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Carella F, Prado P, García-March JR, Tena-Medialdea J, Melendreras EC, Porcellini A, Feola A. Measuring immunocompetence in the natural population and captive individuals of noble pen shell Pinna nobilis affected by Pinna nobilis Picornavirus (PnPV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109664. [PMID: 38844186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mass Mortality Events (MMEs) affecting the noble pen shell Pinna nobilis have been reported since 2016. In this work, we used an in vitro flow cytometric assay to evaluate phagocytosis, coupled with cytology and Electron Microscopy (TEM), to define animal immunocompetence following infection by P. nobilis Picornavirus (PnPV). The study was performed on 27 animals in July 2021 and May 2022 on two natural population from the Ebro Delta (Catalonia, Spain) and animals maintained in captivity at facilities in Valencia and Murcia Aquarium. Hemolymph was collected in the field and in captivity as a non-destructive sampling method. Based on dimension and internal complexity, flow cytometry identified three haemocyte types, distinguished in granulocytes, hyalinocytes and a third type, biggest in size and with high internal complexity and granularity. Those cells corresponded at ultrastructure to hemocytes with advanced phases of PnPV infection and related to cytopathic effect of the replicating virus displaying numerous Double Membrane Vesicles (DMVs) and cells corpse fusion. The results showed that pen shell in captivity had significantly lower Total Hemocyte Count (THC) compared with natural population of Alfacs Bay (mean number of 7-9 x 104 vs 2-5 x 105 cells/mL, respectively). FACS (Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) based phagocytosis analysis demonstrate that animals in captivity at IMEDMAR-UCV and Murcia Aquarium, had scarce or absent ability to phagocyte the two stimuli (Staphylococcus aureus and Zymosan A) (10,2 % ± 1,7 of positives) if compared with the natural population in Alfacs Bay (28,5 % ± 5,6 of positive). Ultrastructure images showed that PnPV itself can lead to an alteration of the hemocyte cytoskeleton, impairing the capabilities to perform an active phagocytosis and an efficient phagolysosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia Complesso di Monte Sant Angelo, Naples, Italy.
| | - Patricia Prado
- IMEDMAR-UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 03710, Calpe, Alicante, Spain; Institut d'Estudis Professionals Aqüícoles i Ambientals de Catalunya (IEPAAC), 43540, La Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - José Tena-Medialdea
- IMEDMAR-UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 03710, Calpe, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Porcellini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia Complesso di Monte Sant Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Feola
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia Complesso di Monte Sant Angelo, Naples, Italy
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Gürkan M, Ertürk Gürkan S, Künili İE, Acar S, Özel OT, Düzgüneş ZD, Türe M. Evaluation of the health of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) distributed in the Çanakkale strait, Turkey. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 197:106492. [PMID: 38598959 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The observation of mortality in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) distributed in the Çanakkale Strait in recent years was influential in developing the research question for this study. In this study, the presence of bacteria (Vibrio spp.) and parasites (Marteilia spp. and Haplosporidium spp.) in mussels collected from Kumkale, Kepez, and Umurbey stations in the Çanakkale Strait was investigated seasonally. Microbiological findings, histopathology, oxidative stress enzymes and their gene expressions, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal membrane stability, and changes in haemolymph were examined. In summer samples, both the defence system and the extent of damage were higher in gill tissue. In winter samples, enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation were found to be predominantly higher in digestive gland tissues. Histological examinations and Hemacolor staining revealed the presence of protozoan cysts, and for bacterial examination, molecular analysis performed after culturing revealed the presence of 7 Vibrio species. While the total numbers of heterotrophic bacteria detected in all samples were at acceptable levels, the predominance of Vibrio spp. numbers among the total heterotrophic bacteria detected in almost all samples were noteworthy. The total hemocyte count was calculated as 5.810(4)±0.58 (cells/mm3) in winter and 7.210(4)±1.03 (cells/mm3) in summer. These factors are considered to be possible causes of mussel mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Gürkan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Selin Ertürk Gürkan
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, Turkiye.
| | - İbrahim Ender Künili
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Department of Fishing and Fish Processing Technology, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Seçil Acar
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Department of Marine Sciences and Limnology, Çanakkale, Turkiye
| | - Osman Tolga Özel
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Aquaculture, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Zehra Duygu Düzgüneş
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Breeding and Genetics, Trabzon, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Türe
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Health, Trabzon, Turkiye
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Sanna D, Azzena I, Locci C, Ankon P, Kružić P, Manfrin C, Pallavicini A, Ciriaco S, Segarich M, Batistini E, Scarpa F, Casu M. Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Pinna nobilis: New Genetic Signals from the Past of a Species on the Brink of Extinction. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:114. [PMID: 38200845 PMCID: PMC10778441 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinna nobilis, commonly known as the noble pen shell, is a marine bivalve endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Unfortunately, due to a multifactorial disease that began affecting its populations in 2016, the species is currently facing the threat of extinction. To gain insights into the evolutionary history of P. nobilis before the mass mortality event (MME), and to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how evolutionary processes led to the adaptation of the species into the Mediterranean Sea, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were carried out. The dataset analysed includes 469 sequences of COI gene fragment both from GenBank and the present study (100). The analysis performed evidenced that P. nobilis diverged about 2.5 mya, after the entrance of its ancestor into the Mediterranean Sea following the Zanclean flood (5.33 mya). Moreover, our results suggest that the starting point of colonisation was the central part of the western Mediterranean basin, with the eastern basin being populated subsequently. From a conservational viewpoint, these results provide important hints for present and future restocking plans, helping to reconstruct the pre-existing genetic variability in sites where the species became extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (C.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (C.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (C.L.); (F.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Pavel Ankon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Petar Kružić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.A.); (P.K.)
