibular ramus due to impaired growth. In this pictorial essay, we illustrate normal MRI findings and growth-related changes of the temporomandibular joint in children. The rationale and practical application of semiquantitative MRI assessment of joint inflammation and damage are discussed and presented. This atlas can serve as a reference for grading temporomandibular joint arthritis according to the scoring systems proposed by working groups of OMERACT (Outcome Measures in Rheumatology and Clinical Trials) and the EuroTMjoint research network. Systematic assessment of the level of inflammation, degree of osteochondral deformation, and growth of the mandibular ramus by MRI may aid in monitoring the course of temporomandibular joint arthritis and evaluating treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Kellenberger
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Thitiporn Junhasavasdikul
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mirkamal Tolend
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea S Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Stoll ML, Guleria S, Mannion ML, Young DW, Royal SA, Cron RQ, Vaid YN. Defining the normal appearance of the temporomandibular joints by magnetic resonance imaging with contrast: a comparative study of children with and without juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2018; 16:8. [PMID: 29368603 PMCID: PMC5784616 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 80% of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) develop arthritis involving their temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Recent studies have questioned the sensitivity of an abnormal MRI in the diagnosis of active arthritis. METHODS 122 children without arthritis undergoing contrast MRI of the head were prospectively consented to undergo a simultaneous contrast MRI of their TMJs. As a comparison point, the initial MRI of the TMJ of 35 newly diagnosed children with JIA were retrospectively scored. The presence and size of effusion and contrast enhancement were measured in the left TMJ in all subjects. RESULTS 62/122 (51%) controls compared to only 10/35 JIA (29%) patients had an effusion (p = 0.022). Contrast enhancement was present in ≥97% of both groups, although the size of the enhancement was, on average, 0.2 mm larger in controls (1.1 ± 0.24 vs 0.88 ± 0.27 mm, p < 0.001). Among JIA patients, the size of the enhancement correlated inversely with disease duration (r = - 0.475, p = 0.005). Chronic changes were present in none of the controls versus 2/35 (5.5%) of the JIA patients (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION Findings consistent with minimally active TMJ arthritis appear to be equally likely in children with JIA as compared to non-inflamed controls, while this and other studies confirm that chronic changes are specific to JIA. Thus, small amounts of effusion or contrast enhancement, in the absence of chronic changes, should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Stoll
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N G10 / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Saurabh Guleria
- Department of Radiology at Children’s of Alabama, CH 2 FL / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA ,Present affiliation: Austin Radiological Associates, Austin, TX USA
| | - Melissa L. Mannion
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N G10 / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Daniel W. Young
- Department of Radiology at Children’s of Alabama, CH 2 FL / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Stuart A. Royal
- Department of Radiology at Children’s of Alabama, CH 2 FL / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Randy Q. Cron
- 0000000106344187grid.265892.2Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N G10 / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Yoginder N. Vaid
- Department of Radiology at Children’s of Alabama, CH 2 FL / 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
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Kovalko I, Stoustrup P, Twilt M. Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Challenges in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcomes. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-018-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of temporomandibular joint MRI protocols for juvenile idiopathic arthritis at 1.5 and 3.0T. Eur J Radiol 2017; 98:90-99. [PMID: 29279176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporomandibular joints (TMJs) frequently develop silent inflammatory and osteochondral changes in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Data-driven recommendations for TMJ imaging protocol are needed to reduce measurement error and scanning time. This study compares the impact of different protocols, imaging coils, and magnet strength on the reliability of image assessment and the subjective quality of images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of bilateral TMJ MR studies were retrospectively collected from two institutions, including 24 1.5T and 19 3.0T studies using dedicated TMJ surface coils, and 23 1.5T studies with head coil. Post-contrast sequences were re-compiled from the full protocol to create minimum protocol studies for the three groups. Two radiologists and two non-radiologists first scored the three minimum protocol images according to pre-specified definitions, then scored the full protocol images. Minimum-to-full protocol agreement, inter-reader agreement, and subjective item visibility scores were assessed. RESULTS With dedicated TMJ dual surface coils, minimum-vs-full protocol agreement was moderate to good (0.5-0.8 intraclass correlation coefficients or kappa) for most items, and was not influenced by the magnet strength. Inter-reader reliability was more significantly influenced by the imaging coil and reader's training background than by protocol length or magnet strength differences. Sagittal and coronal planes weighted on PD, T2 Fat Suppressed and T1 Fat Suppressed -postcontrast adequately visualized all the different features, whereas the axial plane was more limited to visualizing synovium. CONCLUSION Inter-reader reliability and qualitative measure of image quality improved more consistently with the coil offering the higher resolution, rather than increased magnet strength.
