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Vollmuth Y, Jungbäck N, Mögele T, Schmidt-Graf F, Wunderlich S, Schimmel M, Rothe C, Stark L, Schlegel J, Rieder G, Richter T, Schaller T, Tappe D, Märkl B, Matiasek K, Liesche-Starnecker F. Comparative study of virus and lymphocyte distribution with clinical data suggests early high dose immunosuppression as potential key factor for the therapy of patients with BoDV-1 infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2350168. [PMID: 38687703 PMCID: PMC11107860 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2350168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTBorna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) was just recently shown to cause predominantly fatal encephalitis in humans. Despite its rarity, bornavirus encephalitis (BVE) can be considered a model disease for encephalitic infections caused by neurotropic viruses and understanding its pathomechanism is of utmost relevance. Aim of this study was to compare the extent and distribution pattern of cerebral inflammation with the clinical course of disease, and individual therapeutic procedures. For this, autoptic brain material from seven patients with fatal BVE was included in this study. Tissue was stained immunohistochemically for pan-lymphocytic marker CD45, the nucleoprotein of BoDV-1, as well as glial marker GFAP and microglial marker Iba1. Sections were digitalized and counted for CD45-positive and BoDV-1-positive cells. For GFAP and Iba1, a semiquantitative score was determined. Furthermore, detailed information about the individual clinical course and therapy were retrieved and summarized in a standardized way. Analysis of the distribution of lymphocytes shows interindividual patterns. In contrast, when looking at the BoDV-1-positive glial cells and neurons, a massive viral involvement in the brain stem was noticeable. Three of the seven patients received early high-dose steroids, which led to a significantly lower lymphocytic infiltration of the central nervous tissue and a longer survival compared to the patients who were treated with steroids later in the course of disease. This study highlights the potential importance of early high-dose immunosuppressive therapy in BVE. Our findings hint at a promising treatment option which should be corroborated in future observational or prospective therapy studies.ABBREVIATIONS: BoDV-1: Borna disease virus 1; BVE: bornavirus encephalitis; Cb: cerebellum; CNS: central nervous system; FL: frontal lobe; GFAP: glial fibrillary acid protein; Hc: hippocampus; Iba1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; Iba1act: general activation of microglial cells; Iba1nod: formation of microglial nodules; IL: insula; Me: mesencephalon; Mo: medulla oblongata; OL: occipital lobe; pASS: per average of 10 screenshots; patearly: patients treated with early high dose steroid shot; patlate: patients treated with late or none high dose steroid shot; Po: pons; So: stria olfactoria; Str: striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Vollmuth
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola Jungbäck
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Mögele
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Schmidt-Graf
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Silke Wunderlich
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Schimmel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Rothe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonhard Stark
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Rieder
- Department of Neurology, InnKlinikum, Altötting, Germany
| | - Thomas Richter
- Clinic of Pathology, Pathology Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Tina Schaller
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- National Laboratory for Bornaviruses, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Märkl
- Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ellenberger C, Heenemann K, Vahlenkamp TW, Grothmann P, Herden C, Heinrich A. Borna disease in an adult free-ranging Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber albicus). J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:31-35. [PMID: 38350270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Borna disease (BD) associated with a peracute bacterial septicaemia with Escherichia coli was diagnosed in an adult female, naturally infected, free-ranging Eurasian beaver of the subspecies Castor fiber albicus, clinically characterized by weight loss, depression, weakness and gurgled peristaltic sounds. The beaver was euthanized humanely. Necropsy and light microscopy revealed a non-purulent meningoencephalitis with typical mononuclear perivascular cuffs and parenchymal infiltrates. The diagnosis of BD was confirmed by detection of viral antigen and RNA by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR product was sequenced and cluster analysis revealed a close relationship between endemic clusters in Saxony-Anhalt. This is the first report of naturally occurring BD in a free-ranging Eurasian beaver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Ellenberger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection of Sachsen-Anhalt, Stendal, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, D-39576 Stendal, Germany.
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas W Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Grothmann
- Magdeburg Zoological Garden, Zooallee 1, D-39124 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Heinrich
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, State Office for Consumer Protection of Sachsen-Anhalt, Stendal, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, D-39576 Stendal, Germany
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