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Dejyong T, Chanachai K, Prarakamawongsa T, Kongkaew W, Thiptara A, Songserm T, Rukkwamsuk T, TagoPacheco D, Phimpraphai W. Economic and value chain analysis to support an investigation and risk mitigation efforts on Marek's disease in layers in the southern part of Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:35-45. [PMID: 36855347 PMCID: PMC9967704 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.35-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Marek's disease (MD) is a common lymphoproliferative disease affecting chickens and causing economic losses in commercial poultry. The MD outbreak was noticed in the southern part of Thailand in 2019. The suspected cases were found with an abnormal number of cases of layers dying with clinical signs, for example, weakness and emaciation, with evidence of MD gross lesions. This study aimed to raise awareness of the MD outbreak through value chain analysis (VCA), identifying associated possible risk factors, and estimating the associated economic impact. Materials and Methods Value chain analysis, including seasonal calendar, value chain diagram, and layer movement mapping of the layer industry, was conducted. High-risk stakeholders were identified on the basis of risk practices and interactions between stakeholders. A case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with the MD outbreak on layer farms, and partial budget analysis was used to estimate economic losses associated with MD. Results The value chain diagram showed the linkages between stakeholders, including estimation of the percentage of products moved from one stakeholder group to another and the negotiated price. Fourteen out of 35 layer farms were case farms. Farm size and source of birds were significantly associated with the MD outbreak. The MD outbreak caused total economic losses of 295,823 USD. Farms that slaughtered infected birds with additional revenues incurred losses of 140,930 USD, whereas farms that culled infected birds without additional revenue returned incurred losses of 1995 USD. Conclusion The VCA provided a better understanding of the layer and egg businesses in South Thailand and guided the development of questionnaires for outbreak investigation. The potential risk factor findings suggested the need for further exploration of the source of the MD outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Dejyong
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Phranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand, 10200,Graduate Student, Bio-Veterinary Science Program (International), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, 10900
| | - Karoon Chanachai
- United States Agency for International Development, Regional Development Mission Asia, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Tippawon Prarakamawongsa
- Regional Field Epidemiology Training Program for Veterinarians, Department of Livestock Development, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand, 104004
| | - Wandee Kongkaew
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, 80110
| | - Anyarat Thiptara
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Upper Southern Region), National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Thung Song, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, 80110
| | - Taweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140
| | - Damian TagoPacheco
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Phranakorn, Bangkok, Thailand, 10200
| | - Waraphon Phimpraphai
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73140,Corresponding author: Waraphon Phimpraphai, e-mail: Co-authors: TD: , KC: , TP: , WK: , AT: , TS: , TR: , DT:
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Waqas Ali Shah S, Wu Z, Wang J, Ishfaq M, Li J. Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection Impaired the Structural Integrity and Immune Function of Bursa of Fabricius in Chicken: Implication of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:225. [PMID: 32391391 PMCID: PMC7193947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) induces a dysregulated immune response in the lungs and air ways of poultry. However, the mechanism of MG-induced immune dysregulation is still not completely understood. In the present study, the effect of MG-infection on chicken bursa of fabricius (BOF) is investigated. Histopathology, electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to examine the hallmarks of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The data revealed that MG-infection induced oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant responses in BOF tissues compared to control group. Histopathological study showed pathological changes including reduction in lymphocytes and increased inflammatory cell infiltration in MG-infection group. Ultrastructural assessment represents obvious signs of apoptosis such as mitochondrial swelling, shrinkage of nuclear membrane and fragmentation of nucleus. Increased cytokine activities were observed in MG-infection group compared to control group. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression level of apoptosis-related genes were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in MG-infection group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay further confirmed that MG induced apoptosis in BOF tissues as TUNEL-stained positive nuclei were remarkably increased in MG-infection group. In addition, MG-infection significantly reduced the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in chicken BOF at day 7. Moreover, bacterial load significantly increased at day 3 and day 7 in MG-infection group compared to control group. These results suggested that MG-infection impaired the structural integrity, induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in chicken BOF tissues, which could be the possible causes of damage to immune function in chicken BOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaomei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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López-Osorio S, Piedrahita D, Espinal-Restrepo MA, Ramírez-Nieto GC, Nair V, Williams SM, Baigent S, Ventura-Polite C, Aranzazu-Taborda DA, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. Molecular characterization of Marek's disease virus in a poultry layer farm from Colombia. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1598-1608. [PMID: 28339787 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by an Alphaherpesvirus, genus Mardivirus, serotype 1 (Gallid Herpesvirus 2, GaHV-2) that includes all known pathogenic strains. In addition to Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1, the genus includes 2 distinct nonpathogenic serotypes: serotype 2 (GaHV-3) and serotype 3 (Meleagridis Herpesvirus 1, MeHV-1) which are used in commercially available vaccines against MD. As a result of vaccination, clinical signs are not commonly observed, and new cases are usually associated with emerging variant strains against which the vaccines are less effective. In this study, a commercial layer farm showing clinical signs compatible with MDV infection was evaluated. Histological lesions and positive immunohistochemistry in the sciatic nerve and thymus were compatible with cytolytic phase of MD. GaHV-2, GaHV-3 and MeHV-1 were identified by PCR and qPCR in blood samples from 17 birds with suspected MD. Analysis of the Meq gene of the Colombian GaHV-2 isolate revealed a 99% sequence identity with Asian strains, and in the phylogenetic analysis clustered with vv+ MDV. The analysis of amino acid alignments demonstrated an interruption of the proline rich region in P176A, P217A and P233L positions, which are generally associated with vv+ strains. Some of these changes, such as P233L and L258S positions have not been reported previously. In addition, primary cell cultures inoculated with lymphocytes isolated from the spleen showed typical cytopathic effect of GaHV-2 at 5 d post infection. Based on the molecular analysis, the results from this study indicate the presence of vv+ MDV infection in commercial birds for the first time in Colombia. It is recommended to perform further assays in order to demonstrate the pathotype characteristics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación Centauro, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego Piedrahita
- Grupo de Investigación CIBAV, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Gloria C Ramírez-Nieto
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Susan M Williams
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center (PDRC), Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Susan Baigent
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - César Ventura-Polite
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Epidemiología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Diego A Aranzazu-Taborda
- Grupo de Investigación CIBAV, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Gornatti Churria CD, Loukopoulos P, Origlia J, Arias N, Loyola MH, Píscopo M. Unusual Gross Presentation of Sarcocystis-Like Pectoral Muscle Lymphoma Attributed to Marek’s Disease in a Backyard Chicken. J Exot Pet Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bender HS, Marshall Graves JA, Deakin JE. Pathogenesis and molecular biology of a transmissible tumor in the Tasmanian devil. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 2:165-87. [PMID: 25384139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a fatal transmissible cancer known as devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is threatening the iconic Tasmanian devil with extinction in the wild within the next few decades. Since the first report of the disease in 1996, DFTD has spread to over 85% of the devils' distribution and dramatically reduced devil numbers. Research into DFTD has focused on gaining a deeper understanding of the disease on multiple levels, including an accurate assessment of the tissue origin of the tumor, elucidation of how the tumor evades immune detection, and determination of how the tumor is transmitted between individuals and how it is evolving as it spreads through the population. Knowledge gained from these studies has important implications for DFTD management and devil conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Bender
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Mete A, Giannitti F, Barr B, Woods L, Anderson M. Causes of Mortality in Backyard Chickens in Northern California: 2007–2011. Avian Dis 2013; 57:311-5. [DOI: 10.1637/10382-092312-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Negash T, Gelaye E, Petersen H, Grummer B, Rautenschlein S. Molecular Evidence of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses in Chickens in Ethiopia. Avian Dis 2012; 56:605-10. [DOI: 10.1637/10086-022012-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Renz KG, Cooke J, Clarke N, Cheetham BF, Hussain Z, Fakhrul Islam AFM, Tannock GA, Walkden-Brown SW. Pathotyping of Australian isolates of Marek's disease virus and association of pathogenicity with meq gene polymorphism. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:161-76. [PMID: 22515535 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.656077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the pathotyping of six Australian isolates of Marek's disease virus-1 (MDV1) isolated between 1992 and 2004 and association of virulence with meq gene polymorphism. Unvaccinated and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT)-vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens were challenged at day 5 with 500 plaque forming units of Marek's disease virus. The isolates induced gross Marek's disease lesions in 53 to 94% of unvaccinated chickens, and HVT induced a protective index ranging from 38 to 100% by 56 days post challenge. This experiment provides evidence that current Australian isolates of MDV1 vary significantly in pathogenicity. However, there was no clear evidence that the most virulent recent isolates were more pathogenic than isolates from the 1980s or that any of the isolates belong to the highest pathotype category of very virulent plus. Evidence is presented that virulence can be predicted by measurements taken as early as 13 days post challenge. The meq gene sequences of five of the isolates used in the experiment were determined. When compared with the very virulent US isolate Md5, there was a 177 base-pair insertion and distinct point mutations in each of the five isolates. There were no individual mutations in the meq sequences that correlated with levels of virulence. However, amino acid alignment of the five Australian and 14 international isolates revealed that the number of repeat sequences of four prolines (PPPP repeats) in the meq gene (overall range 2 to 8) was strongly associated with virulence across all isolates, with the most pathogenic isolates having the fewest number of repeats. The results suggest that the presence of the 177 base-pair insertion alone is not an indicator of attenuation. Rather, the number of PPPP repeats, independent of the presence of the insertion, is a better indicator of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin G Renz
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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