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Hechler BL, Phero JA, Van Mater H, Matthews NS. Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 47:83-89. [PMID: 28802761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of published articles on ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was performed to answer the question "What is the sensitivity and specificity of US as compared to MRI in diagnosing acute and chronic joint changes in patients with JIA?" The most recent evidence was sought in published articles via a search of the PubMed, Ovid, and Embase databases. Article appraisal was performed by two reviewers. Nineteen articles reporting prospective or ambispective studies comparing US to MRI in TMJ imaging were found. Six of these articles were specific to JIA patients. The heterogeneity of these articles made comparison difficult. Of the acute and chronic changes assessed (disk displacement, joint effusion, bony deformity), only joint effusion was appropriately assessed by multiple authors, with US having a sensitivity of 0-72% and specificity of 70-83% as compared to MRI. There was a paucity of studies specific to JIA, with many studying adult, non-rheumatic patients. This systematic review found that dynamic imaging with high-resolution US improves sensitivity and specificity compared to static, low-resolution US. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that US imaging following a baseline MRI can increase US sensitivity and specificity and may have a future role in disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Hechler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J A Phero
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - H Van Mater
- Department of Rheumatology, Duke University Hospitals, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - N S Matthews
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Frid P, Nordal E, Bovis F, Giancane G, Larheim TA, Rygg M, Pires Marafon D, De Angelis D, Palmisani E, Murray KJ, Oliveira S, Simonini G, Corona F, Davidson J, Foster H, Steenks MH, Flato B, Zulian F, Baildam E, Saurenmann RK, Lahdenne P, Ravelli A, Martini A, Pistorio A, Ruperto N. Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Association With Quality of Life, Disability, and High Disease Activity in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69:677-686. [PMID: 27564918 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the demographic, disease activity, disability, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) differences between children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and their healthy peers, and between children with JIA with and without clinical temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement and its determinants. METHODS This study is based on a cross-sectional cohort of 3,343 children with JIA and 3,409 healthy peers, enrolled in the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation HRQOL study or in the methotrexate trial. Potential determinants of TMJ involvement included demographic, disease activity, disability, and HRQOL measures selected through univariate and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Clinical TMJ involvement was observed in 387 of 3,343 children with JIA (11.6%). Children with TMJ involvement, compared to those without, more often had polyarticular disease course (95% versus 70%), higher Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (odds ratio [OR] 4.6), more disability, and lower HRQOL. Children with TMJ involvement experienced clearly more disability and lower HRQOL compared to their healthy peers. The multivariable analysis showed that cervical spine involvement (OR 4.6), disease duration >4.4 years (OR 2.8), and having more disability (Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index >0.625) (OR 1.6) were the most important determinants for TMJ involvement. CONCLUSION Clinical TMJ involvement in JIA is associated with higher disease activity, higher disability, and impaired HRQOL. Our findings indicate the need for dedicated clinical and imaging evaluation of TMJ arthritis, especially in children with cervical spine involvement, polyarticular course, and longer disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Frid
- University Hospital of North Norway, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and Public Dental Competence Center of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ellen Nordal
- University Hospital of North Norway, and UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Tore A Larheim
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marite Rygg
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology and St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Donato De Angelis
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Palmisani
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kevin J Murray
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia
| | - Sheila Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, and Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagao Gesteira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrizia Corona
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Helen Foster
- Newcastle University, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Berit Flato
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eileen Baildam
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Pekka Lahdenne
- Children's Hospital and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- Università di Genova, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Martini
- Università di Genova, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Nicolino Ruperto
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini and PRINTO Coordinating Center, Genoa, Italy
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Resnick CM, Vakilian PM, Breen M, Zurakowski D, Caruso P, Henderson L, Nigrovic PA, Kaban LB, Peacock ZS. Quantifying Temporomandibular Joint Synovitis in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 68:1795-1802. [PMID: 27110936 PMCID: PMC5573997 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) frequently affects the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and is often undetected by history, examination, and plain imaging. Qualitative assessment of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRIs) is currently the standard for diagnosis of TMJ synovitis associated with JIA. The purpose of this study is to apply a quantitative analysis of synovial enhancement to MRIs of patients with and without JIA to establish a disease threshold and sensitivity and specificity for the technique. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study of children (age ≤16 years) who had MRIs with gadolinium including the TMJs. Subjects were divided into a JIA group and a control group. From a coronal T1-weighted image, a ratio (enhancement ratio [ER]) of the average pixel intensity within three 0.2-mm2 regions of interest (ROIs) in the TMJ synovium to that of a 50-mm2 ROI of the longus capitis muscle was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity. The inter- and intraexaminer reliability was evaluated with Bland-Altman plots and 2-way mixed, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS There were 187 and 142 TMJs included in the JIA and control groups, respectively. An ER threshold of 1.55 had a sensitivity and specificity for detecting synovitis of 91% and 96%, respectively. The inter- and intraexaminer reliability was excellent. CONCLUSION Calculating a ratio of pixel intensity between the TMJ synovium and the longus capitis muscle is a reliable way to quantify synovial enhancement. An ER of 1.55 differentiates normal TMJs from those affected by inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Resnick
