1
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Glahn I, Haghofer A, Donovan TA, Degasperi B, Bartel A, Kreilmeier-Berger T, Hyndman PS, Janout H, Assenmacher CA, Bartenschlager F, Bolfa P, Dark MJ, Klang A, Klopfleisch R, Merz S, Richter B, Schulman FY, Ganz J, Scharinger J, Aubreville M, Winkler SM, Bertram CA. Automated Nuclear Morphometry: A Deep Learning Approach for Prognostication in Canine Pulmonary Carcinoma to Enhance Reproducibility. Vet Sci 2024; 11:278. [PMID: 38922025 PMCID: PMC11209399 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of deep learning-based tools into diagnostic workflows is increasingly prevalent due to their efficiency and reproducibility in various settings. We investigated the utility of automated nuclear morphometry for assessing nuclear pleomorphism (NP), a criterion of malignancy in the current grading system in canine pulmonary carcinoma (cPC), and its prognostic implications. We developed a deep learning-based algorithm for evaluating NP (variation in size, i.e., anisokaryosis and/or shape) using a segmentation model. Its performance was evaluated on 46 cPC cases with comprehensive follow-up data regarding its accuracy in nuclear segmentation and its prognostic ability. Its assessment of NP was compared to manual morphometry and established prognostic tests (pathologists' NP estimates (n = 11), mitotic count, histological grading, and TNM-stage). The standard deviation (SD) of the nuclear area, indicative of anisokaryosis, exhibited good discriminatory ability for tumor-specific survival, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 and a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.38. The algorithm achieved values comparable to manual morphometry. In contrast, the pathologists' estimates of anisokaryosis resulted in HR values ranging from 0.86 to 34.8, with slight inter-observer reproducibility (k = 0.204). Other conventional tests had no significant prognostic value in our study cohort. Fully automated morphometry promises a time-efficient and reproducible assessment of NP with a high prognostic value. Further refinement of the algorithm, particularly to address undersegmentation, and application to a larger study population are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imaine Glahn
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Haghofer
- Bioinformatics Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4232 Hagenberg, Austria
- Department of Computer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Taryn A. Donovan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brigitte Degasperi
- University Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Philip S. Hyndman
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, The Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hannah Janout
- Bioinformatics Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4232 Hagenberg, Austria
- Department of Computer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- Comparative Pathology Core, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Pompei Bolfa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Michael J. Dark
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Merz
- IDEXX Vet Med Labor GmbH, 70806 Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Richter
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Yvonne Schulman
- Antech Diagnostics, Mars Petcare Science and Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Jonathan Ganz
- Department of Computer Science, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Josef Scharinger
- Department of Computer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marc Aubreville
- Department of Computer Science, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Winkler
- Bioinformatics Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4232 Hagenberg, Austria
- Department of Computer Science, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christof A. Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Rodrigues-Jesus J, Canadas-Sousa A, Oliveira P, Figueira AC, Marrinhas C, Petrucci GN, Gregório H, Tinoco F, Goulart A, Felga H, Vilhena H, Dias-Pereira P. Distribution of Inflammatory Infiltrate in Feline Mammary Lesions: Relationship With Clinicopathological Features. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38863270 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is a frequent finding in feline mammary neoplasms. Recent research suggests that the presence and location of tumour-associated immune cells might play a significant role in the clinical outcome of feline mammary carcinomas. The present study aimed to characterise the overall inflammatory infiltrates in healthy, hyperplastic/dysplastic, benign and malignant lesions of the feline mammary gland, and to evaluate its association with clinicopathological features. Perilesional and intralesional inflammatory foci were evaluated in 307 lesions from 185 queens, and categorised according to its distribution and intensity. The presence, location and density of tertiary lymphoid structures were also assessed. A control group included 24 queens without mammary changes. The presence of intralesional and perilesional inflammatory infiltrate was observed in a majority of the lesions (80.8% and 90.2%, respectively), but differed according to the type of mammary lesion, being more remarkable in malignant neoplasms. Only scarce individual cells were observed in 28.1% of the normal mammary glands. Data analysis revealed statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) between the presence of a more prominent intralesional and perilesional inflammatory reaction and several clinicopathological features associated with worse prognosis, including clinical stage, tumour size, mitotic count, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, tertiary lymphoid structures were significantly more frequent in tumours with an infiltrative growth and lymph node metastasis. According to our results, the inflammatory reaction present in different types of feline mammary lesions is associated with the development of more aggressive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues-Jesus
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Department of Populations Studies, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Figueira
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marrinhas
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Baixo Vouga (HVBV), Águeda, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo N Petrucci
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- OneVet Veterinary Hospital of Porto (HVP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gregório
