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Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The October 1999 Formulary monographs are on zanamivir, pioglitazone, levobupivacaine, temozolomide, and insulin glargine. The DUE is on zanamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terri Levien
- Drug Information Pharmacist: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University at Spokane, 601 West First Avenue, Spokane, WA 99201-3899
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Kristensen M, Juul SR, Sørensen KV, Lorenzen JK, Astrup A. Supplementation with dairy calcium and/or flaxseed fibers in conjunction with orlistat augments fecal fat excretion without altering ratings of gastrointestinal comfort. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:13. [PMID: 28191026 PMCID: PMC5297204 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor which reduced absorption of dietary fat by ~30% thereby inducing a weight loss; however, side effects occur as a consequence of increased colonic fat content. To test the hypothesis that most gastrointestinal side events induced by treatment with orlistat could be prevented/ameliorated by concomitant use of natural dietary components, flaxseed fiber (FF) and/or dairy calcium (Ca), binding liquid fats to more solid complexes. Methods A randomized controlled dietary intervention study. Thirty-eight obese adults completed a 1-week run-in period, where all participants were treated with orlistat (60 mg t.i.d) and were hereafter randomized to 12 weeks dietary supplementation with/without 5 g FF (FF+/FF-) and/or 1200 mg dairy calcium (Ca+/Ca-) in conjunction with orlistat. All feces were collected for 3 days, and diet was recorded for 5 days, during run-in and week 4. The primary end-point, gastrointestinal symptoms, was assessed biweekly. At baseline and after 12 weeks, cardiometabolic risk markers and anthropometrics were evaluated as secondary end-points. Results Both FF and Ca increased fecal fat excretion (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Although fecal fat excretion increased by ~100% in the FF+/Ca + group, and only by ~12% in the FF-/Ca + group, no interaction between FF and Ca was present, suggesting an additive effect. The fecal fat excretion was ~10 g/d higher with FF and Ca (~25 g/d) compared to fecal fat excretion with orlistat alone (~15 g/d). Mean ratings of severity of diarrhea tended to increase with Ca (P = 0.03) but not with FF. No other gastrointestinal symptoms, or a composite score of symptoms, were affected by the dietary supplements. Body weight was reduced in all groups but did not differ between groups, whereas waist circumference was most reduced in the FF+/Ca + group. No effects of dietary supplements on cardiometabolic risk factors were observed, except a slight increase in diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.03) with FF, but not Ca. Conclusions Our results do not support an improvement in orlistat-induced gastrointestinal side effects by concomitant use of FF and Ca. However, fecal fat excretion was increased with both FF and Ca in the absence of a worsening of symptoms, warranting further studies powered to detect potential additive weight loss effects. Trial registration Ethical Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark reg. no. H-1-2010-110, 02-11-2010 database no. NCT01320228, 21-03-2011. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0164-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kristensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958 Denmark
| | - Signe Rømer Juul
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958 Denmark
| | - Karina Vejrum Sørensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958 Denmark
| | - Janne Kunchel Lorenzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958 Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, Frederiksberg, DK-1958 Denmark
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Tiss A, Lengsfeld H, Verger R. A comparative kinetic study on human pancreatic and Thermomyces lanuginosa lipases: Inhibitory effects of tetrahydrolipstatin in the presence of lipid substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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McClendon KS, Riche DM, Uwaifo GI. Orlistat: current status in clinical therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:727-44. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330903321485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Inhibition of human pancreatic lipase by tetrahydrolipstatin: Further kinetic studies showing its reversibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Aloulou A, Rodriguez JA, Fernandez S, van Oosterhout D, Puccinelli D, Carrière F. Exploring the specific features of interfacial enzymology based on lipase studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:995-1013. [PMID: 16931141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes are active at interfaces in the living world (such as in the signaling processes at the surface of cell membranes, digestion of dietary lipids, starch and cellulose degradation, etc.), but fundamental enzymology remains largely focused on the interactions between enzymes and soluble substrates. The biochemical and kinetic characterization of lipolytic enzymes has opened up new paths of research in the field of interfacial enzymology. Lipases are water-soluble enzymes hydrolyzing insoluble