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Micheál Breen
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Zurakowski
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Caruso
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Henderson
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leonard B Kaban
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary S Peacock
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Keller H, Müller LM, Markic G, Schraner T, Kellenberger CJ, Saurenmann RK. Is early TMJ involvement in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis clinically detectable? Clinical examination of the TMJ in comparison with contrast enhanced MRI in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2015; 13:56. [PMID: 26646650 PMCID: PMC4673741 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-015-0056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To test clinical findings associated with early temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis in comparison to the current gold standard contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS Seventy-six consecutive JIA patients were included in this study. Rheumatological and orthodontic examinations were performed blinded to MRI findings. Joint effusion and/or increased contrast enhancement of synovium or bone as well as TMJ deformity were assessed on MRI and compared to clinical findings. The maximal mouth opening capacity (MOC) of the JIA patients was compared to normative values obtained from a cohort of 20719 school children from Zürich, Switzerland. RESULTS On MRI a total of 54/76 (71%) patients and 92/152 (61%) joints had signs of TMJ involvement. MRI showed enhancement in 85/152 (56%) and deformity in 39/152 (26%) joints. MOC, asymmetry and restriction in condylar translation showed significant correlation to TMJ enhancement and deformity, whereas antegonial notching was correlated with TMJ deformity only. When joints with deformity were excluded, enhancement alone did not show a significant correlation with any clinical factor. CONCLUSIONS Clinical findings in affected TMJs are correlated with structural damage only. Therefore clinical assessment of TMJs does not allow to diagnose early arthritis accurately and will still depend on contrast enhanced MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Keller
- Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Markus Müller
- Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Goran Markic
- Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Schraner
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Johannes Kellenberger
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Rotraud Katharina Saurenmann
- Children's Research Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Division or Rheumatology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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SAURENMANN ROTRAUDK, KELLENBERGER CHRISTIANJ. Assessing Arthritis in the Temporomandibular Joint. J Rheumatol 2015; 42:2000-2. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.151088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Zwir LMLF, Terreri MTRA, Sousa SA, Fernandes ARC, Guimarães AS, Hilário MOE. Are temporomandibular joint signs and symptoms associated with magnetic resonance imaging findings in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients? A longitudinal study. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:2057-63. [PMID: 25846832 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this longitudinal study were to perform a comprehensive clinical evaluation of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to investigate the association between the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the TMJs of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Seventy-five patients with JIA participated in this study. All patients underwent a rheumatological examination performed by a paediatric rheumatologist, a TMJ examination performed by a single dentist and an MRI with contrast of the TMJs. These examinations were scheduled on the same date. The patients were examined again 1 year later. Twenty-eight (37.3 %) patients reported symptoms at the first evaluation and 11 (14.7 %) patients at the second evaluation. In relation to signs, 35 (46.7 %) of the patients presented at least one sign at the first evaluation and 29 (38.7 %) at the second. Intense contrast enhancement of TMJ was significantly associated with disease activity (p < 0.001) at the first evaluation and a trend to significance was observed at the second (p = 0.056), with poly/systemic subtypes (p = 0.028 and p = 0.049, respectively), with restricted mouth opening capacity (p = 0.013 and p = 0.001, respectively), with the presence of erosions at both evaluations (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and with altered condylar shape at the second evaluation (p = 0.0005). TMJ involvement is highly prevalent in JIA patients, with asymptomatic children presenting severe structural alterations of the TMJ. The TMJ should always be evaluated in JIA patients, even in the absence of signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liete M L Figueiredo Zwir
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Teresa R A Terreri
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraia Ale Sousa
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Artur Rocha Corrêa Fernandes
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Sérgio Guimarães
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Odete E Hilário
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Radiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Guilherme Moura, 95, 05449-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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