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University Institute for Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
- AniCura Veterinary Hospital Centre (CHV), Porto, Portugal
| | - Flora Tinoco
- Dra. Flora Tinoco Veterinary Clinic, Maia, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Felga
- Clínica dos Gatos Veterinary Clinic, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- OneVet Veterinary University Hospital of Coimbra (HVUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences AL4AnimaLS, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS-UP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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3
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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in feline tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239566. [PMID: 38533803 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Increased proliferation is a driver of tumorigenesis, and quantification of mitotic activity is a standard task for prognostication. This systematic review is an analysis of all available references on mitotic activity in feline tumors to provide an overview of the assessment methods and prognostic value. A systematic literature search in PubMed and Scopus and a nonsystematic search in Google Scholar were conducted. All articles on feline tumors that correlated mitotic activity with patient outcome were identified. Data analysis revealed that of the 42 eligible articles, mitotic count (MC, mitotic figures/tumor area) was evaluated in 39 studies, and mitotic index (MI, mitotic figures/tumor cells) in 3 studies. The risk of bias was considered high for most studies (26/42, 62%) based on small study populations, insufficient details of the MC/MI methods, and lack of statistical measures for diagnostic accuracy or effect on outcome. The MC/MI methods varied between studies. A significant association of MC with survival was determined in 20 of 28 (71%) studies (10 studies evaluated other outcome metrics or provided individual patient data), while 1 study found an inverse effect. Three tumor types had at least 4 studies, and a prognostic association with survival was found in 5 of 6 studies on mast cell tumors, 5 of 5 on mammary tumors, and 3 of 4 on soft-tissue sarcomas. MI was shown to correlate with survival for mammary tumors by 2 research groups; however, comparisons to MC were not conducted. Further studies with standardized mitotic activity methods and appropriate statistical analysis for discriminant ability of patient outcome are needed to infer the prognostic value of MC and MI.
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Belluco S, Marano G, Lurier T, Avallone G, Brachelente C, Di Palma S, Rasotto R, Baiker K, Beineke A, Oevermann A, Seehusen F, de Sant'Ana FJF, Boracchi P, Pumarola M, Mandara MT. Standardization of canine meningioma grading: Validation of new guidelines for reproducible histopathologic criteria. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:685-699. [PMID: 37635372 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Canine meningiomas are currently graded using the human grading system. Recently published guidelines have adapted the human grading system for use in dogs. The goal of this study was to validate the new guidelines for canine meningiomas. To evaluate the inter-observer agreement, 5 veterinary surgical pathologists graded 158 canine meningiomas following the human grading system alone or with the new guidelines. The inter-observer agreement for histologic grade and each of the grading criteria (mitotic grade, invasion, spontaneous necrosis, macronucleoli, small cells, hypercellularity, pattern loss and anaplasia) was evaluated using the Fleiss kappa index. The diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) was assessed by comparing the diagnoses obtained with the 2 grading systems with a consensus grade (considered the reference classification). The consensus histologic grade was obtained by agreement between 4 experienced veterinary neuropathologists following the guidelines. Compared with the human grading alone, the canine-specific guidelines increased the inter-observer agreement for: histologic grade (κ = 0.52); invasion (κ = 0.67); necrosis (κ = 0.62); small cells (κ = 0.36); pattern loss (κ = 0.49) and anaplasia (κ = 0.55). Mitotic grade agreement remained substantial (κ = 0.63). The guidelines improved the sensitivity in identifying grade 1 (95.6%) and the specificity in identifying grade 2 (96.2%) meningiomas. In conclusion, the new grading guidelines for canine meningiomas are associated with an overall improvement in the inter-observer agreement and higher diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing grade 1 and grade 2 meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belluco
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, ICE UPSP 2016.A104, Axe Cancérologie, Marcy l'Etoile, Lyon, France
| | - Giuseppe Marano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Thibaut Lurier
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Rasotto
- Diagnostic Pathology, Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Institut für Pathologie, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Dept Medicina i Cirurgia, Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Mandara
- Laboratorio di Neuropatologia, Dip. di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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5
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da Silva Soares E, Rocha CC, Valente FL, Dos Anjos LRA, de Oliveira FLD, de Oliveira Loures C, Rocha PT, Castro VR, Sarandy TB, Borges APB. Platelet count and MCHC as independent prognostic markers for feline mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105024. [PMID: 37827061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Mammary neoplasms are common in felines species and represent a significant disease for its unfavorable prognosis. Changes in the blood count and serum biochemical profile of these patients have potential as non-invasive prognostic markers prior to mastectomy, however, they are poorly described in literature. In this study univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using these factors to determine the effect of each parameter on the one-year survival time after the surgical procedure in these animals. The median overall survival (OS) and the disease-free survival (DFS) were 365 and 242 days, respectively. In univariate analysis, values within the reference range of monocyte, platelet and creatinine counts were identified as significant prognostic factors for OS and only creatinine was significant for DFS (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, platelets and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) remained independent prognostic factors for OS. The results presented suggest that monocytes, platelets and creatinine may be important non-invasive pre-surgical prognostic markers, and that platelet count and MCHC are independent prognostic markers for feline mammary carcinomas (FMC). The correlation between such alterations is of important relevance for veterinary oncology, and prospective studies are needed to validate their clinical use and that platelet count and MCHC are independent prognostic markers for FMC. The results found in this study can also be studied in human medicine, regarding blood markers in human breast cancer (HBC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pâmela Thalita Rocha
