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Wen X, Ng TK, Liu Q, Wu Z, Zhang G, Zhang M. Azelaic acid and guanosine in tears improve discrimination of proliferative from non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetes patients: A tear metabolomics study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16109. [PMID: 37305454 PMCID: PMC10256905 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the microvascular ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which can lead to irreversible blindness and visual impairment if not properly treated. Tears can be collected non-invasively, and the compositions of tears could be the potential biomarkers for ocular diseases. Here we aimed to delineate the metabolomics signature in tears collected from Chinese type-2 DM patients with DR. Methods The metabolomics profiles of tear samples from 41 Chinese type-2 DM patients with DR and 21 non-diabetic subjects were determined by the untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The associated pathways of the differentially abundant metabolites were delineated, and the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to identify the metabolites differentiating non-proliferative DR (NPDR) from proliferative DR (PDR). Results Total 14 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between total DR and non-diabetic subjects, and 17 differentially abundant metabolites were found between the NPDR and PDR subjects. Moreover, total 18 differentially abundant metabolites were identified between the NPDR and PDR subjects with stratification in DR duration and blood glucose level. d-Glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism was significantly highlighted in the PDR group as compared to the non-diabetic group. For the predictive performance, azelaic acid combined with guanosine achieved the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.855 in the comparison between NPDR and PDR groups. Conclusion This study revealed the metabolomics changes in tear samples of DR patients. The metabolites in tears could be the potential biomarkers in the DR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenggen Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Prevalence, Causes, and Risk Factors of Presenting Visual Impairment and Presenting Blindness in Adults Presenting to an Examination Center in Suzhou, China. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:2885738. [PMID: 36583116 PMCID: PMC9794431 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2885738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of presenting visual impairment (PVI) and presenting blindness among adults in Suzhou, China. Methods A total of 43927 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Each subject underwent ophthalmic examinations, including presenting visual acuity (PVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit-lamp examination, and fundus examination under the small pupils of each eye. Results Using the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, the prevalence of bilateral PVI, bilateral presenting blindness, monocular PVI, and monocular presenting blindness was 1.59% (95% CI, 1.51-1.67), 0.002% (95% CI, 0.0019-0.0021), 3.87% (95% CI, 3.68-4.06), and 0.19% (95% CI, 0.18-0.20), respectively. Using the United States (US) definition, the prevalence of bilateral PVI, bilateral presenting blindness, monocular PVI, and monocular presenting blindness was 5.83% (95% CI, 5.54-6.12), 0.04% (95% CI, 0.038-0.042), 7.43% (95% CI, 7.06-7.80), and 0.45% (95% CI, 0.43-0.47), respectively. The prevalence of PVI was higher in females (WHO criteria, 2.06%, 95% CI, 1.96-2.16; US criteria, 7.27%, 95% CI, 6.91-7.63) than in males (WHO criteria, 1.2%, 95 CI%, 1.14-1.26; US criteria, 4.65%, 95% CI, 4.42-4.89). The leading cause of PVI is an uncorrected refractive error, followed by cataracts and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Multivariate analysis proved that the prevalence of visual impairment (PVA, better eye, WHO criteria) increased significantly with older age, higher mean arterial pressure (MAP), higher globulin level, and higher fasting blood glucose (FBG). In addition, it also increased significantly with lower hemoglobin, a lower body mass index (BMI), and a lower arterial stiffness index. In this study, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, triglycerides, and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) showed no association with visual impairment. Conclusion The leading causes of PVI in Suzhou were uncorrected refractive error and cataracts. The prevalence of PVI increased with females, older age, higher MAP, higher FBG, higher globulin, lower hemoglobin, lower BMI, and lower arterial stiffness index.
