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Mosa AH, Zenad MM. First molecular detection of Maedi-Visna virus in Awassi sheep of Middle Iraq regions. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections cause significant economic losses in sheep production. This preliminary molecular study aimed to detect the Maedi-Visna virus infection in Awassi sheep in three governorates in the middle region of Iraq. The presence of one or more of the specific four genes (gag, pol, env and LTR) were considered as positive result. A total of 210 blood samples of Awassi sheep were collected for the purpose of the project. The molecular prevalence of Maedi-Visna virus in sheep was 12.85% (27/210). As a result, Maedi-Visna virus was observed in sheep with chronic respiratory system disease with non-significant difference between governorates and between primers percentage (P>0.05). Sequencing studies strongly suggested that Maedi-Visna virus originated in Iraq. This is the first study describing Iraqi Maedi-Visna virus sequences with molecular characterisation of gag, pol, env and LTR genes, suggesting that Maedi-Visna virus originated in Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H Mosa
- Depatment of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - M. M. Zenad
- Depatment of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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A DNA Regulatory Element Haplotype at Zinc Finger Genes Is Associated with Host Resilience to Small Ruminant Lentivirus in Two Sheep Populations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071907. [PMID: 34206933 PMCID: PMC8300134 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) causes Maedi-Visna or Ovine Progressive Pneumonia in sheep and creates insidious livestock production losses. This retrovirus is closely related to human immunodeficiency virus and currently has no vaccines or cure. Genetic marker assisted selection for sheep disease resiliency presents an attractive management solution. Previously, we identified a region containing a cluster of zinc finger genes that had association with ovine SRLV proviral concentration. Trait-association analysis validated a small insertion/deletion variant near ZNF389 (rs397514112) in multiple sheep breeds. In the current study, 543 sheep from two distinct populations were genotyped at 34 additional variants for fine mapping of the regulatory elements within this locus. Variants were selected based on ChIP-seq annotation data from sheep alveolar macrophages that defined active cis-regulatory elements predicted to influence zinc finger gene expression. We present a haplotype block of variants within regulatory elements that have improved associations and larger effect sizes (up to 4.7-fold genotypic difference in proviral concentration) than the previously validated ZNF389 deletion marker. Hypotheses for the underlying causal mutation or mutations are presented based on changes to in silico transcription factor binding sites. These variants offer alternative markers for selective breeding and are targets for future functional mutation assays.
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Echeverría I, Rius-Rocabert S, Luján L, Garcin D, de Andrés D, Nistal-Villán E, Reina R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020206. [PMID: 32365702 PMCID: PMC7349755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widely spread in the ovine and caprine populations, causing an incurable disease affecting animal health and production. Vaccine development is hindered owing to the high genetic heterogeneity of lentiviruses and the selection of T-cell and antibody escape mutants, requiring antigen delivery optimization. Sendai virus (SeV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus in mice that has been recognized as a potent inducer of innate immune responses in several species, including mouse and human. The aim of this study was to stimulate an innate antiviral response in ovine cells and evaluate the potential inhibitory effect upon small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. Ovine alveolar macrophages (AMs), blood-derived macrophages (BDMs), and skin fibroblasts (OSFs) were stimulated through infection with SeV encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). SeV efficiently infected ovine cells, inducing an antiviral state in AM from SRLV naturally-infected animals, as well as in in vitro SRLV-infected BDM and OSF from non-infected animals. Supernatants from SeV-infected AM induced an antiviral state when transferred to fresh cells challenged with SRLV. Similar to SRLV, infectivity of an HIV-1-GFP lentiviral vector was also restricted in ovine cells infected with SeV. In myeloid cells, an M1-like proinflammatory polarization was observed together with an APOBEC3Z1 induction, among other lentiviral restriction factors. Our observations may boost new approximations in ameliorating the SRLV burden by stimulation of the innate immune response using SeV-based vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Melzi E, Rocchi MS, Entrican G, Caporale M, Palmarini M. Immunophenotyping of Sheep Paraffin-Embedded Peripheral Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2892. [PMID: 30619264 PMCID: PMC6297804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep are not only a major livestock species globally, they are also an important large animal model for biomedical research and have contributed to our understanding of the ontogeny and architecture of the mammalian immune system. In this study, we applied immunohistochemistry and multicolor immunofluorescence in fixed and paraffin-embedded lymph nodes to phenotype the key populations of antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes, and stromal cells that orchestrate the host adaptive immune response. We used an extensive panel of antibodies directed against markers associated with dendritic cells (MHC class II, CD83, and CD208), macrophages (CD11b, CD163, and CD169), stromal cells (CNA.42, S100, and CD83), and lymphocytes (CD3, Pax5, CD4, CD8). Using different methods of tissue fixation and antigen retrieval, we provide a detailed immunophenotyping of sheep lymph nodes including the identification of potential subpopulations of antigen presenting cells and stromal cells. By characterizing cells expressing combinations of these markers in the context of their morphology and location within the lymph node architecture, we provide valuable new tools to investigate the structure, activation, and regulation of the sheep immune system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Melzi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mara S Rocchi
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Entrican
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Highland MA. Small Ruminant Lentiviruses: Strain Variation, Viral Tropism, and Host Genetics Influence Pathogenesis. Vet Pathol 2018; 54:353-354. [PMID: 28438114 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817695517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Highland
