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Olech M. Conventional and State-of-the-Art Detection Methods of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087135. [PMID: 37108297 PMCID: PMC10139118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to a group of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). It is believed that the infectious agent responsible for prion diseases is abnormally folded prion protein (PrPSc), which derives from a normal cellular protein (PrPC), which is a cell surface glycoprotein predominantly expressed in neurons. There are three different types of BSE, the classical BSE (C-type) strain and two atypical strains (H-type and L-type). BSE is primarily a disease of cattle; however, sheep and goats also can be infected with BSE strains and develop a disease clinically and pathogenically indistinguishable from scrapie. Therefore, TSE cases in cattle and small ruminants require discriminatory testing to determine whether the TSE is BSE or scrapie and to discriminate classical BSE from the atypical H- or L-type strains. Many methods have been developed for the detection of BSE and have been reported in numerous studies. Detection of BSE is mainly based on the identification of characteristic lesions or detection of the PrPSc in the brain, often by use of their partial proteinase K resistance properties. The objective of this paper was to summarize the currently available methods, highlight their diagnostic performance, and emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of the application of individual tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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2
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Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:119-122. [PMID: 33025140 PMCID: PMC7785535 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Priemer G, Ulrich R, Strobelt R, Hills B, Groschup MH. Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE. Prion 2020; 13:160-172. [PMID: 31476957 PMCID: PMC6746549 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1651180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of two atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) forms in France and Italy designated H- and L-BSE, the question arose whether these new forms differed from classical BSE (C-BSE) in their pathogenesis. Samples collected from cattle in the clinical stage of BSE during an intracranial challenge study with L- and H-BSE were analysed using biochemical and histological methods as well as in a transgenic mouse bioassay. Our results generally confirmed what had been described for C-BSE to be true also for both atypical BSE forms, namely the restriction of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc) and BSE infectivity to the nervous system. However, analysis of samples collected under identical conditions from both atypical H- and L-BSE forms allowed us a more precise assessment of the grade of involvement of different tissues during the clinical end stage of disease as compared to C-BSE. One important feature is the involvement of the peripheral nervous and musculoskeletal tissues in both L-BSE and H-BSE affected cattle. We were, however, able to show that in H-BSE cases, the PrPSc depositions in the central and peripheral nervous system are dominated by a glial pattern, whereas a neuronal deposition pattern dominates in L-BSE cases, indicating differences in the cellular and topical tropism of both atypical BSE forms. As a consequence of this cell tropism, H-BSE seems to spread more rapidly from the CNS into the periphery via the glial cell system such as Schwann cells, as opposed to L-BSE which is mostly propagated via neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Grit Priemer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Romano Strobelt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Bob Hills
- Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases , Greifswald , Germany
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Kumagai S, Daikai T, Onodera T. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2019; 7:21-47. [PMID: 31998585 PMCID: PMC6978881 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Since the first case was identified in the UK in 1986, BSE spread to other countries including Japan. Its incidence peaked in 1992 in the UK and from 2001 to 2006 in many other countries, but a feed ban aimed at eliminating the recycling of the BSE agent and other control measures aimed at preventing food and feed contamination with the agent were highly effective at reducing the spread of BSE. In 2004, two types of atypical BSE, H-type BSE (H-BSE) and L-type BSE (L-BSE), which differ from classical BSE (C-BSE), were found in France and Italy. Atypical BSE, which is assumed to occur spontaneously, has also been detected among cattle in other countries including Japan. The BSE agent including atypical BSE agent is a unique food-safety hazard with different chemical and biological properties from the microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals that contaminate food. In this review, we summarize the reported findings on the tissue distribution of BSE prions in infected cattle and other aspects of BSE, as well as the control measures against the disease employed in Japan. Topics that require further studies are discussed based on the summarized findings from the perspective of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kumagai
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
| | - Takateru Daikai
- Food Safety Commission of Japan Secretariat, Akasaka
Park Bld. 22F, Akasaka 5-2-20, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 107-6122, Japan
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine,
Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka-shi,
Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of
Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657,
Japan
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Fehlinger A, Wolf H, Hossinger A, Duernberger Y, Pleschka C, Riemschoss K, Liu S, Bester R, Paulsen L, Priola SA, Groschup MH, Schätzl HM, Vorberg IM. Prion strains depend on different endocytic routes for productive infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6923. [PMID: 28761068 PMCID: PMC5537368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions are unconventional agents composed of misfolded prion protein that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Prion strains induce specific neuropathological changes in selected brain areas. The mechanism of strain-specific cell tropism is unknown. We hypothesised that prion strains rely on different endocytic routes to invade and replicate within their target cells. Using prion permissive cells, we determined how impairment of endocytosis affects productive infection by prion strains 22L and RML. We demonstrate that early and late stages of prion infection are differentially sensitive to perturbation of clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Manipulation of canonical endocytic pathways only slightly influenced prion uptake. However, blocking the same routes had drastic strain-specific consequences on the establishment of infection. Our data argue that prion strains use different endocytic pathways for infection and suggest that cell type-dependent differences in prion uptake could contribute to host cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fehlinger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Wolf
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - André Hossinger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yvonne Duernberger
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catharina Pleschka
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Riemschoss
