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Engiles JB, Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Reef VB, Bender SJ. Phlegmonous gastritis in 2 yearling horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:429-438. [PMID: 35000510 PMCID: PMC9254054 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211065044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis was diagnosed in 2 yearling fillies that were presented with a 1-wk history of fever, lethargy, and hypoproteinemia, associated with a previous diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy based on clinical signs and PCR assay detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal samples. Abdominal ultrasound revealed enlargement of the stomach and expansion of its submucosal layer with hypoechoic fluid, as well as thickened hypomotile small intestinal segments. Given the poor prognosis and poor response to treatment, both horses were euthanized, one on the day of presentation and the other after 3 wk of intensive medical management including a combination of antimicrobials, analgesics, and intravenous colloids. At autopsy, acute mural gastritis characterized by severe submucosal edema with suppurative inflammation (i.e., phlegmonous gastritis) and necroulcerative enteritis compatible with the necrotizing form of equine proliferative enteropathy were identified in both horses. The gastric inflammation was associated with thrombosis and mixed bacterial populations, including Clostridium perfringens, that were confined to the submucosa without evidence of mucosal involvement; toxin genes compatible with C. perfringens type C were identified in one case. Human phlegmonous gastritis is an uncommon, often-fatal pyogenic infection that is often associated with mucosal injury, bacteremia, or immunocompromise. Our finding of this unusual gastric lesion in 2 horses with similar signalment, clinical disease, and spectrum of postmortem lesions suggests a similar etiopathogenesis that possibly involves local, regional, or distant hematogenous origin, and should be considered a potential complication of gastrointestinal mucosal compromise in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B. Engiles
- Julie B. Engiles, University of
Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348,
USA.
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias
Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Virginia B. Reef
- Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Susan J. Bender
- Departments of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Minich D, Madden C, Navarro MA, Glowacki L, French-Kim K, Chan W, Evans MV, Soares K, Mrofchak R, Madan R, Ballash GA, LaPerle K, Paul S, Vodovotz Y, Uzal FA, Martinez M, Hausmann J, Junge RE, Hale VL. Gut microbiota and age shape susceptibility to clostridial enteritis in lorikeets under human care. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:7. [PMID: 35000619 PMCID: PMC8744333 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in lorikeets that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. In this study, we examine gut microbiota in two lorikeet flocks with enteritis (Columbus Zoo and Aquarium—CZA; Denver Zoo—DZ). Since 2012, the CZA flock has experienced repeated outbreaks of enteritis despite extensive diet, husbandry, and clinical modifications. In 2018, both CZA and DZ observed a spike in enteritis. Recent research has revealed that the gut microbiota can influence susceptibility to enteropathogens. We hypothesized that a dysbiosis, or alteration in the gut microbial community, was making some lorikeets more susceptible to enteritis, and our goal was to characterize this dysbiosis and determine the features that predicted susceptibility.
Results We employed 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the cloacal microbiota in lorikeets (CZA n = 67, DZ n = 24) over time. We compared the microbiota of healthy lorikeets, to lorikeets with enteritis, and lorikeets susceptible to enteritis, with “susceptible” being defined as healthy birds that subsequently developed enteritis. Based on sequencing data, culture, and toxin gene detection in intestinal contents, we identified Clostridium perfringens type A (CZA and DZ) and C. colinum (CZA only) at increased relative abundances in birds with enteritis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry further identified the presence of gram-positive bacilli and C. perfringens, respectively, in the necrotizing intestinal lesions. Finally, using Random Forests and LASSO models, we identified several features (young age and the presence of Rhodococcus fascians and Pseudomonas umsongensis) associated with susceptibility to clostridial enteritis. Conclusions We identified C. perfringens type A and C. colinum associated with lorikeet necrohemorrhagic enteritis at CZA and DZ. Susceptibility testing of isolates lead to an updated clinical treatment plan which ultimately resolved the outbreaks at both institutions. This work provides a foundation for understanding gut microbiota features that are permissive to clostridial colonization and host factors (e.g. age, prior infection) that shape responses to infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-021-00148-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Minich
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher Madden
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leo Glowacki
- Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristen French-Kim
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Willow Chan
- Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Morgan V Evans
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kilmer Soares
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences (CCA), Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Ryan Mrofchak
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rushil Madan
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gregory A Ballash
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Krista LaPerle
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Comparative Pathology & Digital Imaging Shared Resource, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Subhadeep Paul
- Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- Ohio State University College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab, University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1902 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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