1
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Tsutsumi H, Inoue R, Yasuda M, Takahashi R, Suzuki M, Urano K. rasH2 mouse: reproducibility and stability of carcinogenicity due to a standardized production and monitoring system. J Toxicol Pathol 2022; 35:19-24. [PMID: 35221492 PMCID: PMC8828604 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tsutsumi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yasuda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Riichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masami Suzuki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Koji Urano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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2
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Sobajima A, Okihara T, Moriyama S, Nishimura N, Osawa T, Miyamae K, Haniu H, Aoki K, Tanaka M, Usui Y, Sako KI, Kato H, Saito N. Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composites as Artificial Joint Materials. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:7032-7040. [PMID: 33320600 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is susceptible to frictional wear when used in sliding members of artificial joints, it is common practice to use cross-linked UHMWPE instead. However, cross-linked UHMWPE has low impact resistance; implant breakage has been reported in some cases. Hence, sliding members of artificial joints pose a major trade-off between wear resistance and impact resistance, which has not been resolved by any UHMWPE. On the other hand, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used in industrial products for reinforcement of polymeric materials but not used as biomaterials because of their unclear safety. In the present study, we attempted to solve this trade-off issue by complexing UHMWPE with MWCNTs. In addition, we assessed the safety of these composites for use in sliding members of artificial joints. The results showed the equivalence of MWCNT/UHMWPE composites to cross-linked UHMWPE in terms of wear resistance and to non-cross-linked UHMWPE in terms of impact resistance. In addition, all MWCNT/UHMWPE composites examined complied with the requirements of biosafety testing in accordance with the ISO10993-series specifications for implantable medical devices. Furthermore, because MWCNTs can occur alone in wear dust, MWCNTs in an amount of about 1.5 times that contained in the dust produced from 50 years of wear (in the worst case) were injected into rat knees, which were monitored for 26 weeks. Although mild inflammatory reactions occurred in the joints, the reactions soon became quiescent. In addition, the MWCNTs did not migrate to other organs. Furthermore, MWCNTs did not exhibit carcinogenicity when injected into the knees of mice genetically modified to spontaneously develop cancer. The MWCNT/UHMWPE composite is a new biomaterial expected to be safe for clinical applications in both total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty as the first sliding member of artificial joints to have both high wear resistance and high impact resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sobajima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takumi Okihara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-0082, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Moriyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 814-0133, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takako Osawa
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6433, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Miyamae
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama 700-0082, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department of Applied Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-862, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Sako
- Clinical Pharmacology Educational Center, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina, Kita-Adachi, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-862, Japan
| | - Naoto Saito
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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3
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Gooderham NJ, Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Bastaki M, Linman MJ, Taylor SV. The safety evaluation of food flavoring substances: the role of genotoxicity studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:1-27. [PMID: 32162576 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1712589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) Expert Panel relies on the weight of evidence from all available data in the safety evaluation of flavoring substances. This process includes data from genotoxicity studies designed to assess the potential of a chemical agent to react with DNA or otherwise cause changes to DNA, either in vitro or in vivo. The Panel has reviewed a large number of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies during the course of its ongoing safety evaluations of flavorings. The adherence of genotoxicity studies to standardized protocols and guidelines, the biological relevance of the results from those studies, and the human relevance of these studies are all important considerations in assessing whether the results raise specific concerns for genotoxic potential. The Panel evaluates genotoxicity studies not only for evidence of genotoxicity hazard, but also for the probability of risk to the consumer in the context of exposure from their use as flavoring substances. The majority of flavoring substances have given no indication of genotoxic potential in studies evaluated by the FEMA Expert Panel. Examples illustrating the assessment of genotoxicity data for flavoring substances and the consideration of the factors noted above are provided. The weight of evidence approach adopted by the FEMA Expert Panel leads to a rational assessment of risk associated with consumer intake of flavoring substances under the conditions of use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Food Chemistry & Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern (retired), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew J Linman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC, USA
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4