- Department of Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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6
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Łopuszyński W, Brzana A, Szczubiał M, Bulak K, Śmiech A. Topoisomerase IIα immunoexpression in feline mammary carcinomas: A correlation with Ki67 immunoexpression and the mitotic count. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104992. [PMID: 37657395 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase IIα protein (Topo IIα) with Ki67 expression and mitotic count in feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs). Topo IIα is considered as a proliferation indicator as well as a molecular target of anthracycline chemotherapy. The studied material included 70 FMCs from female cats treated with mastectomy. Primary mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against Topo IIα and Ki67 were used in immunohistochemical reactions. The number of mitotic figures was counted at 400× magnification in a field of 2.37 mm2. Immunohistochemical reaction for Topo IIα occurred in cell nuclei. The Topo IIα index ranged from 6.12% to 54.60% and was positively correlated with the values of the Ki67 index (r = 0.7193) and the mitotic count (r = 0. 2858). This indicates the potential possibility of use of the immunohistochemical expression of Topo IIα to assess the rate of proliferation in FMCs. The wide range of expression of Topo IIα in individual tumorus found in the conducted studies allows us to hypothesize that its assessment could be used as a predictive marker in chemotherapy of FMCs with the use of anthracyclines. However, this requires confirmation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łopuszyński
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Brzana
- Regional Veterinary Inspectorate in Opole, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Opole, Poland
| | - Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamila Bulak
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Śmiech
- Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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7
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Pickard Price P, Stell A, O'Neill D, Church D, Brodbelt D. Epidemiology and risk factors for mammary tumours in female cats. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:313-320. [PMID: 37012055 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the incidence and risk factors for mammary tumours in female cats attending UK primary-care practices. The study hypothesised that middle-aged, intact and certain breeds are associated with increased mammary tumour risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study design identified mammary tumour cases by assessment of electronic patient records, nested within a denominator population of 259,869 female cats attending 886 primary-care VetCompass participating veterinary practices in the UK in 2016. RESULTS From 2858 potential mammary tumour cases identified within the denominator, 270 cats met the case definition, giving an incidence risk of 104 per 100,000 (0.104%, 95% confidence interval 0.092 to 0.117%) during 2016. In the risk factor analysis increasing age, purebred compared to crossbred and veterinary group were associated with increased odds of mammary tumour. Median survival after the diagnosis of mammary tumour cats was 18.7 months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The current study provides an updated estimate of the incidence of mammary cancer in cats seen in primary care veterinary practice in the UK with increasing risk seen in older cats and with purebred status. This study can aid veterinary surgeons to identify cats at greater risk of mammary tumour and advise on survival after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pickard Price
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - A Stell
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm, Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, SG5 3HR, UK
| | - D O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Church
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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8
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Ferreira D, Soares M, Correia J, Adega F, Ferreira F, Chaves R. Satellite Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) as Cancer Biomarkers? New Insights from FA-SAT ncRNA Molecular and Clinical Profiles in Feline Mammary Tumors. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:622-632. [PMID: 36342778 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Satellite noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a new frontier of cancer biology research and biomarkers. While the knowledge on ncRNAs in human cancers is still limited, studies in other species can be informative to guide future translational research and development for cancer molecular targets and diagnostics. In this context, FA-SAT is the major satellite DNA of the cat genome, which is also present in humans, being transcribed in both species. In this study, we report new insights on FA-SAT (DNA and RNA) profile in feline mammary tumors, using disease-free tissues from the same animals as reference. We quantified the FA-SAT DNA and RNA levels (long and small transcripts) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and RT-qPCR. The comparison of the FA-SAT DNA and RNA levels with clinicopathological parameters revealed several associations, such as (1) the FA-SAT DNA levels' positive relation with lymphovascular invasion, (2) the FA-SAT long RNA negative correlation with Ki-67 index, and its positive association with Estrogen Receptor status, and (3) the FA-SAT small RNA level positive correlation with tumor size and skin ulceration. Also, FA-SAT long RNA is correlated with ERBB2 and c-MYC RNA levels. These data collectively suggest that FA-SAT ncRNA offers prospects as a potential cancer biomarker in cats. Further studies in humans are also needed to decipher the emerging role of ncRNAs in cancer biology and precision medicine fields. This work brings new information on the relation of FA-SAT ncRNAs with the oncogenic process, uncovering a new potential cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferreira
- CAG-Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Soares
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, Caparica, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filomena Adega
- CAG-Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Chaves
- CAG-Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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9
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Burrai GP, Baldassarre V, Brunetti B, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Mariotti F, Sfacteria A, Cocumelli C, Grieco V, Millanta F, Paciello O, Papparella S, Rasotto R, Romanucci M, Zappulli V. Canine and feline in situ mammary carcinoma: A comparative review. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:894-902. [PMID: 35735255 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ of the breast is a well-known entity in humans. In veterinary medicine, particularly in canine and feline mammary literature, there is no agreement whether the term in situ should be used to indicate a specific carcinoma histotype or the noninvasive status of a carcinoma of any histotype. Moreover, in the most recent histologic classification of mammary tumors published by the Davis-Thompson Foundation, it is suggested to abandon the term carcinoma in situ given the lack of standardized criteria defining this entity, replacing it with epitheliosis or ductal/lobular hyperplasia with severe atypia. This publication presents a critical review of the term in situ in human and veterinary medicine considering the evolution of the term over the years and its heterogeneous use by different authors, including variations in immunohistochemical markers for classification. This review aims to point out the lack of uniformity in the nomenclature and classification issues in veterinary medicine regarding the use of the term in situ, laying the ground for a process of standardization in future publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristiano Cocumelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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11
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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12
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Petrucci GN, Lobo L, Queiroga F, Martins J, Prada J, Pires I, Henriques J. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic marker for feline mammary carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:482-491. [PMID: 33576562 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood leukocyte counts and respective derived ratios have been described as potential prognostic markers in several tumours in veterinary oncology. This study aimed to evaluate peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as prognostic factors for feline mammary carcinomas (FMC). Medical records from cats diagnosed with FMC between 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. Cats were included if fully staged, classified as WHO stage I to III, and submitted to mastectomy. Cats were excluded if they had evidence of other diseases. Forty-nine cats were included. The study endpoints were disease-free interval (DFI) and tumour-specific survival (TSS). The median DFI and TSS were 389 days and 528 days respectively. In the univariate analysis, higher values of total white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEU) and NLR were identified as significant prognostic factors for both endpoints (P < .05). On the multivariate analysis, NLR remained an independent prognostic factor for TSS (P = .024). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the estimated cut-off for WBC was 8.49 × 109 /L (DFI and TSS); for NEU was 4.62 × 109 /L (DFI) and 6.65 × 109 /L (TSS) and for NLR was 2.46. These cut-offs were significant prognostic factors for DFI and TSS (P < .05). NLR cut-off remained an independent prognostic factor for both DFI (P = .032) and TSS (P = .043) in the multivariable analysis. Our results suggest that NLR, NEU, and WBC can be important non-invasive presurgical prognostic markers, and that NLR is an independent prognostic marker for FMC. Prospective studies are warranted to validate its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís Lobo
- Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Onevet Group, Porto, Portugal.,CECA, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Felisbina Queiroga
- CITAB, Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Martins
- Hospital Veterinário Berna, Onevet Group, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- CECAV, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- CECAV, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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13
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Truchot Y, Dagher E, Abadie J, Nguyen F. Unfavorable Prognostic Effects of the Stem Cell Pluripotency Factor Sox2 in Feline Invasive Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:622019. [PMID: 33553286 PMCID: PMC7862120 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.622019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex-determining Region Y (SRY)-box transcription factor-2 (Sox2) belongs to the "Yamanaka's factors," necessary and sufficient to convert somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. In breast cancers, Sox2 expression has been associated with poor prognosis, and resistance to therapy. The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of Sox2 positivity in feline invasive mammary carcinomas (FMCs), its relationships with other clinical-pathologic variables, and with patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study relies on a previously described retrospective cohort of 180 FMCs, diagnosed in female cats treated by mastectomy alone, with 2-year follow-up. Sox2 (clone SP76), Estrogen Receptor alpha (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), Ki-67, Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2), Androgen Receptor (AR), Bcl-2, Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), basal markers and FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) were detected by automated immunohistochemistry. Sox2 expression was quantitated as an index (percentage of neoplastic cells demonstrating a positive nuclear signal). The FMCs were considered Sox2-positive at threshold >42%. Results: Sox2 was not expressed in the normal mammary gland or in mammary hyperplasia without atypia, but was occasionally detected in atypical hyperplasia. In FMCs, the mean Sox2 index was 38 ± 30%, and 79/180 FMCs (44%) were Sox2-positive. Sox2 expression was associated with older age at diagnosis, lymphovascular invasion, high Ki-67 proliferation indexes, low PR and FOXA1 expression, and increased numbers of tumor-associated Tregs, but was not significantly associated with the clinical stage, histological types, and histological grade. By multivariate survival analysis, Sox2 was associated with poor cancer-specific survival (Hazard Ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.11, p = 0.0292), independently of the pathologic tumor size, pathologic nodal stage, distant metastasis, and AR expression. A rare subgroup of FMCs characterized by an AR+Sox2-phenotype (19/180 cases, 11%) was associated with very favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Sox2 expression was associated with poor cancer-specific survival of female cats with invasive mammary carcinomas, as previously reported in human breast cancer, but was more commonly expressed in cats than reported in breast cancers. Sox2 showed complementarity with AR in FMC prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Truchot
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Elie Dagher
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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14
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Serum Metabolomic Analysis of Feline Mammary Carcinomas based on LC-MS and MRM Techniques. J Vet Res 2020; 64:581-588. [PMID: 33367148 PMCID: PMC7734693 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, there have been no panoramic studies of the serum metabolome in feline mammary carcinoma. As the first such study, metabolomics techniques were used to analyse the serum of cats with these tumours. Three important metabolic pathways of screened differential metabolites closely related to feline mammary carcinomas were analysed to lay a theoretical basis for further study of the pathogenesis of these carcinomas. Material and Methods Blood in a 5-8 mL volume was sampled from twelve cats of the same breed and similar age (close to nine years on average). Six were feline mammary carcinoma patients and six were healthy. L glutamate, L alanine, succinate, adenine, hypoxanthine, and inosine were screened as were alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, the tricarboxylid acid (TCA) cycle, and purine metabolism. Data were acquired with LC-MS non-target metabolomics, multiple reaction monitoring target metabolomics, and multivariate statistical and bioinformatic analysis. Results Expression of five of the metabolites was upregulated and only inosine expression was downregulated. Up- and downregulation of metabolites related to glycometabolism, potentiation of the TCA cycle, greater content of lipid mobilisation metabolites, and abnormality of amino acid metabolism were closely related to the occurrence of the carcinomas. Conclusion These findings provide a new direction for further study of the mechanisms associated with cat mammary neoplasms.
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15
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Petrucci GN, Henriques J, Lobo L, Vilhena H, Figueira AC, Canadas-Sousa A, Dias-Pereira P, Prada J, Pires I, Queiroga FL. Adjuvant doxorubicin vs metronomic cyclophosphamide and meloxicam vs surgery alone for cats with mammary carcinomas: A retrospective study of 137 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:714-723. [PMID: 33140523 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of low dose cyclophosphamide chemotherapy plus meloxicam as an adjuvant treatment, compared with high dose doxorubicin or surgery alone in cats with mammary carcinoma. Medical records of 228 female cats treated for mammary carcinoma between 2008 and 2018, were reviewed in eight veterinary institutions. Only cats with complete tumour staging and radical mastectomy were included in the study. One hundred and thirty-seven cats were divided into three treatment groups: group 1 (n = 80) cats treated with surgery, group 2 (n = 34) cats that had surgery and adjuvant treatment with doxorubicin, and group 3 (n = 23) cats with surgery and adjuvant treatment with low dose metronomic cyclophosphamide and meloxicam. The study endpoints were disease free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). Toxicity was evaluated according to the VCOG-CTCAE criteria. The median DFI was 270, 226 and 372 days in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The median OS was 338 (group 1), 421 (group 2) and 430 (group 3) days. The differences between groups were not significant (DFI P = .280 and OS P = .186). Toxicity was observed in 52.9% (n = 18) of cats in group 2 and 39.1% (n = 9) of cats in group 3, with mild to moderate intensity. Differences were not significant (P = .306). In conclusion, adjuvant chemotherapy treatment did not improve survival and the overall benefit remains unproven. Randomized prospective trials are necessary to clarify the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment for feline mammary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo N Petrucci
- Onevet Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Research and Technologies Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Luís Lobo
- Onevet Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- Onevet Hospital Veterinário Baixo Vouga, Águeda, Portugal.,Center for investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Siences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal.,Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueira
- Center for investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Siences, Vasco da Gama University School, Coimbra, Portugal.,University Veterinary Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Felisbina L Queiroga