triglyceride substrates, and studies on these enzymes have led to the development of specific interfacial kinetic models. Structure-function studies on lipases have thrown light on the interfacial recognition sites present in the molecular structure of these enzymes, the conformational changes occurring in the presence of lipids and amphiphiles, and the stability of the enzymes present at interfaces. The pH-dependent activity, substrate specificity and inhibition of these enzymes can all result from both "classical" interactions between a substrate or inhibitor and the active site, as well as from the adsorption of the enzymes at the surface of aggregated substrate particles such as oil drops, lipid bilayers or monomolecular lipid films. The adsorption step can provide an alternative target for improving substrate specificity and developing specific enzyme inhibitors. Several data obtained with gastric lipase, classical pancreatic lipase, pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 were chosen here to illustrate these specific features of interfacial enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aloulou
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, CNRS UPR 9025, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Tiss A, Lengsfeld H, Hadváry P, Cagna A, Verger R. Transfer of orlistat through oil-water interfaces. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 119:41-9. [PMID: 12270672 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of radiolabelled orlistat ([14C]orlistat), a potent gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, through an oil-water interface from a single oil droplet to an aqueous phase was investigated, using an oil drop tensiometer. The absolute transfer fluxes were found to be very low, even in the presence of micellar concentrations of bile salts, which increased their values from 0.2 to 2.5 and 6.5 pmol cm(-2) min(-1) in the presence of 0, 4 and 15 mM NaTDC, respectively. Adding either a lipid emulsion or pure human pancreatic lipase (HPL) or human serum albumin or beta-lactoglobulin had no effect on the flux of transfer of orlistat. The presence of colipase or a mixture of colipase and HPL was found, however, to reduce the flux of orlistat transfer, probably because it partly covered the single oil drop surface, even in the presence of bile salts. Using a finely emulsified system, we investigated the partitioning of orlistat between the aqueous and oil phases, in the absence or presence of bile salts above their CMC (4 mM NaTDC, final concentration). Under these emulsified conditions, orlistat was found to be mostly associated with the oil phase, since more than 98.8% of the total radioactivity was recovered after decantation with the oil phase. The low transfer rates of orlistat, as well as its partitioning coefficient between the oil and the aqueous phases, should help us to better understand the inhibitory effects of orlistat on lipid digestion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tiss
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025, du CNRS, Marseille, France
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Aronne LJ. Treating obesity: a new target for prevention of coronary heart disease. PROGRESS IN CARDIOVASCULAR NURSING 2002; 16:98-106, 115. [PMID: 11464439 DOI: 10.1111/j.0889-7204.2001.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recognition by the American Heart Association that obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease has prompted health providers to take a more active role in obesity management. Obesity has long been known to accompany a host of chronic diseases, e.g., type II diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. We now recognize that obesity is itself a chronic disease with a complex etiology; like diabetes and hypertension, it is treatable with a similar chronic disease treatment model. Relatively modest weight loss confers disproportionate health benefits, improving a roster of risk factors. Diet, exercise, and behavior modification still compose the gold standard of treatment. If these measures fail, medication and surgery should be considered for appropriate patients. With current techniques, many patients can achieve realistic weight goals that can be maintained over the long term. Published management guidelines can now assist in integrating the practical applications of obesity-related research findings into everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Aronne
- Cornell University Medical Center, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Tiss A, Ransac S, Lengsfeld H, Hadvàry P, Cagna A, Verger R. Surface behaviour of bile salts and tetrahydrolipstatin at air/water and oil/water interfaces. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 111:73-85. [PMID: 11438285 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The surface behaviour of two bile salts, sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), as well as that of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), a potent gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, was studied at air/water and oil/water interfaces, using interfacial tensiometry methods. The surface behaviour of NaDC and NaTDC was comparable at both oil/water and air/water interfaces. A fairly compact interfacial monolayer of bile salts is formed well below the critical micellar concentration (CMC) and can help to explain the well-known effects of bile salts on the kinetic behaviour of pancreatic lipases. Using the Wilhelmy plate technique, the surface pressure-molecular area curves recorded with THL at the air/water interface showed a collapse point at a surface pressure of 24.5 mN.m(-1), corresponding to a molecular area of 70 A(2). Surprisingly, using the oil drop method, a limiting molecular area of 160 A(2) was found to exist at the oil/water interface. On the basis of the above data, space-filling models were proposed for bile salts and THL at air/water and oil/water interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiss
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025 du CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402, Cedex 20, Marseille, France
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Kokotos G, Verger R, Chiou A. Synthesis of 2-Oxo amide triacylglycerol analogues and study of their inhibition effect on pancreatic and gastric lipases. Chemistry 2000; 6:4211-7. [PMID: 11128286 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20001117)6:22<4211::aid-chem4211>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of chiral 2-oxo amide triacylglycerol analogues, from (R)- or (S)-3-aminopropane-1,2-diol, was developed. These novel inhibitors of digestive lipases are analogues of the triacylglycerol molecule, a natural substrate of lipases, and they were designed to contain the 2-oxo amide functionality in place of the scissile ester bond at the sn-1 or sn-3 position and nonhydrolysable ether bonds instead of ester bonds at the other two remaining positions. The 2-oxo amide derivatives synthesised were tested for their ability to form stable monomolecular films at the air/water interface by recording their surface pressure/molecular area compression isotherms. The inhibition of porcine pancreatic and human gastric lipases by the 2-oxo amides was studied by means of the monolayer technique with mixed films of 1,2-dicaprin and with variable proportions of each inhibitor. The alpha50 values of these triacylglycerol analogues for PPL and HGL varied between 4.4 to 7.0% and 5.6 to 15.9%, respectively. The chirality at the sn-2 position of 2-oxo amide triacylglycerol analogues affected the alpha50 value for HGL, but not for PPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Greece.
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Cavalier JF, Buono G, Verger R. Covalent inhibition of digestive lipases by chiral phosphonates. Acc Chem Res 2000; 33:579-89. [PMID: 10995195 DOI: 10.1021/ar990150i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing specific inhibitors is of fundamental value for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interfacial adsorption step as well as the catalytic activity of lipases. In this Account, we will review and discuss results obtained mostly at our laboratory concerning the covalent inhibition of human gastric and human pancreatic lipases by chiral phosphonates. Rather than presenting an exhaustive list of compounds tested so far with lipases of animal and microbial origin, we selected recent experimental data illustrating well the specific problems encountered during the covalent inhibition of these digestive lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cavalier
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025, IFR 1 du CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bray
- Louisiana State University, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge 70808-4124, USA
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Cavalier JF, Ransac S, Verger R, Buono G. Inhibition of human gastric and pancreatic lipases by chiral alkylphosphonates. A kinetic study with 1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycerol monolayer. Chem Phys Lipids 1999; 100:3-31. [PMID: 10640192 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(99)00028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure alkylphosphonate compounds RR'P(O)PNP (R = CnH2n + 1, R' = OY with Y = Cn'H2n' + 1 with n = n' or n not equal to n'; PNP = p-nitrophenoxy) noted (RY), mimicking the transition state occurring during the carboxyester hydrolysis were synthesized and investigated as potential inhibitors of human gastric lipase (HGL) and human pancreatic lipase (HPL). The inhibitory properties of each enantiomer have been tested with the monomolecular films technique in addition to an enyzme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to estimate simultaneously the residual enzymatic activity as well as the interfacial lipase binding. With both lipases, no obvious correlation between the inhibitor molar fraction (alpha 50) leading to half inhibition, and the chain length, R or Y was observed. (R11Y16)s were the best inhibitor of HPL and (R10Y11)s were the best inhibitors of HGL. We observed a highly enantioselective discrimination, both with the pure enantiomeric alkylphosphonate inhibitors as well as a scalemic mixture. We also showed, for the first time, that this enantioselective recognition can occur either during the catalytic step or during the initial interfacial adsorption step of the lipases. These experimental results were analyzed with two kinetic models of covalent as well as pseudo-competitive inhibition of lipolytic enzymes by two enantiomeric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cavalier
- ENSSPICAM, UMR 6516, Synthèse, Catalyse et Chiralité, Marseille, France
