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Beebe KD, Eisner JR, Guo J, Shibata Y, Davison JM, Uronis J, Farhangfar C, Farhangfar F, Mooney J, Milburn MV, White RL, Amin A, Milla ME, Foureau DM. The Immunogenomic Landscape of Peripheral High-Dose IL-2 Pharmacodynamics in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Benchmark for Next-Generation IL-2-Based Immunotherapies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:29-39. [PMID: 38767437 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
High-dose (HD) IL-2 was the first immuno-oncology agent approved for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma, but its use was limited because of substantial toxicities. Multiple next-generation IL-2 agents are being developed to improve tolerability. However, a knowledge gap still exists for the genomic markers that define the target pharmacology for HD IL-2 itself. In this retrospective observational study, we collected PBMC samples from 23 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who were treated with HD IL-2 between 2009 and 2015. We previously reported the results of flow cytometry analyses. In this study, we report the results of our RNA-sequencing immunogenomic survey, which was performed on bulk PBMC samples from immediately before (day 1), during (day 3), and after treatment (day 5) in cycle 1 and/or cycle 2 of the first course of HD IL-2. As part of a detailed analysis of immunogenomic response to HD IL-2 treatment, we analyzed the changes in individual genes and immune gene signatures. By day 3, most lymphoid cell types had transiently decreased, whereas myeloid transcripts increased. Although most genes and/or signatures generally returned to pretreatment expression levels by day 5, certain ones representative of B cell, NK cell, and T cell proliferation and effector functions continued to increase, along with B cell (but not T cell) oligoclonal expansion. Regulatory T cells progressively expanded during and after treatment. They showed strong negative correlation with myeloid effector cells. This detailed RNA-sequencing immunogenomic survey of IL-2 pharmacology complements results of prior flow cytometry analyses. These data provide valuable pharmacological context for assessing PBMC gene expression data from patients dosed with IL-2-related compounds that are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Guo
- GeneCentric Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Asim Amin
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC
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Abnormal Myelocytic Cell Development in Interleukin-2 (IL-2)–Deficient Mice: Evidence for the Involvement of IL-2 in Myelopoiesis. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.8.2935.2935_2935_2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking interleukin-2 (IL-2) developed a severe hematopoietic disorder characterized by the abnormal development of myeloid cells and neutropenia. Analysis of the bone marrow of IL-2–deficient (IL-2−/−) mice showed that the number of mature polymorphonuclear cells was decreased by 65% to 75%, and granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells were reduced by 50%. Bone marrow cells from IL-2−/− mice were unable to sustain myelopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice and in long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC). The addition of exogenous IL-2 to LTBMC of IL-2−/− cells partially restored hematopoietic progenitor activity. In the bone marrow of wild-type mice, immature (Mac-1lo) myeloid cells, including myeloblasts and promyelocytes, constitutively expressed the β-chain of the IL-2R, and the number of Mac-1loIL-2Rβ+ cells was increased by twofold to threefold in IL-2−/− mice. During culture in the presence of IL-2 and the absence of stromal cells, Mac-1loIL-2Rβ+ immature myeloid cells proliferated and gave rise to mature granulocytes and macrophages. Collectively, these observations indicate that defective myelopoiesis in IL-2−/− mice is at least in part a consequence of their direct dependency on IL-2, and by regulating the growth of immature myeloid cells, IL-2 plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of myelocytic cell generation.
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Pollera CF, Calabresi F, Moreschi M, Ruggeri EM, Giannarelli D, Masciulli R, Testa U, Peschle C. High dose-intense chemotherapy alone or in combination with interleukin-2 for small cell lung cancer: a pilot study. Cancer Invest 1994; 12:574-87. [PMID: 7994592 DOI: 10.3109/07357909409023042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Given the antitumor activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) against some drug-resistant cancer cells, 17 previously untreated patients with small cell lung cancer entered a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and immunological effects of combining 12-week high dose-intense chemotherapy based on a modified Evans regimen (CAV/PE) with different IL-2 schedules (6-12 MU/m2 week as a 48-72-h infusion using the same cumulative dose, 72 MU/m2). Despite significant myelotoxicity, up to 70% of the intended dose intensity was delivered, showing no differences with regard to the IL-2 schedule used. Immunotherapy-induced toxicity was usually mild and manageable. No limiting effects were observed in patients receiving immunotherapy except for a very poor compliance to the 12-week IL-2 regimen. The low-dose 72-h infusion was the optimal IL-2 schedule. As given in this study, neither of the alternating CAV/PE regimens abrogated the effects of IL-2 on T-cell and NK-cell subsets, showing typical kinetics with rebound in lymphocytes following each discontinuation of the IL-2. While immunological changes cannot predict the antitumor effect of IL-2, they are consistent with those described for IL-2 alone, suggesting its compatibility with high dose-intense chemotherapy. Although no definite advantages have been demonstrated in this small pilot study with significant unbalanced prognostic factors (12% 2-year survival), both the preserved immunostimulatory effects and the lack of limiting overlapping toxicity make this combined approach promising and worthy of further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Pollera
- Division of Medical Oncology I, Istituto Regina Elena per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Rome, Italy
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