| | - Chiara Manfrin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (C.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Saul Ciriaco
- WWF AMP Miramare, Via Beirut 2/4, 34151 Trieste, Italy;
- Shoreline Soc. Coop., AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Marco Segarich
- Shoreline Soc. Coop., AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Edoardo Batistini
- Shoreline Soc. Coop., AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (C.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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Carella F, Prado P, De Vico G, Palić D, Villari G, García-March JR, Tena-Medialdea J, Cortés Melendreras E, Giménez-Casalduero F, Sigovini M, Aceto S. A widespread picornavirus affects the hemocytes of the noble pen shell ( Pinna nobilis), leading to its immunosuppression. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273521. [PMID: 38164394 PMCID: PMC10758234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The widespread mass mortality of the noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) has occurred in several Mediterranean countries in the past 7 years. Single-stranded RNA viruses affecting immune cells and leading to immune dysfunction have been widely reported in human and animal species. Here, we present data linking P. nobilis mass mortality events (MMEs) to hemocyte picornavirus (PV) infection. This study was performed on specimens from wild and captive populations. Methods We sampled P. nobilis from two regions of Spain [Catalonia (24 animals) and Murcia (four animals)] and one region in Italy [Venice (6 animals)]. Each of them were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to describe the morphology and self-assembly of virions. Illumina sequencing coupled to qPCR was performed to describe the identified virus and part of its genome. Results and discussion In 100% of our samples, ultrastructure revealed the presence of a virus (20 nm diameter) capable of replicating within granulocytes and hyalinocytes, leading to the accumulation of complex vesicles of different dimensions within the cytoplasm. As the PV infection progressed, dead hemocytes, infectious exosomes, and budding of extracellular vesicles were visible, along with endocytic vesicles entering other cells. The THC (total hemocyte count) values observed in both captive (eight animals) (3.5 × 104-1.60 × 105 ml-1 cells) and wild animals (14 samples) (1.90-2.42 × 105 ml-1 cells) were lower than those reported before MMEs. Sequencing of P. nobilis (six animals) hemocyte cDNA libraries revealed the presence of two main sequences of Picornavirales, family Marnaviridae. The highest number of reads belonged to animals that exhibited active replication phases and abundant viral particles from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. These sequences correspond to the genus Sogarnavirus-a picornavirus identified in the marine diatom Chaetoceros tenuissimus (named C. tenuissimus RNA virus type II). Real-time PCR performed on the two most abundant RNA viruses previously identified by in silico analysis revealed positive results only for sequences similar to the C. tenuissimus RNA virus. These results may not conclusively identify picornavirus in noble pen shell hemocytes; therefore, further study is required. Our findings suggest that picornavirus infection likely causes immunosuppression, making individuals prone to opportunistic infections, which is a potential cause for the MMEs observed in the Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Patricia Prado
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)-Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gionata De Vico
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Dušan Palić
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Grazia Villari
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José Rafael García-March
- Instituto de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Ciencia Marina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calpe, Spain
| | - José Tena-Medialdea
- Instituto de Investigación en Medio Ambiente y Ciencia Marina, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Calpe, Spain
| | | | - Francisca Giménez-Casalduero
- Department of Marine Science and Applied Biology, Research Marine Centre in Santa Pola (CIMAR), University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marco Sigovini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine, Venice, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Sarafidou G, Tsaparis D, Issaris Y, Chatzigeorgiou G, Grigoriou P, Chatzinikolaou E, Pavloudi C. Insights on Pinna nobilis population genetic structure in the Aegean and Ionian Sea. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16491. [PMID: 38047017 PMCID: PMC10693241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fan mussel Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758 is an endemic species of the Mediterranean Sea, protected by international agreements. It is one of the largest bivalves in the world, playing an important role in the benthic communities; yet it has been recently characterized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, due to mass mortality events. In this context, the assessment of the genetic variation of the remaining P. nobilis populations and the evaluation of connectivity among them are crucial elements for the conservation of the species. For this purpose, samples were collected from six regions of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea; the Islands of Karpathos, Lesvos and Crete; the Chalkidiki and Attica Peninsulas; and the Amvrakikos Gulf. Sampling was performed either by collecting tissue from the individuals or by using a non-invasive method, i.e., by scraping the inside of their shells aiming to collect their mucus and thus avoid stress induction to them. Conventional molecular techniques with the use of the COI and 16S rRNA mitochondrial markers were selected for the depiction of the intra-population genetic variability. The analyses included 104 samples from the present study and publicly available sequences of individuals across the whole Mediterranean Sea. The results of this work (a) suggest the use of eDNA as an efficient sampling method for protected bivalves and (b) shed light to the genetic structure of P. nobilis population in the Eastern Mediterranean; this latter knowledge might prove to be fundamental for the species conservation and hence the ecosystem resilience. The haplotype analyses reinforced the evidence that there is a certain degree of connectivity among the distinct regions of the Mediterranean; yet there is evidence of population distinction within the basin, namely between the Western and the Eastern basins. The combination of both genetic markers in the same analysis along with the inclusion of a large number of individuals produced more robust results, revealing a group of haplotypes being present only in the Eastern Mediterranean and providing insights for the species' most suitable conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sarafidou
- Institute of Oceanography (IO), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Anavyssos, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsaparis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Yiannis Issaris
- Institute of Oceanography (IO), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Anavyssos, Greece
| | - Giorgos Chatzigeorgiou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panos Grigoriou
- Cretaquarium, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eva Chatzinikolaou
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Pavloudi
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR CNRS 3278 Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE), Moorea, French Polynesia
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