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Harp JB. An assessment of the efficacy and safety of orlistat for the long-term management of obesity. J Nutr Biochem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(98)00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an inhibitor of pancreatic and other lipases. As a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it acts in the gastrointestinal lumen and is indicated for use in obesity. Serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were reduced in obese, but otherwise healthy, patients during < or = 2 years' orlistat treatment; serum triglyceride and high density and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were unchanged in trials of < or = 12 weeks. Obese patients who were maintained on a hypocaloric diet and who received orlistat 360 mg/day for 12 weeks lost a significantly greater percentage of bodyweight than placebo recipients (5 vs 3.5%). In 2-year studies, weight loss was significantly greater in orlistat than in placebo recipients by the end of year 1; weight was further reduced or maintained in the second year, when a eucaloric diet was allowed, in orlistat but not placebo recipients. A greater proportion of orlistat than placebo recipients lost > 5% or > 10% of their initial bodyweight in 1- and 2-year studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W McNeely
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Thomson AB, De Pover A, Keelan M, Jarocka-Cyrta E, Clandinin MT. Inhibition of lipid absorption as an approach to the treatment of obesity. Methods Enzymol 1997; 286:3-44. [PMID: 9309643 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)86003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in fat intake may be achieved by making educated choices to reduce total calorie intake, to consume a lower quantity of total fats, or to modify the ratio of saturated-to-polyunsaturated lipids. Leptin agonists or NPY or CCK antagonists may prove to be useful to diminish appetite and thereby reduce the total intake of food. But eating has such cultural, social, and hedonistic attributes that such a single-pronged approach is unlikely to be successful. The use of fat substitutes may prove to be popular to provide a wide range of snack food options, but these are likely to be of minimal use in weight reduction programs because of their distribution of additives in only a limited number of foods. The inhibitors of lipid digestion will be modestly successful in the short term; their long-term success will be influenced by gastrointestinal adverse effects and the need to consume fat-soluble vitamin supplements to prevent the development of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The inhibition of lipid absorption is an attractive targeted approach for the treatment of obesity, since this would reduce the uptake of visible as well as invisible fats, which would potentially offer convenient dosing, and could also be a means to inhibit secondarily the uptake of carbohydrate calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Thomson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Ransac S, Gargouri Y, Marguet F, Buono G, Beglinger C, Hildebrand P, Lengsfeld H, Hadváry P, Verger R. Covalent inactivation of lipases. Methods Enzymol 1997; 286:190-231. [PMID: 9309652 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)86012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ransac
- Laboratoire de Lipolyse Enzymatique, UPR 9025, IFR 1 du CNRS, Marseille, France
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Gargouri Y, Ransac S, Verger R. Covalent inhibition of digestive lipases: an in vitro study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1344:6-37. [PMID: 9022752 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(97)81102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Tunisia
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Zhi J, Melia AT, Eggers H, Joly R, Patel IH. Review of limited systemic absorption of orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, in healthy human volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35:1103-8. [PMID: 8626884 DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1995.tb04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Systemic absorption is not required for its efficacy, but knowledge of the extent of its systemic absorption is important for its safe use in obese patients, the intended target population. Pharmacokinetic screening was carried out by monitoring plasma concentrations of unchanged orlistat in 25 phase 1 studies (including two mass balance studies) in normal and obese healthy volunteers. The results of these studies indicate an extremely low degree of systemic absorption for orlistat when administered with a hypocaloric, well-balanced diet with 20% to 30% of calories derived from fat (50-80 gm). To further characterize the pharmacokinetics and excretion pathways of orlistat, two mass balance studies using 14C-labeled orlistat were conducted. After oral dosing of radiolabeled orlistat with a fatty meal (28-30 gm fat), almost the entire dose was recovered from fecal samples; little was found in plasma and urine. It is concluded that systemic absorption of orlistat is negligible; at a clinically efficacious dose level, orlistat is unlikely to produce systemic lipase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhi
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110-1199, USA
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