- 1 Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA.,2 Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Pullman, WA, USA.,3 School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Greenberg JA, Grazul-Bilska AT, Webb BT, Sun X, Vonnahme KA. A Preliminary Evaluation of Ovine Bladder Mucosal Damage Associated With 2 Different Indwelling Urinary Catheters. Urology 2017; 110:248-252. [PMID: 28847687 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a new catheter design with a low-profile, open-ended rounded rather than pointed Foley catheter tip can reduce mucosal damage to the bladder of ewes. METHODS AND MATERIALS Six ewes were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 indwelling urinary catheters-a 16 Fr Foley catheter or a 16 Fr open-tip CystoSure catheter. After 96 hours, all the animals were sacrificed and their bladder and urethra harvested for analysis. RESULTS Image analysis of the bladder surfaces demonstrated a significant decrease in the percentage of bladder area covered by ulceration and inflammation in sheep with CystoSure catheters compared with Foley catheters (P < .002) as well as a trend toward less edema (P = .17). Macro-morphologic evaluations were confirmed with immunohistochemical markers of cell proliferation and inflammation. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, we were able to demonstrate that a new catheter design with an open-ended rounded rather than pointed tip and a reduced balloon base-to-tip profile may reduce mucosal damage to the bladder of ewes. Based on the findings from this trial, we believe this new catheter design with its low-profile, rounded tip may reduce bladder mucosal injury, which is a risk factor for catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Greenberg
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Brett T Webb
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, Malik Y, Dhama K, Pal A, Prasad M. Advances in diagnosis of respiratory diseases of small ruminants. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:508304. [PMID: 25028620 PMCID: PMC4082846 DOI: 10.1155/2014/508304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Yash Malik
- Division of Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Amar Pal
- Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LLRUVAS), Hisar 125004, India
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Juganaru M, Glaria I, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Rosati S, Reina R. Small ruminant macrophage polarization may play a pivotal role on lentiviral infection. Vet Res 2013; 44:83. [PMID: 24070317 PMCID: PMC3850683 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect the monocyte/macrophage lineage inducing a long-lasting infection affecting body condition, production and welfare of sheep and goats all over the world. Macrophages play a pivotal role on the host’s innate and adaptative immune responses against parasites by becoming differentially activated. Macrophage heterogeneity can tentatively be classified into classically differentiated macrophages (M1) through stimulation with IFN-γ displaying an inflammatory profile, or can be alternatively differentiated by stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 into M2 macrophages with homeostatic functions. Since infection by SRLV can modulate macrophage functions we explored here whether ovine and caprine macrophages can be segregated into M1 and M2 populations and whether this differential polarization represents differential susceptibility to SRLV infection. We found that like in human and mouse systems, ovine and caprine macrophages can be differentiated with particular stimuli into M1/M2 subpopulations displaying specific markers. In addition, small ruminant macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers when the stimulus changes from IFN-γ to IL-4. SRLV replication was restricted in M1 macrophages and increased in M2 differentiated macrophages respectively according to viral production. Identification of the infection pathways in macrophage populations may provide new targets for eliciting appropriate immune responses against SRLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra, Mutilva Baja, Navarra, Spain.
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Dakin SG, Werling D, Hibbert A, Abayasekara DRE, Young NJ, Smith RKW, Dudhia J. Macrophage sub-populations and the lipoxin A4 receptor implicate active inflammation during equine tendon repair. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32333. [PMID: 22384219 PMCID: PMC3284560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕ) orchestrate inflammatory and reparatory processes in injured connective tissues but their role during different phases of tendon healing is not known. We investigated the contribution of different Mϕ subsets in an equine model of naturally occurring tendon injury. Post mortem tissues were harvested from normal (uninjured), sub-acute (3–6 weeks post injury) and chronically injured (>3 months post injury) superficial digital flexor tendons. To determine if inflammation was present in injured tendons, Mϕ sub-populations were quantified based on surface antigen expression of CD172a (pan Mϕ), CD14highCD206low (pro-inflammatory M1Mϕ), and CD206high (anti-inflammatory M2Mϕ) to assess potential polarised phenotypes. In addition, the Lipoxin A4 receptor (FPR2/ALX) was used as marker for resolving inflammation. Normal tendons were negative for both Mϕ and FPR2/ALX. In contrast, M1Mϕ predominated in sub-acute injury, whereas a potential phenotype-switch to M2Mϕ polarity was seen in chronic injury. Furthermore, FPR2/ALX expression by tenocytes was significantly upregulated in sub-acute but not chronic injury. Expression of the FPR2/ALX ligand Annexin A1 was also significantly increased in sub-acute and chronic injuries in contrast to low level expression in normal tendons. The combination of reduced FPR2/ALX expression and persistence of the M2Mϕ phenotype in chronic injury suggests a potential mechanism for incomplete resolution of inflammation after tendon injury. To investigate the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators on lipoxin A4 (LXA4) production and FPR2/ALX expression in vitro, normal tendon explants were stimulated with interleukin-1 beta and prostaglandin E2. Stimulation with either mediator induced LXA4 release and maximal upregulation of FPR2/ALX expression after 72 hours. Taken together, our data suggests that although tenocytes are capable of mounting a protective mechanism to counteract inflammatory stimuli, this appears to be of insufficient duration and magnitude in natural tendon injury, which may potentiate chronic inflammation and fibrotic repair, as indicated by the presence of M2Mϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Georgina Dakin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
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