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Albuminuria as a biomarker of severity in diabetic retinopathy and in the response to intravitreal treatment in diabetic macular edema. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:2049-2056. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Guo Y, Liu S, Xu H. Uric Acid and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:906760. [PMID: 35712295 PMCID: PMC9197488 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.906760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between uric acid (UA) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains ambiguous, and the results of current studies on the UA levels in patients with DR are conflicting. A meta-analysis was performed to provide a better understanding of the relationship between UA levels and DR. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched until December 11, 2021 to identify eligible studies, that compared the UA levels of the case group (patients with DR) and control group (controls with diabetes and healthy participants). The weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the difference in UA levels between the case and control groups. Results Twenty-one studies involving 4,340 patients with DR and 8,595 controls (8,029 controls with diabetes and 566 healthy participants) were included in this meta-analysis. We found that patients with DR had significantly higher UA levels than those in the controls with diabetes (WMD = 36.28; 95% CI: 15.68, 56.89; P < 0.001) and healthy participants (WMD = 70.80; 95% CI: 19.85, 121.75; P = 0.006). There was an obvious heterogeneity among the 21 studies (I2 = 97%, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses of different phases of DR showed that UA levels were significantly increased in participants with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (WMD = 46.57; 95% CI: 28.51, 64.63; P < 0.001) than in controls with diabetes; however, the difference is not statistically significant when comparing UA levels in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and controls with diabetes (WMD = 22.50; 95% CI: −6.07, 51.08; P = 0.120). In addition, UA levels were higher in participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2 and over 15 years of diabetes. Univariate meta-regression analysis revealed that BMI (P = 0.007, Adj R2 = 40.12%) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P = 0.040, Adj R2 = 29.72%) contributed to between-study heterogeneity. Conclusions In conclusion, our study provides evidence that UA levels are higher in patients with DR than those in the controls, but this difference is not statistically significant in the early phases. UA might be a potential biomarker for identifying disease severity in patients with DR, rather than predicting the onset of DR among patients with diabetes. However, more prospective and high-quality clinical evidence is required to confirm these present findings. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=297708.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Guo
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyue Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Fayazi HS, Yaseri M, Mortazavi SS, Sharifhassan Z, Assadinia AS. The relation between serum uric acid levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes in Guilan, north of Iran. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:39. [PMID: 35151299 PMCID: PMC8840027 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the association between Serum Uric Acid (SUA) levels and diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We performed this case-control study during 2019-2020 on individuals with diabetes referring to the Razi clinic of Rasht, in the north of Iran. Polyneuropathy in patients was assessed based on the Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), Diabetic neuropathy symptom score (DNS) scoring system, and electromyography (EMG)/nerve conduction velocity (NCV). The inclusion criterion for the control group was normal EMG/NCV. Then, the patients were assessed for SUA level and also laboratory results. RESULTS In total, 230 patients with type 2 diabetes were examined. The mean SUA level in the DPN group was significantly higher compared to the control group (6.72 ± 1.75 vs. 4.57 ± 1.49 mg/dL). With increasing the SUA, the odds of developing neuropathy increased by 2.2 times (OR = 2.2). The risk factors for diabetic polyneuropathy included gender (male) (OR = 0.347), SBP (OR = 1.1), retinopathy (OR = 3.29), and microalbuminuria (OR = 4.44). The chance of developing polyneuropathy in patients with retinopathy was 3.3 times higher than in the control group, it was 4.4 times in microalbuminuria patients. CONCLUSION Elevated SUA level increased the chance of developing peripheral polyneuropathy in a person with type 2 diabetes. SUA levels higher than 5.25 mg / dL expose a person with type 2 diabetes to developing peripheral polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniye Sadat Fayazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Maryam Yaseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Seyyede Sahere Mortazavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Zahra Sharifhassan
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali-Sina Assadinia
- Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Zhang J, Deng Y, Wan Y, He S, Cai W, Xu J. Association Between Serum Albumin Level and Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2173-2182. [PMID: 35911499 PMCID: PMC9329574 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s373160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the associations between serum albumin (sALB) level and diabetic microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This retrospective study included 951 hospitalized patients with T2DM who had completed screening for DR and DKD during hospitalization. Patients were divided into three groups according to sALB tertiles. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of sALB with microvascular complications. RESULTS The prevalence of DR, DKD and macroalbuminuria increased with decreasing sALB levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lower levels of sALB (Q1) were associated with higher risk of DR (odds ratio [OR]: 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-2.26), DKD (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 2.04-4.41) and macroalbuminuria (OR: 9.76, 95% CI: 4.62-20.63) compared with higher levels of sALB (Q3) after adjustment for other risk factors. After stratification by sex and age, the effect of lower levels of sALB (Q1) on DR incidence was more obvious in patients with male (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.00-2.56), and aged<65 years (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.14-2.65) (P < 0.05 for all); the effect of lower levels of sALB (Q1) on the incidence of DKD was significant in both males (OR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.26-6.32) and females (OR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.26-4.35) (P < 0.05 for all), while only the age <65 years (OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 2.16-5.53) was significant in the age subgroup (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Decreased sALB levels may be an independent risk indicator of DR and DKD in patients with T2DM, and significantly associated with DKD progression. For DR screening, special attention should be paid to men aged <65 years, while screening for DKD should pay attention to people <65 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jixiong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangxi Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jixiong Xu, Email