- Centre for Research and Technologies Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Chocteau F, Mordelet V, Dagher E, Loussouarn D, Abadie J, Nguyen F. One-year conditional survival of dogs and cats with invasive mammary carcinomas: A concept inspired from human breast cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:140-151. [PMID: 32954630 PMCID: PMC7891631 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have described the prognostic factors of canine and feline mammary carcinomas (MCs), that is, variables that predict patient survival after diagnosis. But how does survival estimation evolve in patients that escaped early death from their cancer? In human oncology, conditional survival (CS), the probability of surviving X further years when cancer patients have already survived Y years, is used to analyse cancer outcomes in a long‐term perspective. In this cohort of 344 dogs and 342 cats with surgically removed stage I to III invasive MCs, with a minimal follow‐up of 2 years, we calculated the 1‐year CS, that is, the probability for patients that have survived 1 year, to survive or to die from cancer during the subsequent year. The 1‐year conditional specific survival probabilities were 59% and 48% at diagnosis of invasive MC respectively in dogs and cats, and 80% and 52% in 1‐year surviving dogs and cats respectively, suggesting that 1‐year surviving dogs were relatively protected from cancer‐related death, whereas feline MCs remained life‐threatening cancers for longer periods of time. Among the most significant parameters associated with CS in surviving dogs and cats were the nodal stage and lymphovascular invasion, as well as patient age, cancer stage and margin status in surviving dogs. By comparison, tumour size and the histological grade did not significantly alter CS probabilities in surviving dogs and cats. Conditional survival may be considered a very interesting tool for veterinary practitioners to estimate the likely outcome of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Valentin Mordelet
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Elie Dagher
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Saint-Herblain, France
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17
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Rosen S, Brisson BK, Durham AC, Munroe CM, McNeill CJ, Stefanovski D, Sørenmo KU, Volk SW. Intratumoral collagen signatures predict clinical outcomes in feline mammary carcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236516. [PMID: 32776970 PMCID: PMC7416937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Identification of reliable prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets is critical for improving patient outcome. Cancer in companion animals often strongly resembles human cancers and a comparative approach to identify prognostic markers can improve clinical care across species. Feline mammary tumors (FMT) serve as models for extremely aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in humans, with high rates of local and distant recurrence after resection. Despite the aggressive clinical behavior of most FMT, current prognostic indicators are insufficient for accurately predicting outcome, similar to human patients. Given significant heterogeneity of mammary tumors, there has been a recent focus on identification of universal tumor-permissive stromal features that can predict biologic behavior and provide therapeutic targets to improve outcome. As in human and canine patients, collagen signatures appear to play a key role in directing mammary tumor behavior in feline patients. We find that patients bearing FMTs with denser collagen, as well as longer, thicker and straighter fibers and less identifiable tumor-stromal boundaries had poorer outcomes, independent of the clinical variables grade and surgical margins. Most importantly, including the collagen parameters increased the predictive power of the clinical model. Thus, our data suggest that similarities with respect to the stromal microenvironment between species may allow this model to predict outcome and develop novel therapeutic targets within the tumor stroma that would benefit both veterinary and human patients with aggressive mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Rosen
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Becky K. Brisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Durham
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Clare M. Munroe
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Conor J. McNeill
- Hope Advanced Veterinary Center, Vienna, VA, United States of America
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, United States of America
| | - Karin U. Sørenmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Susan W. Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Dagher E, Simbault L, Abadie J, Loussouarn D, Campone M, Nguyen F. Identification of an immune-suppressed subtype of feline triple-negative basal-like invasive mammary carcinomas, spontaneous models of breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428319901052. [PMID: 31959092 DOI: 10.1177/1010428319901052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline invasive mammary carcinomas are characterized by their high clinical aggressiveness, rare expression of hormone receptors, and pathological resemblance to human breast cancer, especially triple-negative breast cancer (negative to estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor type 2). Recent gene expression studies of triple-negative breast cancers have highlighted their heterogeneity and the importance of immune responses in their biology and prognostic assessment. Indeed, regulatory T cells may play a crucial role in producing an immune-suppressed microenvironment, notably in triple-negative breast cancers. Feline invasive mammary carcinomas arise spontaneously in immune-competent animals, in which we hypothesized that the immune tumor microenvironment also plays a role. The aims of this study were to determine the quantity and prognostic value of forkhead box protein P3-positive peritumoral and intratumoral regulatory T cells in feline invasive mammary carcinomas, and to identify an immune-suppressed subgroup of triple-negative basal-like feline invasive mammary carcinomas. One hundred and eighty female cats with feline invasive mammary carcinomas, treated by surgery only, with 2-year follow-up post-mastectomy, were included in this study. Forkhead box protein P3, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Ki-67, epidermal growth factor receptor type 2, and cytokeratin 14 expression were assessed by automated immunohistochemistry. Peritumoral regulatory T cells were over 300 times more abundant than intratumoral regulatory T cells in feline invasive mammary carcinomas. Peritumoral and intratumoral regulatory T cells were associated with shorter disease-free interval and overall survival in both triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-, N = 123 out of 180) and luminal (ER+ and/or PR+, N = 57) feline invasive mammary carcinomas. In feline triple-negative basal-like (CK14+) mammary carcinomas, a regulatory T-cell-enriched subgroup was associated with significantly poorer disease-free interval, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival than regulatory T-cell-poor triple-negative basal-like feline invasive mammary carcinomas. High regulatory T-cell numbers had strong and negative prognostic value in feline invasive mammary carcinomas, especially in the triple-negative basal-like subgroup, which might contain a "basal-like immune-suppressed" subtype, as described in triple-negative breast cancer. Cats with feline invasive mammary carcinomas may thus be interesting spontaneous animal models to investigate new strategies of cancer immunotherapy in an immune-suppressed tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Dagher
- AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), Nantes, France
| | - Laura Simbault
- AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Anatomie Pathologique, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC, Oniris (Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering), Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO, Nantes, France
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19
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Granados-Soler JL, Bornemann-Kolatzki K, Beck J, Brenig B, Schütz E, Betz D, Junginger J, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Analysis of Copy-Number Variations and Feline Mammary Carcinoma Survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1003. [PMID: 31969654 PMCID: PMC6976565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are highly malignant. As the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) are short, prognostication is crucial. Copy-number variations (CNVs) analysis by next-generation sequencing serves to identify critical cancer-related genomic regions. Thirty-three female cats with FMCs were followed during two years after surgery. Tumours represented tubulopapillary and solid carcinomas encompassing six molecular subtypes. Regardless of the histopathological diagnosis, molecular subtypes showed important differences in survival. Luminal A tumours exhibited the highest DFS (p = 0.002) and cancer-specific OS (p = 0.001), and the lowest amount of CNVs (p = 0.0001). In contrast, basal-like triple-negative FMCs had the worst outcome (DFS, p < 0.0001; and OS, p < 0.00001) and were the most aberrant (p = 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, copy-number losses (CNLs) in chromosome B1 (1-23 Mb) harbouring several tumour-repressors (e.g. CSMD1, MTUS1, MSR1, DBC2, and TUSC3) negatively influenced DFS. Whereas, copy-number gains (CNGs) in B4 (1-29 Mb) and F2 (64-82.3 Mb) comprising epithelial to mesenchymal transition genes and metastasis-promoting transcription factors (e.g. GATA3, VIM, ZEB1, and MYC) negatively influenced DFS and cancer-specific OS. These data evidence an association between specific CNVs in chromosomes B1, B4 and F2, and poor prognosis in FMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Granados-Soler
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Haematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Clinic III, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Daniela Betz
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Junginger
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Haematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Clinic III, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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20
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Androgen receptor and FOXA1 coexpression define a "luminal-AR" subtype of feline mammary carcinomas, spontaneous models of breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1267. [PMID: 31888566 PMCID: PMC6937649 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive mammary carcinomas that spontaneously develop in female cats are associated with high mortality, and resemble the most aggressive human breast cancers, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Transcriptome studies showed that TNBCs are a heterogeneous group that includes a potentially hormone-dependent subtype named luminal-AR. Some authors proposed an immunohistochemical definition of the luminal-AR subtype, which is not only positive for Androgen Receptor (AR), but also either positive for the transcription factor Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), or negative for basal markers. The objectives of this study were to describe AR and FOXA1 expressions in feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs), their prognostic value, and if their coexpression could define a “luminal-AR” subtype of triple-negative mammary carcinomas in cats. Methods In a previously described retrospective cohort of 180 female cats with FMCs, with a 2-year follow-up post-mastectomy, we assessed AR, FOXA1, ER, PR, Ki-67, HER2, and CK14 expressions by automated immunohistochemistry. Results Of the 180 FMCs, 57 (32%) were luminal; i.e., ER and/or PR positive, and 123 (68%) were triple-negative (ER–, PR– and HER2–) FMCs. AR overexpression (found in 33 cases/180, 18%) and FOXA1 index ≥1% (64/180, 36%) were associated with a longer disease-free interval, overall survival, and cancer-specific survival in cats with FMC. Analysis of AR, FOXA1 and CK14 coexpression in triple-negative FMCs showed that AR+ triple-negative FMCs were heterogeneous: there existed an AR+ FOXA1+ CK14– subgroup (n = 7) associated with a better cancer-specific survival by multivariate survival analysis (HR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.07–0.89, p = 0.03) compared to AR+ FOXA1–CK14+ triple-negative FMCs (n = 46) (HR = 1.00), independently of the pathologic tumor size and pathologic nodal stage. The non-basal-like subtype of triple-negative FMCs that coexpresses AR and FOXA1 (the AR+ FOXA1+ CK14– subgroup) could represent the equivalent of the luminal-AR subgroup of human triple-negative breast cancer. Conclusions We identified an AR+ FOXA1+ CK14– subgroup of triple-negative FMCs that might correspond to the luminal-AR subgroup of human triple-negative breast cancers. Cats with FMC may be interesting spontaneous animal models to investigate new strategies targeting the androgen receptor, especially in the aggressive subtype of AR+ basal-like triple-negative mammary carcinomas with loss of FOXA1 expression (the AR+ FOXA1–CK14+ subgroup).