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shu Liu
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Romina Bester
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Lydia Paulsen
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Suzette A Priola
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hermann M Schätzl
- Dept. of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Ina M Vorberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V., Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Matsuura Y, Arai S, Fukuda S, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:892-900. [PMID: 28731378 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817717769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in cattle. During passaging of H-BSE in transgenic bovinized (TgBoPrP) mice, a novel phenotype of BSE, termed BSE-SW emerged and was characterized by a short incubation time and host weight loss. To investigate the biological and biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, a transmission study was conducted in cattle, which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from BSE-SW-infected TgBoPrP mice. The disease incubation period was approximately 15 months. The animals showed characteristic neurological signs of dullness, and severe spongiform changes and a widespread, uniform distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) were observed throughout the brain of infected cattle. Immunohistochemical PrPSc staining of the brain revealed the presence of intraglial accumulations and plaque-like deposits. No remarkable differences were identified in vacuolar lesion scores, topographical distribution patterns, and staining types of PrPSc in the brains of BSE-SW- vs H-BSE-infected cattle. PrPSc deposition was detected in the ganglia, vagus nerve, spinal nerve, cauda equina, adrenal medulla, and ocular muscle. Western blot analysis revealed that the specific biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, with an additional 10- to 12-kDa fragment, were well maintained after transmission. These findings indicated that the BSE-SW prion has biochemical properties distinct from those of H-BSE in cattle, although clinical and pathologic features of BSW-SW in cattle are indistinguishable from those of H-BSE. The results suggest that the 2 infectious agents, BSE-SW and H-BSE, are closely related strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshihumi Iwamaru
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Morikazu Imamura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shozo Arai
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- 2 Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murayama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- 1 National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Intra- and Interspecies Transmission of Atypical BSE - What Can We Learn from It? Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:121-129. [PMID: 32231916 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After the detection of the first cases of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) more than ten years ago, the etiology, pathogenesis and agent distribution of these novel BSE forms in cattle were completely unknown. Many studies have been performed in the meantime to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of these diseases. A wealth of data has been accumulated regarding the distribution of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, PrPSc, in tissues of affected cattle, confirming the general restriction of the PrPSc and agent distribution to the central and peripheral nervous system, albeit at slightly higher levels as compared to classical BSE. However, due to lack of data, the assumptions regarding the spontaneous etiology of both atypical BSE forms (H-BSE and L-BSE) and also the origin of the classical BSE epidemic are still mainly speculative. By performing subpassage experiments of both the atypical BSE forms in a variety of conventional and transgenic mice and Syrian Gold hamsters, we aimed to improve our understanding of the strain stability of these BSE forms. It turned out that under these experimental conditions, both the atypical BSE forms may alter their phenotypes and become indistinguishable from classical BSE. Information about the classical and atypical BSE strain characteristics help to improve our understanding of the correlation between all three BSE forms.
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Imamura M, Iwamaru Y, Masujin K, Matsuura Y, Yokoyama T. Transmission of atypical scrapie to homozygous ARQ sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1619-1624. [PMID: 27320968 PMCID: PMC5095634 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Cheviot ewes homozygous for the A136L141R154Q171 (AL141RQ) prion protein (PrP) genotype were exposed intracerebrally to brain pools prepared using four field cases of atypical scrapie from the United Kingdom. Animals were clinically normal until the end of the experiment, when they were culled 7 years post-inoculation. Limited accumulation of disease-associated PrP (PrPSc) was observed in the cerebellar molecular layer by immunohistochemistry, but not by western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, PrPSc was partially localized in astrocytes and microglia, suggesting that these cells have a role in PrPSc processing, degradation or both. Our results indicate that atypical scrapie is transmissible to AL141RQ sheep, but these animals act as clinically silent carriers with long incubation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Okada H, Miyazawa K, Masujin K, Yokoyama T. Coexistence of two forms of disease-associated prion protein in extracerebral tissues of cattle infected with H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1189-93. [PMID: 27010466 PMCID: PMC4976277 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in aged
cattle. H-BSE is characterized by the presence of two proteinase K-resistant forms of
disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc), identified as PrPSc #1 and
PrPSc #2, in the brain. To investigate the coexistence of different
PrPSc forms in the extracerebral tissues of cattle experimentally infected
with H-BSE, immunohistochemical and molecular analyses were performed by using
N-terminal-, core-region- and C-terminal-specific anti-prion protein antibodies. Our
results demonstrated that two distinct forms of PrPSc coexisted in the various
extracerebral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Orge L, Machado CG, Ramalho L, Carvalho R, Silva J, Almeida P, Tavares P, Ochoa C, Lima C, Pinto MJM, Simas JP. Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal. Prion 2015; 9:22-8. [PMID: 25629308 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2014.997615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic, Portugal was the third most affected country. As a result of a successful national eradication plan, the number of BSE affected animals has been progressively declining in Portugal with no cases identified in 2013. However, within the scope of this active surveillance scheme, we have identified the first H-type BSE case born after the introduction of the reinforced ban in fallen stock. Here, we report the phenotypic features of this case and the analysis of the protein coding sequence of prnp as well as the prnp promoter and intron 1 insertion-deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Orge
- a Laboratório de Patologia polos Benfica e Vairão; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP ; Lisboa e Vairão , Portugal
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Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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