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Shabana HS, Allam MA, Nassar YA, Awad A, Naguib MM, Elgendy AA, Elmahdi E. Relation between Uric Acid Levels and Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Diabetic Patients. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:532-538. [PMID: 34666648 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211018120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is frequently seen in diabetic patients. Elevated levels of uric acid (UA) were also reported in diabetic patients. No study assessed the relation between SCH and UA levels in diabetic patients. We aimed to evaluate this relation and the association of both conditions with other clinical and laboratory parameters in diabetic patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 100 T2DM patients in addition to 50 age and sex matched healthy controls. Diabetic patients comprised 50 patients with SCH and 50 euthyroid patients. All participants were subjected to careful history taking, thorough clinical examination and standard laboratory work up. The performed investigations included fasting and postprandial blood sugar, fasting insulin levels, HbA1c levels, thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4 and TSH), renal profile and serum UA. RESULTS Comparison between the studied groups regarding serum UA levels revealed significantly higher levels in the diabetic group (5.4 ± 1.9 versus 4.2 ± 1.0 mg/dl, p<0.001). SCH + DM patients had significantly higher UA levels in comparison to DM group (6.1 ± 1.8 versus 4.8 ± 1.7 mg/dl, p<0.001) and control group (6.1 ± 1.8 versus 4.2 ± 1.0 mg/dl, p<0.001). SCH + DM patients had significantly higher HbA1c levels (8.9 ± 1.1 versus 7.6 ± 1.3 %, p<0.001), HOMA-IR (3.9 ± 0.8 versus 2.8 ± 1.0, p<0.001) and UA levels (6.1 ± 1.8 versus 4.8 ± 1.7, p<0.001). Correlation analysis identified a significant direct correlation between serum UA and HOMA-IR in DM + SCH patients (r=0.4,p=0.004). In univariate analysis, presence of SCH [OR (95% CI): 2.57 (1.07-6.15), p=0.034] and nephropathy [OR (95% CI): 4.57 (1.77-11.8), p=0.002] were significant predictors of higher (upper tertile) UA in the studied patients. However, in multivariate analysis, only nephropathy [OR (95% CI): 4.25 (1.62-11.17), p=0.003] continued to be significant while SCH showed a marginal trend [OR (95% CI): 0.43 (0.17-1.08), p=0.073]. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests an association between SCH and increased UA levels in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosameldeen S Shabana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt
| | | | | | - Amgad Awad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Magdy M Naguib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Abdelaleem A Elgendy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Egypt
| | - Essam Elmahdi
- Department of Internal medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura. Egypt
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Liu F, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang M, Ban B. Association Between Uric Acid and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4017-4023. [PMID: 34349551 PMCID: PMC8326926 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s323579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This research examined the relationship between uric acid (UA) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods This study was a cross-sectional study that included 1230 Chinese patients with T2DM. We collected general information and laboratory indicators and calculated the standard deviation score of IGF-1 (IGF-1 SDS). Results The univariate analysis results demonstrated a significant positive relationship between UA levels and IGF-1 SDS (P<0.001). A nonlinear relationship was discovered between UA and IGF-1 SDS after adjusting for confounding factors. Multivariate piecewise linear regression showed that the levels of IGF-1 SDS increased when UA was <4.17 mg/dl (β 0.12,95% CI -0.04, 0.28; P=0.121) and decreased when UA was >4.17 mg/dl (β -0.38,95% CI -0.64, -0.12; P=0.004). Conclusion This study showed a nonlinear relationship between UA and IGF-1 in Chinese adults with T2DM. When the UA levels reached the inflection point, IGF-1 levels negatively correlated with the increase in UA. Further studies are needed to explore this relationship and mechanisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, Shandong, 272029, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272029, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, Shandong, 272029, People's Republic of China
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Yu Y, Ren KM, Chen XL. Expression and role of P-element-induced wimpy testis-interacting RNA in diabetic-retinopathy in mice. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1116-1130. [PMID: 34326959 PMCID: PMC8311480 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the working age population. Because the extremely complex pathogenesis of DR has not been fully clarified, the occurrence and development of DR is closely related to tissue ischemia and hypoxia and neovascularization The formation of retinal neovascularization (RNV) has great harm to the visual acuity of patients.
AIM To investigate the expression of P-element-induced wimpy testis-interacting RNA (piRNA) in proliferative DR mice and select piRNA related to RNV.
METHODS One hundred healthy C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal group as control group (CG) and proliferative DR (PDR) group as experimental group (EG), with 50 mice in each group. Samples were collected from both groups at the same time, and the lesions of mice were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining and retinal blood vessel staining. The retinal tissues were collected for second-generation high-throughput sequencing, and the differentially expressed piRNA between the CG and EG was detected, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted for verification. The differentially obtained piRNA target genes and expression profiles were enrichment analysis based on gene annotation (Gene Ontology) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
RESULTS In the CG there was no perfusion area, neovascularization and endothelial nucleus broke through the inner boundary membrane of retinap. In the EG, there were a lot of nonperfused areas, new blood vessels and endothelial nuclei breaking through the inner boundary membrane of the retina. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of vascular endothelial nuclei breaking through the inner retinal membrane between the two groups. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that compared with the CG, a total of 79 piRNAs were differentially expressed in EG, among which 43 piRNAs were up-regulated and 36 piRNAs were down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed piRNAs were mainly concentrated in the signaling pathways of angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Ten piRNAs were selected for PCR, and the results showed that the expression of piR-MMU-40373735, piR-MMU-61121420, piR-MMU-55687822, piR-MMU-1373887 were high, and the expression of piR-MMU-7401535, piR-MMU-4773779, piR-MMU-1304999, and piR-MMU-5160126 were low, which were consistent with the sequencing results.
CONCLUSION In the EG, the abnormal expression of piRNA is involved in the pathway of angiogenesis and cell proliferation, suggesting that piRNAs have some regulatory function in proliferative diabetic-retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kai-Ming Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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