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Chocteau F, Boulay MM, Besnard F, Valeau G, Loussouarn D, Nguyen F. Proposal for a Histological Staging System of Mammary Carcinomas in Dogs and Cats. Part 2: Feline Mammary Carcinomas. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:387. [PMID: 31788484 PMCID: PMC6856636 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are characterized by a high frequency of metastatic spread. The clinical TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system is used to describe local, regional, and distant tumor extent within the patient, but few publications confirmed its association with survival in cats with FMC. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histological staging system proposed for dogs in part 1 of this article had significant association with prognosis in cats. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 395 female cats with a surgically removed mammary carcinoma, with a 2-year follow-up. Invasiveness (distinction between in situ and invasive FMCs), the pathologic tumor size (pT), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and the pathologic nodal stage (pN) defined a 5-stage system: Stage 0 (FMCs in situ), Stage I (pT1, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage II (pT2, LVI–, pN0–pNX), Stage IIIA (pT1, LVI+ and/or pN+), and Stage IIIB (pT2, LVI+ and/or pN+), where pT1 was ≤20 mm, pT2 was >20 mm, and pNX corresponded to unsampled draining lymph node. Results: Higher histological stages were associated with reduced disease-free interval, overall survival, and specific survival. For cancer-specific survival, by univariate analysis (p < 0.0001), median survival times and 1-year specific survival rates (1ySSR) were: stage 0 (1484 days; 1ySSR = 85%; N = 55; 14% of the cats), stage I (808 days; 1ySSR = 76%; N = 103; 26%), stage II (377 days; 1ySSR = 51%; N = 56; 14%), stage IIIA (448 days; 1ySSR = 60%; N = 83; 21%), and stage IIIB (207 days; 1ySSR = 29%; N = 98; 25%). The histological stages were also associated with specific survival by multivariate analysis (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.72 for stage IIIB, HR = 1.76 for stage IIIA, HR = 1.50 for stage II compared with stage I), independently of Progesterone Receptor expression (HR = 0.34 for PR+ compared with PR– FMCs) and tumor-associated inflammation (HR = 1.33 when moderate to severe compared with absent to mild). Conclusion: A same histological staging system could be applied in dogs and cats with mammary carcinoma to refine prognosis assessment. In the near future, a preoperative complete tumor clinical staging and treatment based on the published standard of care should be performed in order to better validate the histological staging system here proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Chocteau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Mélanie Boulay
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Fanny Besnard
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Germain Valeau
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- AMaROC (Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology), Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology Nantes/Angers, Nantes, France
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Ferreira D, Martins B, Soares M, Correia J, Adega F, Ferreira F, Chaves R. Gene expression association study in feline mammary carcinomas. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221776. [PMID: 31461477 PMCID: PMC6713336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Works on cancer-related genes expression using feline mammary carcinomas (FMCs) are scarce but crucial, not only to validate these tumours as models for human breast cancer studies but also to improve small animal practice. Here, the expression of the cancer-related genes TP53, CCND1, FUS, YBX1, PTBP1, c-MYC and PKM2 was evaluated by real-time RT-qPCR, in a population of FMCs clinically characterized and compared with the disease-free tissue of the same individual. In most of the FMCs analysed, RNA quantification revealed normal expression levels for TP53, c-MYC, YBX1 and FUS, but overexpression in the genes CCND1, PTBP1 and PKM2. The expression levels of these cancer-related genes are strongly correlated with each other, with exception of c-MYC and PKM2 genes. The integration of clinicopathological data with the transcriptional levels revealed several associations. The oral contraceptive administration showed to be positively related with the TP53, YBX1, CCND1, FUS and PTBP1 RNA levels. Positive associations were found between tumour size and YBX1 RNA, and lymph node metastasis with c-MYC RNA levels. This work allowed to verify that many of these cancer-related genes are associated but may also, indirectly, influence other genes, creating a complex molecular cancer network that in the future can provide new cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ferreira
- CAG - Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Martins
- CAG - Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Soares
- CBiOS - Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filomena Adega
- CAG - Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Chaves
- CAG - Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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