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Nishimura I, Doi Y, Imai N, Kawabe M, Mera Y, Shiina T. Carcinogenicity of intermediate frequency magnetic field in Tg.rasH2 mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:160-169. [PMID: 30875092 PMCID: PMC6594107 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the likelihood of exposure to leaking intermediate frequency magnetic fields (MFs) from electronic devices, such as induction-heating and wireless power transfer systems, has increased, biological data assessing the health risks associated with human exposure remain insufficient. We examined the carcinogenicity of a 20 kHz MF, a typical frequency produced by induction-heating cookers, using a transgenic rasH2 mouse model. Twenty-five male and female CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic mice were exposed to a 0.20 mT, 20 kHz MF (22 h/day) or sham-exposed for 26 weeks. As a positive control, 10 male and female rasH2 mice from the same batch were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. A blinded histopathological evaluation was performed, and the same experiments were conducted twice, independently, to confirm the reproducibility of the results. Histopathological examination revealed that spontaneous neoplastic lesions, such as splenic hemangiosarcomas and gastric squamous cell papillomas, were less (1-3 per group) in the MF- and sham-exposed groups. The frequency of the neoplastic lesions was not significantly different between the groups. Eight to ten mice in each positive-control group exhibited malignant lymphoma. The outcomes were consistent between duplicated experiments, which indicates lack of carcinogenicity of 20 kHz MF in the rasH2 mouse model. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2019 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Nishimura
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Japan
| | - Yuko Doi
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Norio Imai
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawabe
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Yukinori Mera
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Ichinomiya, Japan
| | - Takeo Shiina
- Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Yokosuka, Japan
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5
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Kim TW, Papagiannis CN, Zwick LS, Engelhardt JA, Hoffmaster CM, Post NM, Matson JE, Hsiao JA, Burel SA, Henry SP. Comparison of the Class Effects of Antisense Oligonucleotides in CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic and CD-1 Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 47:82-92. [PMID: 30585133 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318813143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 6-month Tg.rasH2 mouse carcinogenicity model provides an acceptable alternative to the 2-year carcinogenicity study in CD-1 mice. However, key questions related to the use of this model for testing antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) include the similarity in the biologic response between mouse strains and the feasibility of using data from the CD-1 mouse to set doses and dose schedules for a Tg.rasH2 carcinogenicity study. To evaluate the potential strain differences, four distinct 2'- O-(2-methoxyethyl) ASOs were administered to CByB6F1 (wild type), Tg.rasH2 (hemizygous), and CD-1 mice. There were no meaningful differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, or serum chemistry and hematology parameters. Histopathology evaluation indicated little to no difference in the spectrum or magnitude of changes present. The cytokine/chemokine response was also not appreciably different between the strains. This was consistent with the similarity in ASO concentration in the liver between the mouse strains tested. As the class effects of the ASOs were not meaningfully different between CD-1, CByB6F1, or Tg.rasH2 mice, data from nonclinical studies in CD-1 mice can be used for dose selection and expectation of effect in the Tg.rasH2 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Won Kim
- 1 Ionis Pharmaceutical, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Noah M Post
- 1 Ionis Pharmaceutical, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Jill A Hsiao
- 1 Ionis Pharmaceutical, Carlsbad, California, USA
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6
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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7
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Eastmond DA, Vulimiri SV, French JE, Sonawane B. The use of genetically modified mice in cancer risk assessment: challenges and limitations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 43:611-31. [PMID: 23985072 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.822844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified (GM) mice to assess carcinogenicity is playing an increasingly important role in the safety evaluation of chemicals. While progress has been made in developing and evaluating mouse models such as the Trp53⁺/⁻, Tg.AC and the rasH2, the suitability of these models as replacements for the conventional rodent cancer bioassay and for assessing human health risks remains uncertain. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of accelerated cancer bioassays with GM mice for assessing the potential health risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic agents. We compared the published results from the GM bioassays to those obtained in the National Toxicology Program's conventional chronic mouse bioassay for their potential use in risk assessment. Our analysis indicates that the GM models are less efficient in detecting carcinogenic agents but more consistent in identifying non-carcinogenic agents. We identified several issues of concern related to the design of the accelerated bioassays (e.g., sample size, study duration, genetic stability and reproducibility) as well as pathway-dependency of effects, and different carcinogenic mechanisms operable in GM and non-GM mice. The use of the GM models for dose-response assessment is particularly problematic as these models are, at times, much more or less sensitive than the conventional rodent cancer bioassays. Thus, the existing GM mouse models may be useful for hazard identification, but will be of limited use for dose-response assessment. Hence, caution should be exercised when using GM mouse models to assess the carcinogenic risks of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Eastmond
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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8
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Carcinogenicity evaluation for the application of carbon nanotubes as biomaterials in rasH2 mice. Sci Rep 2012; 2:498. [PMID: 22787556 PMCID: PMC3391660 DOI: 10.1038/srep00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as biomaterials is of wide interest, and studies examining their application in medicine have had considerable significance. Biological safety is the most important factor when considering the clinical application of CNTs as biomaterials, and various toxicity evaluations are required. Among these evaluations, carcinogenicity should be examined with the highest priority; however, no report using transgenic mice to evaluate the carcinogenicity of CNTs has been published to date. Here, we performed a carcinogenicity test by implanting multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) into the subcutaneous tissue of rasH2 mice, using the carbon black present in black tattoo ink as a reference material for safety. The rasH2 mice did not develop neoplasms after being injected with MWCNTs; instead, MWCNTs showed lower carcinogenicity than carbon black. Such evaluations should facilitate the clinical application and development of CNTs for use in important medical fields.
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